cervical vein

The duplication of the EJV occurred in 4% of the specimens in this study, furthermore the transverse cervical vein drained into one part of the EJV, while the transverse cervical nerve intertwined with the EJV.

Friedreich reported initially in his chapter "Die Krankheiten des Herzens" ("The Diseases of the Heart") in Virchow's Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie (Virchow's Handbook of Special Pathology and Therapy) in 1861, a "peculiar phenomenon of the cervical veins which he interpreted as a new sign for the diagnosis of cardiac adhesions (4)." In his paper titled "Zur Diagnose der Herzbeutelverwachsungen" ("For the Diagnosis of Pericardial Adhesions") published in 1864, Friedreich stated:

It occurs more commonly in the upper extremity and cervical veins and tends to be asymptomatic without serious consequences as opposed to lower limb venous aneurysms which may complicate with pulmonary thromboembolism in adults.

Table 1: Anatomical distribution of arterial injury Arterial injuries n Cervical arteries Common carotid 19 Internal carotid 8 External carotid 3 Subclavian 21 Axillary 13 Vertebral 4 Internal mammary 1 Costocervical 1 Dorsal scapular 1 Mediastinal arteries Ascending and arch of aorta 5 Descending aorta 7 Innominate artery 3 Pulmonary artery 1 Total 87 Table 2: The anatomical distribution of venous injury Venous injuries n Cervical veins Internal jugular 6 Subclavian 5 Axillary 6 Mediastinal veins Pulmonary 2 Superior vena cava 1 Total 20