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Middle East and Central Asia > Algeria

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Cover Taxation in the Middle East and North Africa
Taxation in the Middle East and North Africa
Prospects and Possibilities

Abstract

Countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are varied in their political systems and geography—factors that have shaped their economic development and tax policy choices. This diversity means that taxation must be tailored to local factors and constraints. This book surveys income and consumption taxes in the MENA region’s 21 countries. For each tax, its revenue, efficiency, and equity characteristics are examined, and suggestions are made for potential avenues for reform. The book covers the taxation of oil and gas and corrective taxes on energy consumption, as well as the state of tax administrations. Researchers, in addition to policymakers in countries outside the region, will find the rich spectrum of topics and lessons included in this book useful.

Keywords:
MENA; tax policy; revenue administration; value-added tax; corporate income tax; personal income tax; MENA country; Gcc country; hydrocarbon-importing country; countries in the MENA region; countries in the Middle East and North Africa; revenue yield; tax systems; Income and capital gains taxes; Income tax systems; Income; Global; Middle East; North Africa; Consumption taxes; policy option; excise tax system; greenhouse gases; Excises; Africa; West Africa
Publication Date:
30 Apr 2026
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Algérie: Renforcer la stratégie de mobilisation des ressources intérieures
Charles Vellutini
Ce document de la Série des Questions générales analyse les difficultés rencontrées par l’Algérie dans la mobilisation des recettes et présente les réformes envisagées pour améliorer la perception de l’impôt hors hydrocarbures. Le secteur des hydrocarbures est la première source de recettes publiques et est marqué par une forte volatilité ; les recettes fiscales hors hydrocarbures de l'Algérie restent donc faibles et stagnantes. À l'aide d'une analyse comparative par régression, l'étude recense un manque à gagner fiscal hors hydrocarbures de grande ampleur, de 2 à 4 % du PIB, ce qui révèle l’existence d’un considérable potentiel inexploité. Les principales contraintes sont les résultats insuffisants de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée (TVA) et de l'impôt sur les sociétés (IS), l'étroitesse de l'assiette des impôts fonciers, et le poids de l’économie informelle. Le document recommande des réformes fiscales axées sur l'élargissement de l'assiette fiscale, la simplification des taux et des exonérations, le renforcement de l'administration fiscale et l'adoption d'une stratégie fiscale à moyen terme visant à ancrer les efforts.
Keywords:
Algérie; Mobilisation des recettes intérieures; Fiscalité
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Améliorer la transmission de la politique monétaire en Algérie
Gian Plebani
and
William Gbohoui
L’Algérie poursuit activement ses réformes visant à moderniser son cadre de politique monétaire, en mettant l’accent sur le renforcement du rôle des taux d’intérêt dans la stabilité des prix. La nouvelle loi monétaire et bancaire fournit les outils opérationnels et organisationnels nécessaires, tandis que les autorités améliorent leurs capacités de prévision macroéconomique. Le présent document analyse la transmission de la politique monétaire en Algérie. Les résultats semblent indiquer que le canal des taux d’intérêt est relativement faible, car la Banque d’Algérie axe son action sur les opérations de liquidité. En mettant l’accent sur les outils de taux d’intérêt, la réforme du secteur financier et l’indépendance de la banque centrale, l’Algérie pourrait améliorer la transmission de sa politique monétaire.
