Thaumasite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
About Thaumasite
Formula:
Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O
May contain sulfite (Pekov et al., 2012).
Colour:
Colourless, white
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky, Dull
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
1.877
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
From Greek, θαυµαζειν (thaumazein), to be surprised, alluding to its unusual composition with carbonate, sulphate and hexahydroxysilicate anions.
Type Locality:
Although it is generally assumed that a solid solution series between thaumasite and ettringite exists, both species have different space groups and a possible discontinuity was identified, characterised by a gap in the a-dimension of the solid solution phases (Barnett et al., 2000). Further work showed a miscibility gap in the solid solution (Barnett et al., 2003): ettringite can accept the replacement of 1/2 its Al by Si, while thaumasite tolerates little or no Al in its structure.
The Si analogue of carraraite. Also compare hielscherite and chelyabinskite.
Thaumasite originally received considerable interest because of its unusual chemistry, being the first carbonate sulphate discovered. Since the 1960s it has been of great interest as a destructive breakdown product of concrete.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Thaumasite.
The Si analogue of carraraite. Also compare hielscherite and chelyabinskite.
Thaumasite originally received considerable interest because of its unusual chemistry, being the first carbonate sulphate discovered. Since the 1960s it has been of great interest as a destructive breakdown product of concrete.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Thaumasite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3933
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3933:4
IMA Classification of Thaumasite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4) · 12H2O
First published:
1878
Classification of Thaumasite
7.DG.15
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
G : With large and medium-sized cations; with NO3, CO3, B(OH)4, SiO4 or IO3
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
G : With large and medium-sized cations; with NO3, CO3, B(OH)4, SiO4 or IO3
32.4.4.4
32 : COMPOUND SULFATES
4 : Hydrated Compound Sulfates containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
32 : COMPOUND SULFATES
4 : Hydrated Compound Sulfates containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
17.10.18
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
10 : Silicates with sulphate, molybdate or tungstate
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
10 : Silicates with sulphate, molybdate or tungstate
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Tma | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Thaumasite
Vitreous, Silky, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, white
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Prismatic.
Prismatic.
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
1.877 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.90 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Thaumasite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.507 nε = 1.468
Birefringence:
0.039
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.039
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
Parallel extinction. Negative elongation.
Pleochroism:
Not Visible
Chemistry of Thaumasite
Mindat Formula:
Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O
May contain sulfite (Pekov et al., 2012).
May contain sulfite (Pekov et al., 2012).
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Al,Fe,Mg
Crystallography of Thaumasite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6 - Pyramidal
Space Group:
P63
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.030(7) Å, c = 10.396(6) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.943
Unit Cell V:
1,095.34 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Prismatic [0001], acicular.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0008764 | Thaumasite | Jacobsen S D, Smyth J R, Swope R J (2003) Thermal expansion of hydrated six-coordinated silicon in thaumasite, Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4).12H2O Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 321-329 | 2003 | unknown | 0 | 293 | |
| 0008763 | Thaumasite | Jacobsen S D, Smyth J R, Swope R J (2003) Thermal expansion of hydrated six-coordinated silicon in thaumasite, Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4).12H2O Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 30 321-329 | 2003 | unknown | 0 | 293 | |
| 0019078 | Thaumasite | Gatta G D, McIntyre G J, Swanson J G, Jacobsen S D (2012) Minerals in cement chemistry: A single-crystal neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopic study of thaumasite, Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)*12H2O American Mineralogist 97 1060-1069 | 2012 | synthetic | 0 | 301 | |
| 0019079 | Thaumasite | Gatta G D, McIntyre G J, Swanson J G, Jacobsen S D (2012) Minerals in cement chemistry: A single-crystal neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopic study of thaumasite, Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)*12H2O American Mineralogist 97 1060-1069 | 2012 | synthetic | 0 | 22.5 | |
| 0009049 | Thaumasite | Martucci A, Cruciani G (2006) In situ time resolved synchrotron powder diffraction study of thaumasite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 723-731 | 2006 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0009048 | Thaumasite | Martucci A, Cruciani G (2006) In situ time resolved synchrotron powder diffraction study of thaumasite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33 723-731 | 2006 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 9.56 Å | (100) |
| 5.51 Å | (40) |
| 3.41 Å | (20) |
| 3.78 Å | (16) |
| 3.18 Å | (16) |
| 2.713 Å | (14) |
| 2.155 Å | (13b) |
Comments:
Ballyalton, Ireland. Data from Knill and Young (1960).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Type Occurrence of Thaumasite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Masses with a fine fibrous structure.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, France, number 138108.
