Ubhontshisi
Ubhontshisi yimbewu yezitshalo ezinhlotsheni eziningi zomndeni womangoza (Fabaceae) esetshenziswa njengemifino yokudliwa abantu noma ukudla kwezilwane. Imbewu idayiswa isanda kulungiswa noma igcinwe ngokomiswa (ukushaya kwenhliziyo). Ubhontshisi ubulokhu utshalwa kusukela enkulungwaneni yesikhombisa BCE eThailand, futhi kusukela enkulundeni yesibili BCE e Europe nasePeru. Izinhlobo ezininga zabhontshisi , ngaphandle kwama-peas, ziyizitshalo zasehlobo. Njengoba ubhontshisi owumndeni wama-legume, izitshalo zawo zisiza ekwandiseni i-nitrogen emhlabathini, okwenza umhlabathi ube nokuvunda okuncono. Imbewu yawo inama protein amaningi zakha okwenza ukudla kube nomsoco. Bakhiqizwa ngesilinganiso sezigidi zamathani minyaka yonke emazweni amaningi, ne-India njengomkhiqizi omkhulu.
Ubhontshisi ojwayelekile i-Phaseolus vulgaris, uhlobo lukabhontshisi oludliwa kakhulu emhlabeni futhi umsuka wawo usemazweni aseMelika. Waqala ukulinywa eMexico, iphakathi kwaseMelika nase Southern Andes eminyakeni engaba yizi 8000 ezedlule. Lolu hlobo lwabhontshisi Lunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezehlukerne ngobukhulu, umbala, kanye nendlela yokusetshenziswa.
ubhontshisi omisiwe ngokwesiko uvamise ukukugcwiliswa emanzini bese uyabiliswa, futhi usetshenziswa ekudleni kwesintu emhlabeni wonke kufaka phakathi ama-salad, amasobho, kanye nama-stews afana ne-chilli con carne. Amanye ahlanganiswa abe yi-tofu.amanye avunwa ukuze akhe i-tempeh. Ubhontshisi we-guar usetshenziselwa ukugaywa. Izimbewu ezingavuthiwe zezinhlobo ezithile nazo zidliwa ziphelele njengobhontshisi oluhlaza noma i-edamame (i-soybean engavuthiwe). Ezinye izinhlobo zihluma ukuze zakhe ama-beansprouts.
Obhontshisi abaningi abavuthiwe baqukethe umuthi ofana ne-phytohaemagglutinin futhi badinga ukuphekwa ukuze badliwe ngokuphephile. Izinhlobo eziningi ziqukethe Ama-oligosaccharide angadliwa akhiqiza i-flatulence. Ubhontshisi ngokwesiko ubhekwa njengokudla kwabampofu.
Umsuka namagama
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Igama elithi "ubhontshisi" kanye nezihlobo zalo IsiJalimane (isib. i-German IBohne) bezilokhu zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezilimini zaseNtshonalanga Jalimane kusukela ngaphambi kwekhulu le-12, kubhekiselwa kwibhontshisi emikhulu, ama-chickepe, nezinye izinhlamvu ezithwalwa. Lokhu kwenzeka esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba i-New World genus I-phaseolus yaziwe eYurophu. Ngokushintshana kwezitshalo zasekhaya phakathi kweYurophu neMelika, ukusetshenziswa kwegama ukwanda ezinhlamvwini ze-I-phaseolus, njengobhontshisi ovamile kanye nobhontshisi we-runner, kanye nohlobo ohlobene ne-I-Vigna. Leli gama selokhu lasetshenziswa kakhulu ezihlotsheni ezinhlobobonhlobo ezifanayo, njenge-Old World soybeans ne-lupins, nasezithelweni noma ezihlotshisweni zezitshalo ezingahlobene njengezinhlamvu zekhofi ne-vanilla beans.[1] Lesi sihloko sikhuluma ngezinhlamvu kuphela.
