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. 2021 Nov;479(5):1055-1060.
doi: 10.1007/s00428-021-03061-1. Epub 2021 Mar 4.

The gastric disease of Napoleon Bonaparte: brief report for the bicentenary of Napoleon's death on St. Helena in 1821

Alessandro Lugli  1 , Fatima Carneiro  2   3 , Heather Dawson  4 , Jean-François Fléjou  5 , Richard Kirsch  6 , Rachel S van der Post  7 , Michael Vieth  8 , Magali Svrcek  9
Affiliations

The gastric disease of Napoleon Bonaparte: brief report for the bicentenary of Napoleon's death on St. Helena in 1821

Alessandro Lugli et al. Virchows Arch. 2021 Nov.

Abstract

After the defeat at the battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte was sent into exile to the Island of St. Helena where he died 6 years later on May 5, 1821. One day after his death, Napoleon's personal physician, Dr. Francesco Antommarchi, performed the autopsy in the presence of Napoleon's exile companions and the British medical doctors. Two hundred years later, mysteries still surround the cause of his death and different hypotheses have been postulated in the medical and historical literature. The main reasons seem to be the presence of several autopsy reports, their interpretation and perhaps the greed for thrill and mystery. Therefore, for the bicentenary of Napoleon's death, an international consortium of gastrointestinal pathologists assembled to analyse Napoleon's autopsy reports based on the level of medical evidence and to investigate if the autopsy reports really do not allow a final statement.

Keywords: Autopsy report; Bicentenary; Gastric cancer; Gastritis; Napoleon.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Morphologic visualization of Napoleon’s gastric lesion based on the autopsy reports of Francesco Antommarchi (May 8, 1821) and the British doctors, Thomas Shortt, Arch Arnott, Charles Mitchell, Francis Burton and Matthew Livingstone (May 6, 1821). Created by David Levine based on an idea of Alessandro Lugli
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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