dendrogram

In this method, the number of populations is treated as unknown parameter and is directly inferred from the data set without defining a prior estimate, a dendogram were generated using Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic averages--UPGMA.

This homology analysis resulted in the development of a dendogram (Fig.

The dendogram in Figure 1 is a visual representation as to how the frame elements were linked by distance using the hierarchical cluster analysis.

A dendogram was obtained through the clustering method Neighbor Joining with UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean), the substitution model proposed by (JUKES AND CANTOR, 1969) and a replacing number of 100.

In this dendogram of morphological similarities, there were two main groups G-1 and G-2.

The floristic similarity analysis was performed using Euclidian similarity index, and a dendogram was made using UPGMA.

However, by the UPGMA method that uses the generalized distance of Mahalanobis (D2) where the cut-off point in the dendogram determines the optimal number of groups by the Mojena method (1977), we obtained three groups: group I, formed by genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33; group II by genotype 19 and group III, by genotype 17 (Figure 1).

The study of dendogram shows the possibility of Pakistanian HBV isolates to be evolved from adr ancestral subtype.

The results of the analysis are displayed in a dendogram.

By the analysis of the dendogram UPGMA (Figure 3), it is possible to understand the clustering between the populations from AF and PC in the figure of the structure, because the dendogram infers that the genetic structure of these two populations presents greater genetic similarity compared to the population from Marcelandia.