Keywords:
Algérie; transmission de la politique monétaire; cadre de politique monétaire; outils de taux d’intérêt; agrégats monétaires; liquidité; VAR structurel; obstacles à la transmission
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Algérie: Consultations de 2025 au titre de l’article IV–Communiqué de presse et rapport des services du FMI
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Depuis la pandémie, l’économie algérienne a rebondi, à la faveur des cours élevés des hydrocarbures et du niveau élevé de dépenses publiques, en particulier à l’approche de l’élection présidentielle de 2024. Toutefois, l’économie reste vulnérable en raison de sa dépendance excessive à l’égard des hydrocarbures, qui expose les finances publiques à la volatilité des prix mondiaux. La réélection du Président Tebboune en 2024 laisse entrevoir une poursuite de l’expansion budgétaire pour soutenir les ménages et l’investissement, conformément aux objectifs de diversification et de viabilité du Plan d’action du gouvernement 2021. Néanmoins, le modèle de croissance de l’Algérie, caractérisé par une forte intervention de l’Etat et tributaire des hydrocarbures, crée des distorsions économiques qui freinent la croissance du secteur privé et les créations d’emplois. De profondes réformes structurelles pour favoriser le développement d’une économie plus ouverte et alimentée par le secteur privé pour améliorer la résilience de l’économie et appuyer et une croissance inclusive à long terme. Les récentes démarches visant à diversifier l’économie et attirer les investissements vont dans le bon sens ; cependant, pour que l’Algérie tire pleinement parti de son potentiel, il faudra que les autorités prennent des mesures énergiques pour répondre aux problèmes de gouvernance, de compétitivité et de viabilité des finances publiques.
Keywords:
Panier de l'IPC; Mondial; Gestion de la dette publique; Inflation globale; Prix des hydrocarbures; Moyen-Orient; Prévisions de liquidités de l'administration fiscale minière; Transmission de la politique monétaire; Secteur privé.
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Algérie: Questions Générales
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
2025 Questions Générales
Keywords:
Taux directeur de la banque centrale; réponse impulsionnelle mondiale; liquidité; taux d'intérêt du marché; transmission de la politique monétaire; opérations d'open market; indicateur PIT; stratégie de mobilisation des recettes; transmission en Algérie.
Cover IMF Working Papers
Algeria Macroeconomic Projection Model (AMPM)
Mustapha Abderrahim
,
Riad Mansouri
,
Fatma Zohra Ouail
,
Sara Abadi
,
Kenza Elkrim
,
Mohamed-Fariz Zidane
,
Philippe D Karam
,
Gyorgy Molnar
,
Karel Musil
, and
Valeriu Nalban
The paper describes QMPM, the Quarterly Projection Model for the Bank of Algeria that underpins the Bank’s Forecasting and Policy Analysis System. The model is designed to capture the key features of the economy, including the importance of the hydrocarbon sector, sizable fiscal policy impacts, monetary-fiscal interactions, a monetary aggregate targeting policy framework, and a managed exchange rate regime. Model-based analytical exercises demonstrate that AMPM displays both theoretical consistency and a robust data fit, confirming its practicality for conducting real-time policy analysis, forecasts, and risk scenarios in support of the Bank of Algeria’s policy processes.
Keywords:
Algeria; Forecasting and Policy Analysis; Quarterly Projection Model; Monetary Policy; Fiscal Policy; Transmission Mechanism; IMF working papers; Policy analysis; real-time policy analysis; Algeria Macroeconomic Projection Model; monetary policy instrument; Exchange rates; Inflation; Nominal effective exchange rate; Real exchange rates; Global
Cover Departmental Papers
North Africa: Connecting Continents, Creating Opportunities
Brett Rayner
,
Charalambos G Tsangarides
,
Tsendsuren Batsuuri
,
Hannah C Brown
,
Rana Fayez
,
Nadia Mounir
,
Dirk V Muir
,
Gian Plebani
,
Sahra Sakha
, and
Veronique Salins
North Africa stands at a pivotal crossroads—geographically and economically—between Europe’s industrial demand and Africa’s demographic dynamism. In today’s rapidly shifting global landscape, North Africa has a timely opportunity to position itself as a strategic connector of continents. Geopolitical shifts and ongoing diversification efforts are creating new momentum to deepen economic linkages between North Africa, Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa, build greater resilience, and foster shared growth across all three regions. Empirical evidence shows that deeper regional linkages could significantly boost trade, investment, and growth, with gains amplified by improvements in logistics, the business environment, and energy cooperation. North Africa’s energy potential—spanning hydrocarbons, solar, wind, and green hydrogen—positions the region to support Europe’s clean energy transition and sub Saharan Africa’s electricity needs, while fostering technology transfer. Realizing this potential will require coordinated reforms, upgraded infrastructure, and strong collaboration across North Africa, Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa.
