Social Norm

The important place granted to relational Marketing i the sector of the services does not cease evolving. This evolution, underlined by sever al authors and particularly by Berry 1983, brings back to us to a new orientation marketing wh ich is internal marketing. The objective of this communication is to bring to light the area of the Marketing function at the internal environment of the company and its con tribution to modernize management within the company and to develop its performance.

Differences in social norms are a key source of behavioral variation among human populations. It is widely assumed that a vast range of behaviors, even deleterious ones, can persist as long as they are locally common because deviants suffer coordination failures and social sanctions. Previous models have confirmed this intuition, showing that different populations may exhibit different norms even if they face similar environmental pressures or are linked by migration. Crucially, these studies have modeled norms as having a few discrete variants. Many norms, however, have a continuous range of variants. Here we present a mathematical model of the evolutionary dynamics of continuously varying norms and show that when the social payoffs of the behavioral options vary continuously the pressure to do what others do does not result in multiple stable equilibria. Instead, factors such as environmental pressure, individual preferences, moral beliefs, and cognitive attractors determine the o...

The evidence suggests that a surprisingly large number of firms comply with pollution standards even though expected penalties for non-compliance are quite low. This paper establishes an environmental social norm model that embodies collective environmental actions among firms. It provides a plausible explanation for these puzzling empirical findings. In this social norm framework, we also explore how the extrinsic pricing incentive affects the intrinsic environmental morale among firms. By taking into account the crowding-out effect of pricing incentives, we show that pollution taxes may not be an effective tool in fighting pollution.

Commons (or common-pool resources) are inherently dynamic. Factors that appear to contribute to the evolution of a stable commons regime at one time and place may undergo change that results in the collapse of the commons at another. The factors involved can be very diverse. Economic, social, environmental and political conditions and various drivers may lead to commonisation, a process through which a resource is converted into a joint-use regime under commons institutions and collective action. Conversely, they may lead to decommonisation, a process through which a commons loses these essential characteristics. Evolution through commonisation may be manifested as adaptation or fine-tuning over time. They may instead result in the replacement of one kind of property rights regime by another, as in the enclosure movement in English history that resulted in the conversion of sheep grazing commons into privatized agricultural land. These processes of change can be viewed from an evolu...

This study develops a model to assess the consumer acceptance of Camera Mobile Phone (CMP) technology for social interaction. While there has been considerable research on technology adoption in the workplace, far fewer studies have been done to understand the motives of technology acceptance for social use. To fill in this gap, this study develops a model that is based on the following theories: the technology acceptance model, the theory of reasoned action, the attachment motivation theory, innovation diffusion theory, and the theory of flow. The first research method used was a qualitative field study that identified variables that most drive CMP acceptance and build the research model using a sample of 83 consumers. The second method was a quantitative field study. Data was collected from a sample of 240 consumers in Kuwait and used to test the proposed model. The results reveal two types of use: “social use” and “use before shopping”, explaining 32.3% and 30% of the variance re...

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Christendom often uses Jesus' citation of Genesis 2:24 as a clear negative statement regarding polygyny, but is this warranted and is it an accurate reflection of what the gospels and the whole of Scripture teaches. This paper considers a number of additional datapoints that create a broader and more complete picture of what is Jesus' actual perspective of polygyny.

We study the impact of the gender composition of a scoreboard on the persistence and performance of players in an online game. Players were randomly selected into eight groups, defined along two dimensions: they saw high or average scores on a scoreboard (score level), and within each of these, they saw either 3 male, 2 male and one female, 1 male and 2 female, or 3 female names associated with the scores (gender composition). Based on 1140 participants, we find that males are generally less responsive to performance information on other participants. Compared to the baseline of all male names on the scoreboard, females play fewer games when they see only female names, but more games when they see mixed gender names with high scores. Their performance (best score) increases significantly when they see at least one female name and high scores. This result is in line with the importance of femalespecific reference points – or role models in encouraging females’ participation and highe...

There are eyes everywhere. They watch us in offices and homes as we work, in company vehicles as we travel, in agricultural fields as we harvest produce, and in sports arenas as we compete or perform. We are not only watched in more places, we are also monitored more often-some companies even watch their employees as they sleep. Indeed, for many whose jobs are surveilled, work is becoming a dystopia of micro-measurements. Slight changes in our movements can be tracked and catalogued, including facial expressions and tone of voice, which can even be used to determine if we are conveying sufficient empathy. And yet, though surveillance is increasing, it can be profoundly maladroit. In some cases, monitoring leads employees to engage in counterproductive actions, such as simply working less, rather than more. Monitoring also affects us in more insidious ways: it can damage motivation and trust, cause stress, and decrease creativity. And the loss

PurposeWith the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, online assessment has become the dominant mode of examination in higher education institutions. However, there are contradictory findings on how students perceive online assessment and its impact on their academic performance. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential impact of online assessment on students' academic performance.Design/methodology/approachThis study proposes a research model based on the task–technology fit theory and empirically validates the model using a survey from students in the UK. In addition, the study conducted four experiments based on paper-based and online assessments and analysed the data using paired sample t test and structural equation modelling.FindingsThe findings show that the use of online assessment has a positive impact on students' academic performance. Similarly, the results from the experiment also indicate that students perform better using online assessments tha...

