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Fluent Python: Clear, Concise, and Effective Programming
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Don't waste time bending Python to fit patterns you've learned in other languages. Python's simplicity lets you become productive quickly, but often this means you aren't using everything the language has to offer. With the updated edition of this hands-on guide, you'll learn how to write effective, modern Python 3 code by leveraging its best ideas.
Discover and apply idiomatic Python 3 features beyond your past experience. Author Luciano Ramalho guides you through Python's core language features and libraries and teaches you how to make your code shorter, faster, and more readable.
Complete with major updates throughout, this new edition features five parts that work as five short books within the book:
- Data structures: Sequences, dicts, sets, Unicode, and data classes
- Functions as objects: First-class functions, related design patterns, and type hints in function declarations
- Object-oriented idioms: Composition, inheritance, mixins, interfaces, operator overloading, protocols, and more static types
- Control flow: Context managers, generators, coroutines, async/await, and thread/process pools
- Metaprogramming: Properties, attribute descriptors, class decorators, and new class metaprogramming hooks that replace or simplify metaclasses
- ISBN-101492056359
- ISBN-13978-1492056355
- Edition2nd
- PublisherO'Reilly Media
- Publication dateMay 10, 2022
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions7 x 2 x 9.25 inches
- Print length1012 pages
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O'Reilly's mission is to change the world by sharing the knowledge of innovators. For over 40 years, we've inspired companies and individuals to do new things (and do them better) by providing the skills and understanding that are necessary for success.
Our customers are hungry to build the innovations that propel the world forward. And we help them do just that.
From the Publisher
From the Preface
“Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language.” Those are the first words of the official Python 3.10 tutorial. That is true, but there is a catch: because the language is easy to learn and put to use, many practicing Python programmers leverage only a fraction of its powerful features.
An experienced programmer may start writing useful Python code in a matter of hours. As the first productive hours become weeks and months, a lot of developers go on writing Python code with a very strong accent carried from languages learned before. Even if Python is your first language, often in academia and in introductory books it is presented while carefully avoiding language-specific features.
As a teacher introducing Python to programmers experienced in other languages, I see another problem that this book tries to address: we only miss stuff we know about. Coming from another language, anyone may guess that Python supports regular expressions, and look that up in the docs. But if you’ve never seen tuple unpacking or descriptors before, you will probably not search for them, and you may end up not using those features just because they are specific to Python.
This book is not an A-to-Z exhaustive reference of Python. Its emphasis is on the language features that are either unique to Python or not found in many other popular languages. This is also mostly a book about the core language and some of its libraries. I will rarely talk about packages that are not in the standard library, even though the Python package index now lists more than 60,000 libraries, and many of them are incredibly useful.
Who This Book Is For
This book was written for practicing Python programmers who want to become proficient in Python 3. I tested the examples in Python 3.10—most of them also in Python 3.9 and 3.8. When an example requires Python 3.10, it should be clearly marked.
If you are not sure whether you know enough Python to follow along, review the topics of the official Python tutorial. Topics covered in the tutorial will not be explained here, except for some features that are new.
Who This Book Is Not For
If you are just learning Python, this book is going to be hard to follow. Not only that, if you read it too early in your Python journey, it may give you the impression that every Python script should leverage special methods and metaprogramming tricks. Premature abstraction is as bad as premature optimization.
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About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : O'Reilly Media
- Publication date : May 10, 2022
- Edition : 2nd
- Language : English
- Print length : 1012 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1492056359
- ISBN-13 : 978-1492056355
- Item Weight : 2.31 pounds
- Dimensions : 7 x 2 x 9.25 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #26,401 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #6 in Object-Oriented Design
- #12 in Python Programming
- #19 in Software Development (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Luciano Ramalho was a Web developer before the Netscape IPO in 1995, and switched from Perl to Python in 1998. He has presented talks at PyCon US, OSCON, QCon, PythonBrasil, PyCon DE etc. Ramalho is a fellow of the Python Software Foundation and co-founder of Garoa Hacker Clube, the first hackerspace in Brazil. He is a Principal Consultant at Thoughtworks.
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Top reviews from the United States
- 5 out of 5 stars
Clear, concise and effective writing!
Reviewed in the United States on December 19, 2023This is an excellent book for learning how to use the Python language proficiently. It is written for experienced developers, especially those who are experts in another language, but want to use Python effectively and elegantly.