Keywords:
North Africa; Europe; sub‑Saharan Africa; regional integration; trade integration; investment flows; global value chains; nearshoring; diversification; economic resilience; non‑tariff barriers; logistics; infrastructure; business environment; regulatory harmonization; AfCFTA; digital transformation; gravity model; GIMF simulations; energy transition; renewables; energy interconnections; technology transfer; supply‑chain reconfiguration; U.S. tariff actions; global economic shifts; trilateral trade; Energy corridor; FDI gravity; energy production; North Africa's trade; trading partner; Exports; Renewable energy; Renewable resources; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Somalia: Fourth Review Under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement and Request for Augmentation of Access-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Somalia
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This paper presents Somalia’s Fourth Review under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement and Request for Augmentation of Access. Somalia has maintained strong program performance despite significant global headwinds, notably the persistent and sharp declines in foreign aid. For the first time, Somalia plans to expand social spending using domestic resources to mitigate the negative social impact of foreign aid cuts. Fiscal performance in 2025 remains strong, supported by resilient domestic revenue collection, disciplined spending, and commendable progress in key reforms. The Cabinet approved 2026 budget aligns with program objectives, envisaging continued domestic revenue mobilization and expenditure restraint while safeguarding priority spending. Key near-term risks emanate from further foreign aid cuts, domestic security and political tensions, climate shocks, lower global growth and heightened global trade uncertainties. The authorities are firmly committed to accelerating domestic revenue mobilization, strengthening public financial management, promoting financial deepening and inclusion, improving governance, and enhancing statistics. Continued donor assistance is essential to support the authorities’ policy efforts. .
Keywords:
Somali authorities; Ecf arrangement; reform strategy; interest rate; IMF staff; reform agenda; Debt relief; Public and publicly-guaranteed external debt; Global
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Algeria: Strengthening the Revenue Mobilization Strategy
Charles Vellutini
This Selected Issue Paper analyzes Algeria’s revenue mobilization challenges and outlines reform options to enhance non-hydrocarbon tax collection. With hydrocarbon revenues dominating public finances and exhibiting high volatility, Algeria’s non-hydrocarbon tax revenues remain low and stagnant. Using regression benchmarking, the study identifies a significant non-hydrocarbon tax gap of 2–4 percent of GDP, underscoring substantial untapped potential. Key constraints include weak value-added tax (VAT) and corporate income tax (CIT) performance, a narrow property tax base, and a large informal sector. The paper recommends tax reforms centered on base broadening, simplification of rates and exemptions, further strengthening of the tax administration, and the adoption of a Medium-Term Revenue Strategy (MTRS) to anchor efforts.
Keywords:
Algeria; Domestic Revenue Mobilization; Taxation; mobilization strategy; VAT revenue; tax frontier; tax arrears recovery; quantified revenue target; excise taxation; revenue mobilization objective; PIT revenue; refund request; tax exemption; excise revenue; credit refund request; Corporate income tax; Tax administration core functions; Personal income tax; Value-added tax; Global
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Enhancing Monetary Policy Transmission in Algeria
Gian Plebani
and
William Gbohoui
Algeria is actively pursuing reforms to modernize its monetary policy framework, with a focus on enhancing the role of interest rates in achieving price stability. The new monetary and banking law provides the necessary operational and organization tools while the authorities are improving the capacity in macroeconomic forecasting. This paper analyses the monetary policy transmission in Algeria. The results suggest that the interest rate channel is relatively weak as the BA focuses on liquidity operations. A focus on interest rate tools, financial sector reform and central bank independence would help to improve monetary policy transmission in Algeria.
Keywords:
Algeria; monetary policy transmission; monetary policy framework; interest rate tools; monetary aggregates; liquidity; Structural VAR; impediments of transmission; interest rate channel; interest rate tool; reaction function; monetary policy decision; interest rate adjustment; market rate; monetary policy reaction function; Central bank policy rate; Market interest rates; Open market operations; Liquidity management; Global