Fix for #27395

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

The `allGather` method is added to the `BarrierTaskContext`. This method contains the same functionality as the `BarrierTaskContext.barrier` method; it blocks the task until all tasks make the call, at which time they may continue execution. In addition, the `allGather` method takes an input message. Upon returning from the `allGather` the task receives a list of all the messages sent by all the tasks that made the `allGather` call.

### Why are the changes needed?

There are many situations where having the tasks communicate in a synchronized way is useful. One simple example is if each task needs to start a server to serve requests from one another; first the tasks must find a free port (the result of which is undetermined beforehand) and then start making requests, but to do so they each must know the port chosen by the other task. An `allGather` method would allow them to inform each other of the port they will run on.

### Does this PR introduce any user-facing change?

Yes, an `BarrierTaskContext.allGather` method will be available through the Scala, Java, and Python APIs.

### How was this patch tested?

Most of the code path is already covered by tests to the `barrier` method, since this PR includes a refactor so that much code is shared by the `barrier` and `allGather` methods. However, a test is added to assert that an all gather on each tasks partition ID will return a list of every partition ID.

An example through the Python API:
```python
>>> from pyspark import BarrierTaskContext
>>>
>>> def f(iterator):
...     context = BarrierTaskContext.get()
...     return [context.allGather('{}'.format(context.partitionId()))]
...
>>> sc.parallelize(range(4), 4).barrier().mapPartitions(f).collect()[0]
[u'3', u'1', u'0', u'2']
```

Closes #27640 from sarthfrey/master.

Lead-authored-by: sarthfrey-db <sarth.frey@databricks.com>
Co-authored-by: sarthfrey <sarth.frey@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Xingbo Jiang <xingbo.jiang@databricks.com>