Umlando
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Ubhontshisi ohlonyelwe ekuqaleni wawutshalwa eThailand kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesikhombisa BCE, ngaphambi kwe-ceramics.[2] Ubhontshisi wabekwa nabafileyo IGibithe lasendulo. Kwaze kwaba yinkulungwane yeminyaka BCE lapho kwahlonyelwa khona obhontshisi abakhulu abenezinhlamvu ezinkulu esifundeni sase-Aegean, e-I-Iberia, nase-Transalpine Europe. Ku-I-Iliad, eyabhalwa ngekhulu lesishiyagalombili BCE, kukhulunywa kancane ngobhontshisi nama-chicpeas (μελανόχροες ἐρέβινθοι) afakwe phansi ekubhemeni.
Ama-cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), ahlanganisa ama-peas aneso elimnyama, ayefuywa e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara phakathi nenkulungwane yesibili BCE.[3][4]
Ubhontshisi omdala kakhulu owaziwayo eMelika watholakala eGuitarrero Cave, IPeru, owabhalwa cishe ngenkulungwane yesibili BCE. Ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo kwabhontshisi ovamile I-phaseolus kubonisa ukuthi yaqala e Mesoamerica, futhi kamuva yasakazekela eningizimu.[5]
Izinhlobo eziningi zikabhontshisi ezivame ukudliwa namuhla ziyingxenye yohlobo lwe-I-phaseolus, oluvela eMelika. Umuntu wokuqala waseYurophu owabona ehlangana nabo kwakungUChristopher Columbus, ngenkathi ehlola lokho okungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyi IBahamas, futhi wababona bekhula emasimini. Izinhlobo ezinhlanu zobhontshisi e-I-phaseolus zafunwa abantu bangaphambi kweColumbia, bakhetha obhontshisi abangavuli futhi abakaze imbewu yawo lapho evuthiwe: obhontshi abavamile (P.I-P. vulgaris) balinywa kusuka eChile kuya engxenyeni yasenyakatho ye-United States; obhontshiwa abalinywa nama-siva (P.I-P. lunatus); kanye nama-tepary angasakazwa kabanzi (P.I-P. acutifolius), obhontshisi ama-runner abomvu (P.I-P. coccineus).[6]
Abantu bangaphambi kweColumbia kuze kufike enyakatho yoLwandle i-Atlantic bakhulisa ubhontshisi ngendlela "ye-Three Sisters" ukutshala izingane. Ubhontshisi wawutshalwa nommbila ne-i-squash.[7] Ubhontshisi wawutshalwa kulo lonke elaseChile ngezikhathi zangaphambi kweHispanic, cishe kuze kufike eningizimu yeChiloé Archipelago.[8]
Ukuhlukahluka
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Uhlobo lwezinhlobo zezinhlobo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Ubhontshisi uyimfino, kodwa evela ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezahlukene, ezivela ezifundeni ezahlukene.
| Uhlobo | Izinhlobo nezinhlobo ezivamile | Indawo engase ibe yikhaya | Ukusabalala, isimo sezulu | Amaphuzu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-phaseolus |
|
AmaMelika | Izindawo ezishisayo, ezishisayoIsimo sezulu esifudumele | Amanye aqukethe amazinga aphakeme e-phytohemagglutinin enobuthi.[9][10] |
| I-Vigna |
|
Iningi laseNingizimu AsiaINingizimu Asia | Indawo eningizimu yenkabazwe, indawo eshisayo, indawo esithokomele | |
| I-Cajanus | C. cajan: i-pigeon pea | Izwekazi Elincane LaseNdiya | Izindawo ezishisayo, ezisenkabazwe | |
| Ama-lens | I-L. culinaris: ama-lentil abomvu, aluhlaza, ne-Puy | IMpumalanga Ephakathi / ENpumalangaUkuvela | Izindawo ezishisayo, ezishisayo ezishisayo | |
| I-Cicer | C. arietinum: ubhontshisi we-garbanzo | I-Turkey/i-East eseduze | Izindawo ezishisayo, ezishisayo ezishisayo | |
| I-Vicia |
|
IMpumalanga Eseduze | Izindawo ezishisayo, ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele | Kubangela I-favism kubantu abathinteka kalula.[11][12] |
| I-glycine | G. max: ubhontshisi | IMpumalanga Asia | Izindawo ezishisayo, Ezishisayo, ezipholile | |