Chapter 1 explains the Python object model. It is very eye-opening, and is foundational to the goal of the book--teaching you how to write fluent Python code. The author advises that everyone should read chapter 1, then pick and choose topics of interest from the rest of the book. The topics covered in the next 23 chapters are too numerous to list here, but you are sure to find what you are looking for, unless you are looking for GUI programming, which isn't very elegant, no matter what. But I digress.
This book is hefty, 980 pages long. It is packed with good information, no fluff. Example scripts are stripped down to illustrate precisely the concept being taught. You can run the examples if you want to, but you don't have to in order to learn what is being taught. The text is very well written. I highly recommend this book.
21 people found this helpfulSending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 5 out of 5 stars
Great wisdom unlocked
Reviewed in the United States on March 23, 2024First of all, let me just say that this isn't a book at all, it is some tome some wise ancient scribe wrote. I have been working in Technology for over 20 years now and I have been interested in it for probably another 20 years before that. In that time I have read many programming books, constantly looking for more advanced topics. I would read and be very disappointed, they were mostly always filled with fluff. I recently decided to finally give Python a try. I am at a point where I am doing more advanced projects and wanted a book to do just that. When I go to Stack Overflow or other sites like that for information. I want to be able to really understand the why behind some of the explanations. I don't want just to copy and paste. The book Python Crash Course helped get the basics down, this book has helped with the more advanced structure.
There are two sections that have helped me the most: Functions as objects and Object-oriented idioms. I was going through many videos, Google searches, and some books to get a deeper understanding of this. this book is helping me to do just that. There is a lot of information in this book. Also, the index is decent. Many technology books lack in having a good one.
22 people found this helpfulSending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 5 out of 5 stars
In depth with clear explanations.
Reviewed in the United States on March 2, 2026This is definitely not a beginner book. I’m not one for doing things just to by “Pythonic” but this book gives good explanations of the practical reasons for many of the more current syntax and conventions besides just making fewer lines of code.
Sending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 5 out of 5 stars
If you wanna get technical with python.
Reviewed in the United States on December 19, 2025Great book! It explains the parts of python you might not learn any where else. A must have for python enthusiasts.
Sending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 5 out of 5 stars
One of the very best books on Python
Reviewed in the United States on April 13, 2024This excellent book covers in detail subjects, especially concurrency and threading, with insight. In addition to being well-written and extremely informative, the author, Ramalho, provides links to numerous YouTube videos and relevant papers on Python that are a treasure trove in themselves. At the end of each chapter he writes a ‘soapbox’ page or two which is opinion, and very worth reading. I have bought dozens of Python books and this is one of the absolute best!
8 people found this helpfulSending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 5 out of 5 stars
Favorite Python book
Reviewed in the United States on February 15, 2026My primary source for learning advanced Python
Sending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 4 out of 5 stars
If you plan to develop software for a living.
Reviewed in the United States on February 26, 2025Excellent book for someone who has decided to be a developer in Python. A lot of higher level programming tips and not often used capabilities. If you just want the information needed to create your own tools and capabilities and knowledge of function calls and class development. see Python 3. If you are planning to be a professional developer look at this book (and Python 3). The one star short of 5 is because the sequence of what is taught seemed disjointed to me. Then again, it is trying to teach you the capabilities outside of Python 3.
One person found this helpfulSending feedback...Sending feedback...HelpfulThank you for your feedback.Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try againThanks, we'll investigate in the next few days.Sorry, We failed to report this review. Please try again - 5 out of 5 stars
The last python book you'll ever need.
Reviewed in the United States on May 24, 2024This book is huge in every way. It's literally 2 inches thick, making it not the most comfortable 'lap' read especially for a paperback. The amount of glue in the spine doesn't look like this book is going to last years without breaking, but time will tell.
Perhaps not the most accessible for a newcomer to python, but for a more experienced user, from what I've read so far this is pretty definitive for up to Python 3.10.
Without hesitation, if there's ever a third edition, I'd buy it. If it gets much bigger though, it's going to need to split into multiple volumes. (Arguably the 2nd ed. should have been)
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Top reviews from other countries
Athlos5 out of 5 starsBest book on Python
Reviewed in Japan on April 8, 2025Great content
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Leonardo S.5 out of 5 starsExcelente livro, mas não é para iniciantes.