PurposeBy describing some of the often‐ignored aspects of repository advocacy, such as disciplinary differences and how these might affect the adoption of a particular institutional repository, this paper aims to offer practical guidance to repository managers and those responsible for open access and repository policy.Design/methodology/approachThe argument uses examples from an empirical study of 43 in‐depth interviews of academic staff in three disciplines, Chemistry, Computer Science and Sociology, at two Australian universities. The interviewees discussed their interaction with the literature as an author, a reader and a reviewer.FindingsThe study finds that disciplines are markedly different from one another, in terms of their subject matter, the speed of publication, information‐seeking behaviour and social norms. These all have bearing on the likelihood a given group will adopt deposit into an institutional repository as part of their regular work practice.Practical implicat...

Numerous empirical studies have shown that the “Rule of Law” is positively associated with a range of desirable outcome variables including GDP levels, financial market development, the rate of investment as well as the volume of trade, human rights, and even with declines in child mortality, to name a few. In this paper we confront the puzzle that for all but the richest countries the same positive association does not hold for the status of women in society. Using country level data, we show that the status of women in society is relatively weakly associated with various Rule of Law indices and that in poor countries this association disappears altogether. Similarly, in high-income countries we find a high correlation between gender equality and indicators for the rule of law. By contrast, for 1 Copyright (US) 2008, by Katharina Pistor. Funded by generous grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. This article was produced by the ...

sj-pdf-1-jar-10.1177_07435584221076054 for Taking a Critical Look at Adolescent Research on Black Girls and Women: A Systematic Review by Charlotte A. Agger, ReAnna S. Roby, Korinthia D. Nicolai, Alison C. Koenka and Monica L. Miles in Journal of Adolescent Research

The game theoretic prediction for alternating offer bargaining depends crucially on how 'the pie' changes over time, and whether the proposer in a given round has ultimatum power. We study experimentally eight such bargaining games. Each game is once repeated before moving on to the next one what defines a cycle of altogether 16 successive plays. Participants play three such cycles. There are no major experience effects but strong and reliable effects of anticipated rule changes. The latter, however, are not due to strategic considerations but rather to the social norms of fairness and efficiency.

PurposeTo examine empirically a previously overlooked aspect of entrepreneurship: community “dis‐entrepreneurship”. Through the lens of political and historical theory, the authors propose learning from unusual circumstances of failure in order to inform social policy regarding factors that facilitate community entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on political and economic theory, formulating propositions that are tested using interpretive methods.FindingsStrong patron‐client relations were found to negatively impact the formation of diversity and meritocracy necessary for entrepreneurial environments to thrive. They also account for an inward orientation that negatively influenced investments in infrastructure. Path dependent processes were found to hold sway regarding the stability of political/social norms.Originality/valueThis is the first paper of which the authors are aware that considers issues related to community dis‐entrepreneurship. The paper highli...

The objectives of the study were to find out whether or not (1) there was significant correlation between personality traits and English achievement, (2) personality traits infuenced to English achievement. The population (N=415) of the study was the eleventh grade students of SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Palembang in academic year 2016/2017. Simple random sampling was used in which 25% of each group was taken as sample. The data were collected by using ready-made IPIP Bigfive questionnaire and TOEFL Junior. The result of questionnaire showed 41 (37%) agreeableness, 26 (23%) conscientiousness, 22 (19%) openness to experience, 13 (12%) extraversion, and 10 (9%) emotional stability. The result of the students’ English achievement showed 63 students in poor level, 30 students in average level, 6 students in good level, and 2 students in very good level. The analysis was found out that there was no significant correlation between personality traits and English achievement (N=101). The Correlation...

Biotechnological and other value adding options provide an opportunity for valorising the biodiversity and associated knowledge systems. In the absence of this value addition, the erosion of biodiversity as well as traditional knowledge and contemporary creativity is inevitable. An argument is made for reforming the current IPR system so as to provide incentives for local communities and other innovators. The reforms are suggested in the field of definition of prior art, reduction of transaction cost, disclosure of source of knowledge and material, developing international registry, modifying plant varieties registration process. Finally, suggestions are made for improving the overall institutional framework at national and international level. Economic development in different regions has often been accompanied by a decline in biodiversity. Biotechnology and other value adding technologies offer a possibility of valorizing biodiversity. But the distribution of the gains among diffe...

The forces of globalisation are known to squeeze space for local initiatives, ventures and sometimes even innovations. The markets are dominated by large players whose scale of economy makes it difficult for new entrants, even with better products and services to survive. At the same time, there are certain sectoral and regional niches and need segments in society which remain unfilled even by the forces of globalisation. The growth thus does not become inclusive. India, China and Brazil among three major countries in the world are facing this challenge to varying degree. There are certain needs of small farmers, artisans, urban vendors, mechanics and other self-employed people or small and tiny firms which are not met by the local R&D and design institutions in public or private sector. When these needs remain unfulfilled for long time, they may give rise to either apathy, adjustment or even dissatisfaction. Sometimes, this dissatisfaction may evolve into social disaffection leadin...