| I-macrotyloma | I-M. uniflorum: i-horsegram | INingizimu Asia | Izindawo ezishisayo | |
| I-Mucuna | I-M. Pruriens: i-velvet bean | I-Asia Emazwe Asezindaweni Ezishisayo Ne-I-Afrika | Izindawo ezishisayo, ezifudumele | Iqukethe I-L-DOPA, kanye nezinga elincane lezinye izakhi ezisebenza ngengqondo.[13] Kungase kubangele ukuluma nokuqubuka lapho kuthintana.[14] |
| ULupinus |
|
IMedithera, iBalkans, iLevant (i-albus), I-Andes (I-mutabilis) | Izindawo ezishisayo, ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele | Kudinga ukucwiliswa ukuze kususwe ubuthi.[15] |
| I-ceratonia | I-C. siliqua: ubhontshisi we-carob | IMedithera, IMpumalanga Ephakathi | Izindawo ezishisayo, ezomile, ezishisayo | |
| ICanavalia |
|
INingizimu Asia noma i-Afrika (C. gladiata), IBrazil neNingizimu Melika (C. ensiformis) | Izindawo ezishisayo | |
| I-Cyamopsis | C. tetragonoloba: ubhontshisi we-guar | I-Afrika Noma iNingizimu Asia | Izindawo ezishisayo, ezomile | Umthombo we-I-Guar gum |
| I-Lablab | I-L. purpureus: i-hyacinth/lablab bean | INingizimu Asia, iNdiya Engaphansi KwaseNdiya noma i-Afrika | Izindawo ezishisayo | |
| I-Psophocarpus | I-P. tetranoglobulus: ubhontshisi onamaphiko | INew Guinea | Izindawo ezishisayo, ezisenkabazwe |
The biodiversity of bean cultivars is threatened by modern plant breeding, which selects a small number of the most productive varieties. Efforts are being made to conserve the germplasm of older varieties in different countries.[16] As of 2023, the Norwegian Svalbard Global Seed Vault holds more than 40,000 accessions of Phaseolus bean species.
- ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. https://ahdictionary.com/. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ↑ Gorman, C.F.. Hoabinhian: A pebble-tool complex with early plant associations in southeast Asia. p. 671–673.
- ↑ D'Andrea, A. C.; Kahlheber, S.; Logan, A. L.; Watson, D. J. (September 2007). "Early domesticated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) from Central Ghana" (in en). Antiquity 81 (313): 686–698. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00095661. ISSN 0003-598X. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/early-domesticated-cowpea-vigna-unguiculata-from-central-ghana/141865EBCB5341EC2120B636874BFD5E. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
- ↑ Chivenge, Pauline; Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe; Modi, Albert T.; Mafongoya, Paramu (2015-05-26). "The Potential Role of Neglected and Underutilised Crop Species as Future Crops under Water Scarce Conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12 (6): 5685–5711. doi:10.3390/ijerph120605685. ISSN 1660-4601.
- ↑ Bitocchi, Elena; Nanni, Laura; Bellucci, Elisa; Rossi, Monica; Giardini, Alessandro et al (3 April 2012). "Mesoamerican origin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is revealed by sequence data". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (14): E788–E796. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108973109. PMC 3325731. PMID 22393017. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3325731.
- ↑ Kaplan 2008.
- ↑ . p. 529–537. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ . p. 162. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ . p. 46–55.
- ↑ . p. 405–413.
- ↑ . p. 1–13.
- ↑ . p. 1125–1129.
- ↑ . p. 459–462.
- ↑ . p. 771–77.
- ↑ . p. e05860.
- ↑ Fiore, Maria Carola. Preserving biodiversity in marginal rural areas: Assessment of morphological and genetic variability of a Sicilian common bean germplasm collection. p. 989.