Wafer-scale and air-stable semiconducting films of two-dimensional copper indium selenide can be made from monolayer ink deposition and annealing, creating transistors with an average mobility of 155 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ and a microprocessor containing over 100 devices.

A low-power self-powered integrated system for sensing and computing can be created through the monolithic integration of tiers containing graphene-based chemical sensors, two-dimensional semiconductor-based complementary logic and silicon photovoltaic modules.

An array of 256 ring-electrode pairs fabricated on a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor integrated circuit that can control local acidity and induce parallel enzymatic DNA synthesis can be used to encode a 169-byte text using DNA as a data storage medium.

The state of a foundry-fabricated spin qubit unit cell, which is composed of two electron spins with a controllable exchange interaction, can be read out in a single shot using gate reflectometry.

Using a bioresorbable silicon phototransistor to optically modulate current flows in electrical circuits, a wirelessly powered stimulation system can be created that offers programmable control over stimulation waveforms with tissue-penetrating near-infrared light.

A one-pixel device that is made of layers of twisted dichroic materials and ring-grating-like electrodes—and is integrated on the tip of an optical fibre—can be used to simultaneously resolve the mode, polarization, wavelength and intensity of input light in one-shot measurements.

Robots that bend, twist and adapt through continuous deformation could be used to inspect and maintain the infrastructure of modern society. But challenges related to force application, shape estimation, robustness and contact-aware control will need to be addressed before they can have a practical impact.

Advances in both dispersive devices and analogue computing are helping to shrink the size of spectrometers.

Electronic circuits operated at exceptional points could be used to create powerful sensors, but challenges — particularly those related to noise — remain to be addressed.