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iNyanga

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Inyanga
Full Moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varied circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta: impact craters.
Uhlangothi lwenyanga esilubonayo
Amagama
Igama
UMaqubituli
  • INelekehle (isihlonipho)
  • Impengu (isihlonipho)
Uphawu☾ or ☽
Izinkondolo zozungezo
Ikhathi J2000
Uncertainty parameter 0
eFuphi362600 km
(356400–370400 km)
Kude nomhlaba405400 km
(404000–406700 km)
384399 km  (1.28 ls; 1/389 AU; 1 LD)[1]
Umugqazinga wozungezo
384784 km[2]
(1.28 ls; 1/384 AU; 1.001 LD)
Ubukhophelana0.0549[1]
27.321661 d
(27 d 7 h 43 min 11.5 s[1])
29.530589 d
(29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s)
Ijubane lozungezo
1.022 km/s
Umthambeko5.145° to the ecliptic[3][lower-alpha 1]
Ukutsheka ngokwengoni
Regressing by one revolution in 18.61 years
Isizathu sokuba fuphi
Progressing by one
revolution in 8.85 years
Iyiduna laniEarth[lower-alpha 2][4]
Izinkondolo zoqobo
1737.4 km  
(0.2727 of Earth's)[1][5][6]
Umugqazinga wenkabazwe
1738.1 km  
(0.2725 of Earth's)[5]
Umugqazinga wechopho
1736.0 km  
(0.2731 of Earth's)[5]
Isicaba0.0012[5]
Ubundilinga10921 km  (equatorial)
Ububanzi bobuso
3.793×107 km2  
(0.074 of Earth's)
Ummumatho2.1958×1010 km3  
(0.02 of Earth's)[5]
Isisindo7.346×1022 kg  
(0.0123 of Earth's)[1][5][7]
Ubuluthe obuphakathi
3.344 g/cm3[1][5]
0.606 × Earth
Template:Cvt[5]
Template:Cvt
0.3929±0.0009[8]
2.38 km/s
(8600 km/h; 5300 mph)
Inkathi yendibano yozungezo
29.530589 d
(29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s;
Inkathi yozungezo elanfeni
27.321661 d  (spin-orbit locked)
Isivinini sozungezo enkabazwe
4.627 m/s
Template:Ublist
North pole right ascension
North pole declination
65.64°[9]
Albedo0.136[10]
Surface temp. min mean max
Equator 100 K 250 K 390 K[11]
85°N  150 K 230 K[12]
Surface absorbed dose rate13.2 μGy/h
(during lunar daytime)[13]
Surface equivalent dose rate57.0 μSv/h
(during lunar daytime)[13]
Template:Ublist
0.2[14]
29.3 to 34.1 arcminutes[5][lower-alpha 3]
Umoyambulunga[15]
Composition by volume
iNyanga edilingene

iNyanga (uphawu: ☾) iwukuphela kweduna elizungeza uMhlaba. INyanga izungeza uMhlaba isebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayizi-384,399. INyanga iqeda uzungezo lwayo ngesikhathi esiyinyanga eyodwa, noma ngezinsuku ezingama-29.5. INyanga noMhlaba zibanjwe ukuheha komnyondo onamandla emacaleni azo abukene. Lokhu kwenza kube neziphoqi zamabuya okuyizona ezidala amabuya eMhlabeni, futhi zadonsa iNyanga ukuba ibuke uMhlaba ngohlangothi olulodwa kuphela. Lokhu kukhweqa kwamabuya ngokomphumela kwenza uzungezo lweNyanga (usuku lwayo) ukuba luhambisane nenkathi ezungeza ngayo uMhlaba (inyanga eyodwa).

Kuzungezohlelo lweLanga, iNyanga iyiduna elikhulu nelinesisindo ukwedlula nemizulane esichwe eyaziwayo, futhi iyiduna lesihlanu elikhulu. Umnyondo wobuso bayo ulingana nengxenye eyodwa yesithupha yomnyondo woMhlaba, okuyisigamu somnyondo kaNotshezi, futhi ungowesibili omkhulu ezinyageni zozungezohlelo lweLanga kulandela inyanga kaMkhulukhulwana ebizwa uSontshaba. Umzimba weNyanga umahlukohluko futhi uhlabathi, unengcosana yamanzimbulunga, umoyambulunga newonga. Ubuso benyanga bumbozw nge-regolith, equkethe izincushuzo eziphafuke egobohleni ngenxa yokugadlazeke. Ingakho kuthiwa umaqubintuli, futhi igobohla lakhe linezigqabhozi zokugadlazeka eziningi. Inyanga yake yaba nobuqhebeqhebe bezintshabamlilo eminyakeni eyisigidinqindi (1.2 billion) edlule. Indabuko yeNyanga ayaziwa, kodwa kukhona abahlawumbisela ukuthi yabumbeka ngezithako zoMhlaba, ezaphafuka lapho ugadlazwa indikimba elingana noNotshezi ebizwa gokuthi uThiyana eminyakeni eyizigidinqindi ezi-4.51 edlule, ngemva kokubumbeka koMhlaba.