Reviewed in Brazil on November 20, 2023O livro é excelente e aprofunda vários (todos?) aspectos da linguagem. Não é um livro para iniciantes — se você for um, não compre esse livro agora —, mas para aqueles que já possuem no mínimo conhecimento intermediário de Python (o próprio autor menciona isso), visto que ele fornece um "algo a mais" àquilo que você sabe/acha que sabe. Acredito que seja o livro definitivo para programadores Python.
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Ayoub Haida1 out of 5 starsBad experience
Reviewed in Sweden on January 3, 2025The book was ruined, I don't know if it's the shipping service, or something else, plus I thought it's colored not a 700sek for a BW version, trash

1 out of 5 starsBad experience
Reviewed in Sweden on January 3, 2025The book was ruined, I don't know if it's the shipping service, or something else, plus I thought it's colored not a 700sek for a BW version, trash
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John Ferngrove5 out of 5 starsThe Pythonic bible
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on October 23, 2022Of course, we programmers know that everything we could want to know is out there, in fragmentary form, on the web. But I have a tediously fastidious mind that likes to keep the distinction clear between what I know and what I have yet to find out. As such, books are my preferred approach to a systematic learning process. I would have been very grateful then if someone had told me at the start of my Python journey that what and all I needed to read was the Tutorial at python.org, David Beasley's epically concise Python Distilled, and this, the 'lizard book'. This book demands a close, paragraph by paragraph reading and maybe some re-reading of some sections till full or at least deeper understanding dawns. After this book there isn't really anywhere to go except the source code and the dry and voluminous language docs. Whatever isn't actually in the book is there on the accompanying fpy.li website.
A first point is that this is not a book for the beginner. One needs to have a reasonable grasp of the language having worked a while with it, being able to muddle along, but also knowing one is just muddling along and wishing to get things onto a more solid foundation.
As such, I'm anxious not to let prospective readers be put off by the review that asserts that the author does not get to the point. There is no flab in this book. It is a big book, but a serious programmer could only wish that the book was even bigger and even more detailed. Python is as much an ideology about how to do things properly as a programming language. It is deceptively easy to muddle along in Python on the basis of what one has already come to know in more 'primitive' programming languages. But for the programmer determined to get the best from a language that has a near endless toolbox of subtle features and constructs the learning curve goes far deeper and longer than a superficial comprehension can suspect. Perhaps that reviewer is thinking about the soapbox sections at the end of each chapter in which the author considers the merits or not of particular decisions made in the complex, democratic language design process? If so, it should be pointed out that even here the author is inviting the reader to think more deeply and clearly about why such features were implemented as they were and what the alternatives might be.
I have two complaints, notwithstanding which I still regard the book as indispensable and insubstitutable. Firstly, I wish very much there was a hardcover edition because the kind of reading this book demands means that the paperback cover is not going to survive even as much as a first reading. I would also like to see, perhaps in a future edition, a more comprehensive and systematic index. Again and again, one encounters situations where we know we have read something about this in 'the lizard book' but finding the requisite nugget or gem is not always that easy. The book does not work particularly well as a reference.
A final point is that the book is a great pleasure to read without any loss of clarity. Although the author's knowledge is clearly formidable, he invites the reader to accompany him on a journey as a fellow traveller, pointing out the many small discoveries he has made in his own passage. One quickly comes to feel assured that even where one's own understanding might falter, everything you need to achieve understanding is written down there if one just reads it carefully enough. Few technical authors pass this test. The man is a natural teacher who always places himself in the point of view of the student and proceeds from there.
A huge, rigorous, fractally detailed but profoundly enjoyable journey of a book. As simple as possible but no simpler. The mighty and beautiful 'lizard book'
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TekSkill5 out of 5 starsNot for Novice but for Deep divers
Reviewed in Canada on May 7, 2025Excellent book for understanding and must be used as a reference. It is not for the beginner and as such should not be expected as a tutorial. Once the basics are mastered, then this book comes in to explain why the way things work. For example, if you want to know what a higher order function is and how a map function works, this book is there for you. The indexing is excellent with alphabetical ordering. Deep dive with this book by your side is all I would say. Have not read even a quarter of the book but already impressed. Definitely a desktop reference.
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