reliability

Intraclass correlation coefficients for interobserver reliability, between the same measurement made by three separate observers indicated excellent reliability and ranged from 0.983 to 0.995 for the carpus, elbow, and all joints for both goniometry methods.

Smartphone application Flexion ICC (95% CI) 0.57 (0.32-0.75) [DELTA] (95% CI) (*) 0 (-2.2 to 2.2) Extension ICC (95% CI) 0.28 (-0.05-0.55) [DELTA] (95% CI) (*) 5 (3.8 to 6.2) Pronation ICC (95% CI) 0.67 (0.47-0.82) [DELTA] (95% CI) (*) 1 (-0.5 to 2.5) Supination ICC (95% CI) 0.61 (0.37-0.77) [DELTA] (95% CI) (*) 1 (-1.5 to 3.5) TABLE 2: Interobserver reliability (ICC) and mean difference (A) and 95% CI (in degrees) of UG, photography, and movie and smartphone application measurements.

Test of Reproducibility: Interobserver reliability was assessed using kappa statistics, and the identification of glaucoma showed 100% agreement between the two observers.

The level of interobserver reliability was determined by calculating the percentage of agreement for categorization for each participant and the group as a whole.

Cohen's kappa ([kappa]) was used to evaluate for interobserver reliability between the two readers for the evaluated parameters.

Further analysis of the discrete locations of extravasation demonstrated complete agreement for all except for one instance of quadrilateral space extravasation, with interobserver reliability by kappa statistics of 1 for juxtahumeral extravasation, kappa statistic of 1 for intramuscular extravasation, kappa statistic of 1 for paramuscular extravasation, and kappa statistic of 0.883 for the quadrilateral space.

Table 3: Intraclass correlation coefficient for intra- and interobserver reliability for the different radiographic measurements and ratios.

Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyze intraobserver and interobserver reliability of measurements ([alpha] = 0.05).

Interobserver reliability was performed by a second observer on a randomly chosen videotaped session.

Another probable reason for "low sensitivity" in our study may be the absence of interobserver reliability factor as all the patients were assessed by the primary investigator.

Training the observers and establishing interobserver reliability. The three observers were graduate students who were trained by the lead author to use and score the Recommended Practices Checklist and the children's attention checklist during a whole-group instruction activity.

Studies have shown poor interobserver reliability in assessing bruise coloring and poor physician accuracy in characterizing coloring.