University of Wracłav, Mineral. Museum, Wroclaw, Poland, number II-18500.
Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden, number 24100.
University of Wracłav, Mineral. Museum, Wroclaw, Poland, number II-18500.
Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden, number 24100.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Fissure fillings.
Other Language Names for Thaumasite
Varieties of Thaumasite
Relationship of Thaumasite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Ettringite Group:
| Bentorite | Ca6Cr2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| Buryatite | Ca3(Si,Fe3+,Al)(SO4)B(OH)4(OH,O)6 · 12H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| Carraraite | Ca3(SO4)[Ge(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O | Hex. |
| Charlesite | Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| Chiyokoite | Ca3Si(CO3)[B(OH)4]O (OH)5 · 12H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Ettringite | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| Hielscherite | Ca3Si(SO4)(SO3)(OH)6 · 11H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Imayoshiite | Ca3Al(CO3)[B(OH)4](OH)6 · 12H2O | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Jouravskite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Kottenheimite | Ca 3Si(SO4)2(OH)6 · 12H2O | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Micheelsenite | (Ca2Y)Al(PO3OH)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| Siwaqaite | Ca6Al2(CrO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| Sturmanite | Ca6Fe3+2(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O | Trig. 3m : P3 1c |
| Tatarinovite | Ca3Al(SO4)[B(OH)4](OH)6 · 12H2O | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| 'UM2008-07-CO:AlBCaHSSi' | Ca6(Al,Si)2(CO3,SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O | |
| 'Unnamed (possible Mn(IV) analogue of Sturmanite)' | Ca6Mn4+2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH)10O2 · nH2O |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 28 photos of Thaumasite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 16 photos of Thaumasite associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| 13 photos of Thaumasite associated with Phillipsite Subgroup | (Ca0.5,K,Na,Ba0.5)4-7[Al4-7Si12-9O32] . 12H2O |
| 11 photos of Thaumasite associated with Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(OH,F) · 8H2O |
| 10 photos of Thaumasite associated with Afwillite | Ca3[SiO4][SiO2(OH)2] · 2H2O |
| 9 photos of Thaumasite associated with Ettringite | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
| 9 photos of Thaumasite associated with Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| 7 photos of Thaumasite associated with Tobermorite | Ca5Si6O17 · 5H2O |
| 7 photos of Thaumasite associated with Whelanite | Cu2+2Ca6[Si6O17(OH)](CO3)(OH)3 · 2H2O |
| 6 photos of Thaumasite associated with Apophyllite Group | AB4[Si8O20]X · 8H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.DG. | Mathesiusite | K5(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5) · 4H2O |
| 7.DG.05 | Darapskite | Na3(SO4)(NO3) · H2O |
| 7.DG.10 | Clinoungemachite | (Na, K, Fe, SO4) |
| 7.DG.10 | Humberstonite | Na7K3Mg2(SO4)6(NO3)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DG.10 | Ungemachite | K3Na8Fe(SO4)6(NO3)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Chiyokoite | Ca3Si(CO3)[B(OH)4]O (OH)5 · 12H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Kottenheimite | Ca 3Si(SO4)2(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Hielscherite | Ca3Si(SO4)(SO3)(OH)6 · 11H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Jouravskite | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6 · 12H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Bentorite | Ca6Cr2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Carraraite | Ca3(SO4)[Ge(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Ettringite | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Birunite | Ca18(SiO3)8.5(CO3)8.5SO4 · 15H2O(?) |
| 7.DG.15 | Siwaqaite | Ca6Al2(CrO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Buryatite | Ca3(Si,Fe3+,Al)(SO4)B(OH)4(OH,O)6 · 12H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Charlesite | Ca6(Al,Si)2(SO4)2[B(OH)4](OH,O)12 · 26H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Tatarinovite | Ca3Al(SO4)[B(OH)4](OH)6 · 12H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Imayoshiite | Ca3Al(CO3)[B(OH)4](OH)6 · 12H2O |
