Our results emphasize the need for the long-term monitoring of the dynamic changes of factors driving the variation in surface runoff. This will help in taking tracking measures to deal with the complex water resource challenges through focusing on the dynamic changes of the key factors driving surface runoff variation.
The DID attributed the flash floods to continuous heavy rains, high tide, overflow from rivers, and drainage systems' inability to accommodate water surface runoff.
'The diversion is to discharge the water surface runoff and drainage water into the sea,' he explained during a press conference to explain the reasons for the diversion.
Inadequate soil management practices favor the formation of surface crusts, which reduce water infiltration and favor surface runoff, making it difficult for seedlings to emerge and growth of root systems (Lima et al., 2015).
Leopold [1] mentioned that land use change causes the change of surface runoff characteristics and its total volume, change of the quality of water, and hydrologic amenities.