Ebangeni elikuyo, izimo zobusuku nemini zikamaqubintuli thina sizibona kuyizimo zenyanga, nalapho iNyanga idlula ethunzini loMhlaba kuba noNyezibomvu. Ubungako obubonwayo beNyanga esibhakabhakeni cishe balingana nobeLanga, okwenza ukwazi ukulisitheza ngokugcwele lapho kunensitholanga egcwele. INyanga iyindikimba eqhakazayo ebusuku ngenxa yokulwentuza ukukhanya.

INyanga ibilokhu ingumthombo obalulekile wogqozi nolwazi emlandweni ikakhulu kwezenkolo, ubuciko, Inzululwazi yemvelo, nokundiza emkhathini. Izindizamkhathi zokuqala ezaya endikimbeni esemkhathini zaya eNyangeni, kusuka ngowe-1959 lapho kuyingeleza i-Luna 1 (eyathunyelwa i Soviet Union), Kanye ne- Luna 2 yaba nohlonze emhlabeni wonke, ezalandelwa ngowe-1966 umcababalo othambile we- Luna 9 nozungezo lwe- Luna 10. Abantu baqala ukunyatuela ebusweni heNyanga ngo July 20, 1969, besebenzisa indizamkhathi i-Apollo 11. Ngowe-1972, kwase kuthunyelwe izindizamkhathi iziyisithupha, kwacababala abantu abayishumi nambili eNyangeni. Maduze kulindelwe ukuba uhlelo lwe-Artemis lubuyosele abantu eNyangeni.

uMsukagama

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Igama lesiZulu elithi inyanga liyibizonto leduna loMhlaba elibonakala ngonyezi ebusuku. Aligcini ekubeni igama lendikimba esemkhathini njengoba kubalwa isikhathi ngokuhambisana nozungezo lwayo. Uzungezo olulodwa lezinsuku ezingama-29 lubizwa iNyanga. Umsuka walo usolimini olwandulela isintu kwelithi -mʊ̀gàngà elisebenza kokubili kumuntu owelaphayo nasendikimbeni esemkhathini.

Ngokwesichazamazwi sikaVilakazi elinye igama lenyanga nguMaqibuntuli. Elithi 'unyezi' libhekisela ekukhanyeni kwayo ebusuku, lihlobene nesijobelelo esithi nyezi esisemagameni inkanyezi, ubhaqanyezi, iqhumanyezi. Igama lesiZulu lokuhlonipha lenyanga elithi impengu nelithi inelekehle.

uMlando wendalo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ukubumbeka kwayo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Umdwebo onyakazayo obonisa ukubumbeka kwenyanga lapho umzulane, obizwa uNomthiya, olingana noNotshezi ungqubuzana noMhlaba.

Ukuhlolwa kwamachembe ezangulo zenyanga kusikisela ukuthi inyanga yabumbeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 ngemuva kokuvela kozungezohlelo lweLanga.[16][17] Ngokomlando, kunezindlela ezimbalwa eziphakanyiswayo zokubumbeka kwayo,[18] kodwa ayikho enencazelo echaza izici zohlelo lwenyanga-nomhlaba ngokukholisayo. Abanye bathi inyanga iwucezu olwaklewuka eMhlabeni endulo, abanye bathi inyanga yayizidlulela emkhathini yabanjwa umnyondo woMhlaba, abanye bona bathi uMhlaba nenyanga zadalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kodwa asikho kuzo zonke lezi zihlawumbiselo, esichaza ngengoni yomjijiyane wohlelo lenyanga-nomhlaba.[19]

Umchachiso oseqhulwini wohlelo lwenyanga-nomhlaba uthi inyanga yabumbeka lapho uMhlaba wanguna ugadlazwa indikimba ewumzulane olingana noNotshezi, ebizwa uNomthiya. Lokhu kugadlazeka kwaqhumisa futhi kwasakaza izingcezu zoMhlaba esibhakabhakeni futhi zaqala ukuzungeza uMhlaba futhi ihlumelelo lazo labumba inyanga[20][21] eduze nomngcele kaRoche.[22]

Kuthiwa ukugadlazeka kwaloluhlobo kwakuyinsakavukela ezinsukwini zokuqala kozungezohlelo lweLanga. Imifefenyeko yesicikizi yalokhu kungqubuzana iveza iziphumo ezifanayo futhi ezihambisana nesisindo sikaMaqubintuli nengoni yomjijiyane wohlelo lwenyanga-noMhlaba. Le mifefenyeko ibonisa ukuthi iningi lezakhi zenyanga livela endikimbeni eyagadlaza uMhlaba wanguna..[23] Kodwa, izinongo zowezi-2007 nakamuva zisikisela ukuthi ucezu olukhulu lwenyaga lwaluvela eMhlabeni wanguna.[24][25][26][27] Ezinye izindikimba zozungezohlelo lweLanga ezifana noNotshezi noma umhlabana obizwa uNovolo (Vesta), ngokweziphololwane ezikuyo, zinezigubo zamachembe wesOhwe nomZithowe ahlukile kunawoMhlaba. Kodwa uMhlaba kanye neNyanga ziqukethe izigubo ezicishe zifana ncamashi. Ukulingana kwamachembe wohlelo lwenyanga-noMhlaba kungachazwa ngokokuxubana kwezithako ezihwamukeli okwenzeka emva kokungqubuzana, nakuba kunempikiswano ngalomchachiso.[28]

Ukugadlazeka koMhlaba kwadedela isidlakalasi esanele ukuba siketshezise (liquefy) kokubili ezingcezu ezivela eMhlabeni kanye negobohla loMhlaba, kanjalo kwabumbeka ulwandle lwentshekeza (magma).[29][30] Inyanga esanda kubunjwa kungenzeka yayinolwayo ulwandle lomtshekeza.

Nakuba lo mchachiso wokugadlazeka uchaza ngendlela eyenza umqondo ubufakazi obukhona, kusanemibuzo engakaphendulwa iningi layo ethinta isigubo senyanga.[31] Izinongo ezithi iNyanga yakhiwe ngoMhlaba wanguna zikuthola kunzima ukucacisa imininingo yezinhlwa zevange ezifana neZambedu, isOhwe,, iSiphemba nezinye.[32] Ucwaningo lowezi-2022, olwasebenzisa umfefenyeko womgqamophezulu lwathola ukuthi ukugadlazeka okunjalo kunamandla wokudala iduna elinesisindo nesiqikili sensimbi esingangesinyanga emkhathini ukuba lizungeze uMhlaba likude nomngcele kaRoche. Ngisho nezivoko ezidlula emngceleni kaRoche ziyakwazi ukuqhubeka zisebenza.[33]

Mhla zil-1 kuNovemba wezi-2023, osonzululwazi babika ukuthi ngokwemifefenyeko yesicikizi, izinsalela zikaNomthiya kungenzeka zisekhona eMhlabeni.[34][35]

References

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "W06".
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NASAfactsheet".
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Lang2011".
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Morais2002".
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NSSDC".
  6. ↑ Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Lemoine, Frank G. (1997). "Topography of the Moon from the Clementine lidar". Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (E1): 1601. Bibcode 1997JGR...102.1591S. doi:10.1029/96JE02940.
  7. ↑ Terry, Paul (2013). Top 10 of Everything. Octopus Publishing Group Ltd. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-600-62887-3.
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Williams1996".
  9. 1 2 Archinal, B.A.; A'Hearn, M.F.; Bowell, E.; Conrad, A.; Consolmagno, G.J.; Courtin, R.; Fukushima, T.; Hestroffer, D. et al (February 2011). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 109 (2): 101–135. Bibcode 2011CeMDA.109..101A. doi:10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Saari".
  11. ↑ Template:Cite conference
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Vasavada1999".
  13. 1 2 "First measurements of the radiation dose on the lunar surface". Science Advances 6 (39). 2020. Bibcode 2020SciA....6.1334Z. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz1334. PMC 7518862. PMID 32978156. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7518862. "We measured an average total absorbed dose rate in silicon of 13.2 ± 1 μGy/hour ... LND measured an average dose equivalent of 1369 μSv/day on the surface of the Moon"
  14. ↑ "Encyclopedia – the brightest bodies". IMCCE. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka June 1, 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "L06".
  16. ↑ Thiemens, Maxwell M.; Sprung, Peter; Fonseca, Raúl O. C.; Leitzke, Felipe P.; Münker, Carsten (July 2019). "Early Moon formation inferred from hafnium-tungsten systematics". Nature Geoscience 12 (9): 696–700. Bibcode 2019NatGe..12..696T. doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0398-3. PMC 7617097. PMID 39649009. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7617097.
  17. ↑ "The Moon is older than scientists thought". Universe Today. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Kulandwe ngomhlaka August 3, 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Barboni, M.; Boehnke, P.; Keller, C. B.; Kohl, I. E.; Schoene, B.; Young, E. D.; McKeegan, K. D. (2017). "Early formation of the Moon 4.51 billion years ago". Science Advances 3 (1). Bibcode 2017SciA....3E2365B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602365. PMC 5226643. PMID 28097222. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5226643.
  19. ↑ Stevenson, D. J. (1987). "Origin of the moon–The collision hypothesis". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 15 (1): 271–315. Bibcode 1987AREPS..15..271S. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001415.
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "taylor1998".
  21. ↑ "Asteroids Bear Scars of Moon's Violent Formation". April 16, 2015. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016.
  22. ↑ van Putten, Maurice H. P. M. (July 2017). "Scaling in global tidal dissipation of the Earth–Moon system". New Astronomy 54: 115–121. arXiv:1609.07474. Bibcode 2017NewA...54..115V. doi:10.1016/j.newast.2017.01.012.
  23. ↑ Canup, R.; Asphaug, E. (2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of Earth's formation". Nature 412 (6848): 708–712. Bibcode 2001Natur.412..708C. doi:10.1038/35089010. PMID 11507633.
  24. ↑ "Earth–Asteroid Collision Formed Moon Later Than Thought". National Geographic. October 28, 2010. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Kulandwe ngomhlaka May 7, 2012.
  25. ↑ Kleine, Thorsten (2008). "2008 Pellas-Ryder Award for Mathieu Touboul". Meteoritics and Planetary Science 43 (S7): A11–A12. Bibcode 2008M&PS...43...11K. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2008.tb00709.x.
  26. ↑ Touboul, M.; Kleine, T.; Bourdon, B.; Palme, H.; Wieler, R. (2007). "Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals". Nature 450 (7173): 1206–1209. Bibcode 2007Natur.450.1206T. doi:10.1038/nature06428. PMID 18097403.
  27. ↑ "Flying Oceans of Magma Help Demystify the Moon's Creation". National Geographic. April 8, 2015. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015.
  28. ↑ Nield, Ted (2009). "Moonwalk (summary of meeting at Meteoritical Society's 72nd Annual Meeting, Nancy, France)". Geoscientist. Vol. 19. p. 8. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012.
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Warren1985".
  30. ↑ Tonks, W. Brian; Melosh, H. Jay (1993). "Magma ocean formation due to giant impacts". Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (E3): 5319–5333. Bibcode 1993JGR....98.5319T. doi:10.1029/92JE02726.
  31. ↑ Daniel Clery (October 11, 2013). "Impact Theory Gets Whacked". Science 342 (6155): 183–185. Bibcode 2013Sci...342..183C. doi:10.1126/science.342.6155.183. PMID 24115419.
  32. ↑ Akram, W.; Schönbächler, M. (September 1, 2016). "Zirconium isotope constraints on the composition of Theia and current Moon-forming theories". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 449: 302–310. Bibcode 2016E&PSL.449..302A. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.022.
  33. ↑ Kegerreis, J.A. et al (October 4, 2022). "Immediate Origin of the Moon as a Post-impact Satellite". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 937 (L40): L40. arXiv:2210.01814. Bibcode 2022ApJ...937L..40K. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac8d96.
  34. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (November 1, 2023). "A 'Big Whack' Formed the Moon and Left Traces Deep in Earth, a Study Suggests – Two enormous blobs deep inside Earth could be remnants of the birth of the moon". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka February 23, 2026. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Yuan, Qian; Li, Mingming; Desch, Steven J.; Ko, Byeongkwan; Deng, Hongping; Garnero, Edward J.; Gabriel, Travis S. J.; Kegerreis, Jacob A. et al (2 November 2023). "Moon-forming impactor as a source of Earth's basal mantle anomalies". Nature 623 (7985): 95–99. Bibcode 2023Natur.623...95Y. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06589-1. PMID 37914947.
  36. ↑ Tony Phillips [dead link] Stereo Eclipse 12 March 2007|17 March 2010|http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm Archived 2008-06-10 at the Wayback Machine.
  1. ↑ Between 18.29° and 28.58° to Earth's equator[1]
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "near-Earth asteroids".
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "angular size".
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found.
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