| 7.DG.15 | Sturmanite | Ca6Fe3+2(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12 · 25H2O |
| 7.DG.20 | Rapidcreekite | Ca2(SO4)(CO3) · 4H2O |
| 7.DG.25 | Tatarskite | Ca6Mg2(SO4)2(CO3)2(OH)4Cl4 · 7H2O |
| 7.DG.30 | Nakauriite | Cu8(SO4)4(CO3)(OH)6 · 48H2O |
| 7.DG.35 | Chessexite | (Na,K)4Ca2(Mg,Zn)3Al8(SO4)10(SiO4)2 · 40H2O |
| 7.DG.40 | Fuenzalidaite | K6(Na,K)4Na6Mg10(SO4)12(IO3)12 · 12H2O |
| 7.DG.40 | Carlosruizite | K6(Na,K)4Na6Mg10(SeO4)12(IO3)12 · 12H2O |
| 7.DG.45 | 'Chelyabinskite' | (Ca,Mg)3(SO4,CO3)2[Si(OH)6] · 9H2O (?) |
| 7.DG.55 | Ramazzoite | [Mg8Cu12(PO4)(CO3)4(OH)24(H2O)20][(H0.33SO4)3(H2O)36] |
| 7.DG.60 | Witzkeite | Na4K4Ca(NO3)2(SO4)4 · 2H2O |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Loses water slowly at 100 C, (29% over 4 days, but not yet steady state), and more quickly at 200-300 C (42% over 29 hours). Heated in a closed tube, yields water.
One report of DTA gives an endothermic peak at 206 C (from 135-260 C) and an exothermic peak at 709 C. Another report gives the prominent endothermic peak at 175 C and two distinct exothermic peaks at 725 C and 745 C. The exothermic peaks are due to the crystallization of larnite and anhydrite.
One report of DTA gives an endothermic peak at 206 C (from 135-260 C) and an exothermic peak at 709 C. Another report gives the prominent endothermic peak at 175 C and two distinct exothermic peaks at 725 C and 745 C. The exothermic peaks are due to the crystallization of larnite and anhydrite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Thaumasite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3933.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Thaumasite
Reference List:
Nordenskiōld, A. E. (1880) Anmärkningar om thaumasiten. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 5 (6) 270-272 doi:10.1080/11035898009443926
Butler, B. S.; Schaller, W. T. (1911) Thaumasit von Beaver County, Utah. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 49 (1-6). 236-238 doi:10.1524/zkri.1911.49.1.236
Schaller, W.T. (1916) Mineralogic notes, series 3. Bulletin 610. US Geological Survey 164 pp. doi:10.3133/b610 pp.131-132
Wherry, Edgar T. (1918) Notes on mimetite, thaumasite, and wavellite. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 54 (2240) 373-381 doi:10.5479/si.00963801.54-2240.373
Schaller, Waldemar T. (1938) An unusual form of thaumasite from the Ducktown district, Tennessee. American Mineralogist, 23 (12) 876-880
Vogt, Thorolf (1938) Thaumasite from Sulitelma, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology], 18 (3). 291-303
Knill, Diane C. (1960) Thaumasite from Co. Down, Northern Ireland. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 32 (248) 416-418 doi:10.1180/minmag.1960.032.248.09
Carpenter, A. B. (1963) Oriented overgrowths of thaumasite on ettringite. American Mineralogist, 48 (11-12) 1394-1395
Kirov, G. N., Poulieff, C. N. (1968) On the infra-red spectrum and thermal decomposition products of thaumasite, Ca3H2(CO3/SO4)SiO4.13H2O. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (283) 1003-1011 doi:10.1180/minmag.1968.283.036.13
Edge, R. A., Taylor, H. F. W. (1971) Crystal structure of thaumasite, [Ca3Si(OH)6·12H2O](SO4)(CO3) Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 27 (3) 594-601 doi:10.1107/s0567740871002619
Barnett, S. J.; Adam, C. D.; Jackson, A. R. W. (2000) Solid solutions between ettringite, Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O, and thaumasite, Ca3SiSO4CO3(OH)6·12H2O. Journal of Materials Science, 35 (16). 4109-4114 doi:10.1023/a:1004898623884
Barnett, S.J.; Adam, C.D.; Jackson, A.R.W. (2001) An XRPD profile fitting investigation of the solid solution between ettringite, Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O, and carbonate ettringite, Ca6Al2(CO3)3(OH)12·26H2O. Cement and Concrete Research, 31 (1). 13-17 doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(00)00429-4
Jacobsen, S. D., Smyth, J. R., Swope, R. J. (2003) Thermal expansion of hydrated six-coordinate silicon in thaumasite, Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)·12H2O. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 30 (6) 321-329 doi:10.1007/s00269-003-0328-0
