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Autiste

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Autism
Boy stacking cans
Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.
Manam-pahaizana manokana momba nyPsychiatry
Soritr'aretinaTrouble with social interaction, impaired communication, restricted interests, repetitive behavior[1]
Fanombohana mahazatraBy age two or three[2][3]
FaharetanaLong term[2]
AntonyGenetic and environmental factors[4]
DiagnostikaBased on behavior and developmental history[2]
Diagnostika samihafaReactive attachment disorder, intellectual disability, schizophrenia[5]
FitsaboanaBehavioral therapy, speech therapy, psychotropic medication[6][7][8]
FanafodyAntipsychotics, antidepressants, stimulants (associated symptoms)[9][10][11]
FizotranyFrequently poor[12]
Hatetika24.8 million (2015)[13]

Ny autisme na "hafakely" dia fikorontanan’ny fivoaran’ny atidoha miavaka amin'ny fananana fahasarotana amin'ny fifandraisana ara-tsosialy sy ara-tserasera, ary amin'ny fitondran-tena voafetra sy miverimberina.[3] Matetika ny ray aman-dreny no mahatsikaritra famantarana mandritra ny telo taona voalohany amin'ny fiainan'ny zanany.[1][3] Matetika ireo famantarana ireo dia miseho tsikelikely, misy olona hafakely manana fahasarotana amin'ny fahaizany mifandray amin'ny hafa mandritry ny dingana ara-dalàna amin'ny fivoarana.[14]

Ny autisme dia mifandray amin'ny fitambaran'ny anton-javatra ara-pandovan-toetra sy ara-tontolo iainana.[4] Anisan'ny mety mahatonga izany mandritra ny fitondrana vohoka ny aretina sasany, toy ny rubella, poizina toy ny asidra valproika, alikaola, kôkainina, fanafody famonoana bibikely, firaka, ary fahalotoan'ny rivotra, fihenan'ny fitomboan'ny zaza ao am-bohoka, ary aretina "autoimmune".[15][16][17] Misy adihevitra manodidina ireo antony hafa momba ny tontolo iainana naroso; ohatra, ny petra-kevitra momba ny vaksiny, izay efa voaporofo fa tsy marina.[18] Misy fiantraikany amin'ny fanodinana fampahalalana ao amin'ny atidoha sy ny fomba ifandraisan'ny nerônina ny autisme; tsy mazava tsara ny fomba isehoan'izany.[19] Ny Boky Torolalana Diagnostika sy Statistika momba ny Aretina Ara-tsaina (DSM-5), dia mampifangaro ny hafakely sy ireo endrika malefaka kokoa amin'ity aretina ity, anisan'izany ny Asperger syndrome sy ny pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise spectrum disorder (PDD-NOS) ao anatin'ny famaritana ny autisme spectrum disorder (ASD).[3][20]

Ny fanampiana ara-pitondrantena mialoha na ny fitsaboana amin'ny fahaizana miteny dia afaka manampy ny ankizy autiste hahazo fahaiza -mikarakara tena, ara-tsosialy ary ara-pifandraisana.[6][7] Na dia tsy misy fanafody fantatra aza,[6] dia nisy tranganà ankizy sitrana.[21] Misy olon-dehibe hafakely tsy afaka miaina irery.[12] Niforona ny kolontsaina autiste, misy olona mitady fanasitranana ary ny hafa mino fa ny autiste dia tokony hekena ho toy ny fahasamihafana tokony horaisina fa tsy ho sitrana.[22][23]

Maneran-tany, tombanana ho 24.8 tapitrisa ny olona autiste as of 2015 [13] Tamin'ny taona 2000, tombanana ho 1–2 isaky ny olona 1.000 maneran-tany ny isan'ny olona voakasik'izany.[24] Any amin'ny firenena mandroso, eo amin'ny 1.5% eo ho eo amin'ny ankizy no voamarina fa voan'ny ASD as of 2017,[25] avy amin'ny 0.7% tamin'ny taona 2000 tany Etazonia.[26] Miseho in-efatra ka hatramin'ny dimy heny ny tahan'ny fitodran'ny lehilahy azy noho ny vehivavy izany.[26] Nitombo be ny isan'ny olona voamarina fa mitondra ity fikorontanana ara-pitondrantena ity nanomboka tamin'ny taona 1960, izay mety ho vokatry ny fiovan'ny fomba fanao amin'ny fitiliana.[24] Mbola tsy voavaha ny fanontaniana hoe nitombo ve ny tahan'ny tena izy.[24]

References

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  1. 1 2 "Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life". Nat Clin Pract Neurol 4 (3): 138–147. 2008. doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0731. PMID 18253102.
  2. 1 2 3 "NIMH " Autism Spectrum Disorder". nimh.nih.gov. October 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 4 (2013) “Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)”, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing.
  4. 1 2 "Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 14 (3): 281–292. 2012. PMC 3513682. PMID 23226953. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3513682.
  5. ↑ (9 February 2006) [[[:Endrika:Google books]] Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice]. Oxford University Press, New York.
  6. 1 2 3 "Management of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics 120 (5): 1162–1182. November 2007. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2362. PMID 17967921. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  7. 1 2 "Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles". American Family Physician 94 (12): 972–979. December 2016. PMID 28075089.
  8. ↑ "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis". Pediatrics 132 (5): e1341-50. November 2013. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1193. PMC 3813396. PMID 24167175. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3813396.
  9. ↑ "An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 28 (2): 91–101. March 2015. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132. PMID 25602248.
  10. ↑ "Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 17 (3): 348–355. June 2007. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.17303. PMID 17630868.
  11. ↑ "Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 14 (3): 263–279. September 2012. PMC 3513681. PMID 23226952. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3513681.
  12. 1 2 "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 133 (6): 445–452. June 2016. doi:10.1111/acps.12559. PMID 26763353.
  13. 1 2 GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5055577.
  14. ↑ "Regression in autistic spectrum disorders". