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Middle East and Central Asia > Iran, Islamic Republic of

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Andrea C Atencio De León
,
Sampawende J Tapsoba
,
Celine Thevenot
, and
Du Prince Tchakote
Cameroon’s growth has been consistently below expectations and reflects structural constraints that limit private-sector development, including a shallow financial system, sizeable infrastructure gaps, and weak public investment efficiency. Access to finance and underdeveloped infrastructure are increasingly binding obstacles, keeping firms small and productivity low. Using firm-level evidence, cross-country benchmarks, and a panel regression for 88 economies, this Selected Issues Paper (SIP) documents these constraints and finds that, conditional on the model and historical cross-country relationships, closing Cameroon’s gaps in financial development and infrastructure relative to the sample average is associated with substantially higher long-term income per capita—on the order of 28 percent. It also finds that even at current levels, improvements in efficiency could generate additional gains. The SIP outlines priority reforms to deepen financial intermediation, strengthen investment planning and execution, and accelerate infrastructure delivery to support Cameroon’s convergence toward peer economies under the National Development Strategy 2030.
International Monetary Fund
In line with the framework for addressing excessive delays in the completion of Article IV consultations, the following table lists the IMF members for whom the Article IV consultation has been delayed by more than 18 months as of December 31, 2025.
Simon Black
,
Weronika Celniak
,
Alberto Garcia Huitron
,
Ian W.H. Parry
,
Paulina Schulz Antipa
, and
Nate Vernon-Lin
This paper provides a bi-annual assessment of efficient fossil fuel prices and subsidies for 170 countries, based on a comprehensive analysis of environmental and other externalities from fuel consumption. Globally, explicit (or fiscal) subsidies were $725 billion (0.6 percent of GDP) in 2024. Implicit subsidies, primarily underpricing of environmental costs, were $6.7 trillion (5.8 percent of GDP), with three quarters from underpriced air pollution and climate change.* Relative to GDP, explicit subsidies have stablized at pre-COVID levels while implicit subidies have increased somewhat and are expected to rise gradually until 2035. Explicit subsidy removal would reduce CO2 emissions by six percent below baseline levels in 2035, avoid 70,000 premature air pollution deaths annually, raise 0.6 percent of GDP in government revenue, and generate net economic benefits worth 0.5 percent of GDP. Removal of both explicit and implicit subsidies (through corrective taxes) generates substantially larger benefits, such as 1.1 million fewer premature air pollution deaths and a 46 percent reduction in CO2 emissions, but would be politically difficult. Subsidizing fuels is an inefficient way to support low-income households: for every dollar spent on explicit fuel subsidies, the poorest 20 percent of households receive just 8 cents.
Rhea Gupta
,
Chandana Kularatne
,
Dirk V Muir
,
Pedro C Rodriguez
, and
Li Zeng
Afghanistan has endured decades of war and political turmoil, leading to repeated waves of displacement (refugees and internally displaced persons) and emigration. This paper documents key stylized facts of the Afghan displacement and emigration crisis, assesses its macroeconomic impacts from a regional perspective using the IMF’s FSGM model, and considers policies to address the crisis. It underscores the need for a holistic and coordinated approach to achieve a durable solution. With international support serving as a critical catalyst, well-designed reforms in both Afghanistan and host countries (Iran and Pakistan) could yield a win-win outcome.
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Abstract

The Middle East and North Africa and the Caucasus and Central Asia regions are positively impacted by the resilience of the global economy. Lower global commodity prices and vigilant policy responses have helped ease inflation in most countries. However, uncertainty and risks have risen amid ongoing conflicts, shipping disruptions, and reduced oil production. This is leading to an uneven recovery across the Middle East and Central Asia, with growth rates varying this year. Policymakers need to ensure economic stability and debt sustainability while navigating geopolitical risks and improving medium-term growth prospects. Amid high uncertainty, it is essential that countries implement reforms to enhance their fundamentals, including by strengthening institutions. Additionally, countries can seize potential economic opportunities amid shifting trade patterns by reducing long-standing trade barriers, diversifying products and markets, and improving infrastructure.

Christian Bogmans
,
Andrea Pescatori
,
Ivan Petrella
,
Ervin Prifti
, and
Martin Stuermer
This paper establishes supply and demand elasticities for a broad set of commodities based on a consistent dataset and identification methodology. We apply granular IV methods to a new cross-country panel dataset of commodity production and consumption from 1960-2021. The results indicate that commodity demand and supply are typically price inelastic. Demand and supply tend to be the most inelastic for minerals, whereas they are most elastic for agricultural commodities. The elasticities of energy commodities fall somewhere in between. Supply and demand become more elastic at longer time horizons for mineral and energy commodities, but not for most agricultural commodities.
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Abstract

The conflict in Gaza and Israel is yet another shock to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It is causing immense human suffering and exacerbating an already challenging environment for neighboring economies and beyond. This Update covers economies in the MENA region and does not discuss developments in Israel. It discusses the updated outlook for the region, risks, and policy recommendations.

International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Abstract

Au Moyen-Orient et en Asie centrale, les effets conjugués de vents contraires à l’échelle mondiale, de difficultés intérieures et de risques géopolitiques pèsent sur la dynamique économique, et une grande incertitude entoure les perspectives. La croissance devrait ralentir cette année dans la région Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord, sous l’effet d’une réduction de la production de pétrole, de politiques restrictives dans les pays émergents et pays à revenu intermédiaire, du conflit au Soudan et d’autres facteurs propres aux pays. Dans le Caucase et en Asie centrale, même si les flux migratoires, commerciaux et financiers après la guerre menée par la Russie en Ukraine continuent à soutenir l’activité économique, la croissance devrait opérer un léger repli cette année. L’activité économique dans la région Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord devrait s’améliorer en 2024 et en 2025 à mesure que certains facteurs qui pèsent sur la croissance cette année disparaîtront peu à peu, dont les réductions temporaires de la production de pétrole. Cependant, la croissance devrait rester modérée à l’horizon des prévisions, en raison d’obstacles structurels persistants. Selon les projections, la croissance économique dans la région Caucase et Asie centrale ralentira l’an prochain et continuera de reculer à moyen terme, dans la mesure où l’impulsion donnée à l’activité par les flux réels et financiers depuis la Russie s’estompera progressivement et les problèmes structurels profondément enracinés demeureront non résolus. L’inflation reflue dans l’ensemble, parallèlement au relâchement des tensions sur les prix à l’échelle mondiale, même si des facteurs propres aux pays (dont une croissance vigoureuse des salaires dans certains pays de la région Caucase et Asie centrale) et des phénomènes climatiques continuent à laisser leur empreinte. Malgré une certaine embellie depuis avril, les risques qui entourent les perspectives restent orientés à la baisse. Dans ce contexte, il est indispensable d’accélérer les réformes structurelles pour promouvoir la croissance et gagner en résilience, tandis que des politiques monétaires et budgétaires restrictives demeurent essentielles dans plusieurs pays afin de réduire l’inflation durablement et de garantir la viabilité de la dette publique

International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Abstract

Across the Middle East and Central Asia, the combined effects of global headwinds, domestic challenges, and geopolitical risks weigh on economic momentum, and the outlook is highly uncertain. Growth is set to slow this year in the Middle East and North Africa region, driven by lower oil production, tight policy settings in emerging market and middle-income economies, the conflict in Sudan, and other country-specific factors. In the Caucasus and Central Asia, although migration, trade, and financial inflows following Russia’s war in Ukraine continue to support economic activity, growth is set to moderate slightly this year. Looking ahead, economic activity in the Middle East and North Africa region is expected to improve in 2024 and 2025 as some factors weighing on growth this year gradually dissipate, including the temporary oil production cuts. But growth is expected to remain subdued over the forecast horizon amid persistent structural hurdles. In the Caucasus and Central Asia, economic growth is projected to slow next year and over the medium term as the boost to activity from real and financial inflows from Russia gradually fades and deep-seated structural challenges remain unsolved. Inflation is broadly easing, in line with globally declining price pressures, although country-specific factors—including buoyant wage growth in some Caucasus and Central Asia countries—and climate-related events continue to make their mark. Despite some improvement since April, the balance of risks to the outlook remains on the downside. In this context, expediting structural reforms is crucial to boost growth and strengthen resilience, while tight monetary and fiscal policies remain essential in several economies to durably bring down inflation and ensure public debt sustainability.