Torres, S.M., Kirk, C.A., Lynsdale, C.J., Swamy, R.N., Sharp, J.H. (2004) Thaumasite–ettringite solid solutions in degraded mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 34 (8). 1297-1305 doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.016
Martucci, Annalisa, Cruciani, Giuseppe (2006) In situ time resolved synchrotron powder diffraction study of thaumasite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 33 (10) 723-731 doi:10.1007/s00269-006-0124-8
Pekov, I. V., Chukanov, N. V., Britvin, S. N., Kabalov, Y. K., Göttlicher, J., Yapaskurt, V. O., Zadov, A. E., Krivovichev, S. V., Schüller, W., Ternes, B. (2012) The sulfite anion in ettringite-group minerals: a new mineral species hielscherite, Ca3Si(OH)6(SO4)(SO3)·11H2O, and the thaumasite–hielscherite solid-solution series. Mineralogical Magazine, 76 (5) 1133-1152 doi:10.1180/minmag.2012.076.5.06
Localities for Thaumasite
Showing 233 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Campeny et al. (2015) |
Antarctica | |
| Browne (1973) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| R Bottrill in prep |
Austria | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| G. Blass: Carinthia II 189./109.:216 (1999) | |
| Hollerer (1999) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Meixner (1956) +5 other references |
Bulgaria | |
| Yana Tzvetanova et al. (2018) |
| I. Kostov et al. (1964) |
Canada | |
| Terry Collett collection |
| Michael W. Kieron collection |
| Canadian Museum of Nature specimen ... |
| Canadian Museum of Nature specimen ... |
| Horváth collection - XRD & EDS |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Tarassoff et al. (2006) |
| GRAHAM |
China | |
| Cao Zhengmin et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Zhengmin Cao and Weijiong Zhu (1993) |
Czech Republic | |
| Kouřimský |
| Žáček et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Noack (1983) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Boutry et al. (1986) |
| Etier J.R. & Ch. et al. (2004) |
| Favreau G. et al. (2004) |
Germany | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD-analysis on material collected by Bernd Gassmann, to be published) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1996) +1 other reference |
| [var: Sulfite-rich thaumasite] Tron et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2001) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| |
| International Association of Collectors ... +1 other reference | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| [var: Sulfite-rich thaumasite] Kollmann et al. (Eifel) +1 other reference |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel et al. (1983) |
| Peacor et al. (1984) | |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe) | |
| luigi mattei | |
| Blaß et al. (2001) |
| Blaß et al. (2001) | |
| Blaß et al. (2001) |
| Blaß et al. (2001) |
| Blaß et al. (2015) |
| Hentschel (1978) +1 other reference |
| Galuskin et al. (2016) | |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Juroszek et al. (Ti 5 Fe) | |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Schüller et al. (1986) |
| [var: Sulfite-rich thaumasite] Blaß et al. (2012) |
| [var: Sulfite-rich thaumasite] Hentschel (1993) |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection Analyzed by ... |
| Ullrich (2018) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
| Kónya-MÁFI | |
| Lapis 01/1978 p.31 |
Israel | |
| Galuskina et al. (2025) |
| Futrzyński et al. (2023) |
Italy | |
| XRD analysis |
| Cassinelli C. (1986) |
| Gruppo Mineralogico Geologico ... | |
| Caponera et al. (2007) |
| Bellatreccia et al. (2004) +2 other references |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin) |
| Gramaccioli et al. (1992) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Bertolini A. (1975) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Sicurella et al. (2010) |
| Sicurella et al. (2010) | |
| Cardiano et al. (2008) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Boscardin M. (1993) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Nannoni et al. (2008) | |
| Dini et al. (2013) | |
| Wheeler et al. (1996) +2 other references |
| X-Ray diffraction at Padova University |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| 50. +2 other references |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Collections Alessandro Mattiello and ... +2 other references |
| Boscardin et al. (2000) +2 other references | |
| Boscardin et al. (1988) +3 other references |
Japan | |
| Matsuyama (2001) |
| Banno et al. (2023) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Kusachi et al. (1991) +2 other references |
| Takeshita & Yatagai (1980) |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
| Galuskina et al. (2019) | |
| Khoury et al. (1982) +4 other references |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Evseev (1995) |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
Norway | |
| Eldjarn (1973) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1973) +1 other reference |
| Garmo (2006) |
| Garmo (2006) | |
| Garmo (1974) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection MM # 2541 |
| Vogt (1938) |
| Vogt (1938) | |
| Vogt (1938) | |
| Larsen (1981) |
| Bjørlykke (1959) |
| Jamtveit et al. (1997) |
| Larsen (2018) +1 other reference |
| Peter Andresen collection |
| Neumann (1985) |
| |
| Nesby (1989) |
| Raade (1973) +1 other reference |
| Garmo (1974) +1 other reference |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Anne Marie Karpoff et al. (1992) |
Palestine | |
| Rafał Juroszek et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Lewandowska A. (OH) |
| Kruszewski et al. (Lower Silesian Coal Basin) |
| Kruszewski (2006) |
| Kruszewski et al. (2020) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Szakáll |
| Szakáll et al. (2006) | |
| Marincea et al. (2011) |
| Marincea et al. (2015) |
| www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009) |
| Marincea et al. (2013) |
Russia | |
| Mazurov et al. (2007) |
| A. E. Zadov data |
| Cooper (1997) |
| Pekov et al. (2004) |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| Zadov +5 other references |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa |
| Zajzon N. et al. (2021) |
South Africa | |
| Pohl et al. (1991) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Calvo et al. (2013) |
| Calvo et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Calvo et al. (2010) | |
| Calvo et al. (2013) |
Sweden | |
| Grensman et al. (2001) |
| Nordenskiöld (1878) |
| Widman (1890) | |
| Boliden Group |
| Xray +2 other references | |
| Lorin et al. (2014) | |
| |
| SGU Ca35 |
| Flink (1917) +1 other reference |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) | |
Switzerland | |
| Marco Bonifazi |
Uganda | |
| Barker et al. (1989) |
UK | |
| Young et al. (1998) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum +1 other reference |
| Knill (1960) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (1978) | |
USA | |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +3 other references |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (1988) |
| Shockley (1976) |
| Shockley (1976) | |
| Smith (1988) +1 other reference |
| Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) | |
| Gray et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| Kampf et al. (2012) |
| Woodford et al. (1941) +2 other references |
| Woodford et al. (1941) | |
| Woodford et al. (1941) | |
| Hewett (1956) +2 other references |
| Hewett (1956) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Schooner (1961) |
| Januzzi | |
| Julian Gray Collection |
| Ream (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Imbriacco (2009) |
| Min. Collector: 15:113-118 (1908) +4 other references |
| Bradley D. Plotkin collection |
| Rothstein (1970) |
| NJ Geol. Survey Bull. #64 et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| American Museum of Nat. History +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp234-241 +2 other references |
| Penfield S. L. and J. H. Pratt (1896) | |
| Bradley D. Plotkin collection | |
| Gibbs (1989) |
| Loughlin et al. (1942) +1 other reference | |
| Kenny Gay message 15.09.2005 ... |
| Slotto (2016) |
| Schaller (1938) |
| Schaller (1938) |
| in the personal collection of Jennifer ... |
| Kampf et al. (2012) |
| Butler et al. (1911) +2 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... +1 other reference | |
| Mitchell et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1957) |
Quick NavTopAbout ThaumasiteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence Other LanguagesVarietiesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Joe Morolong Local Municipality, John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa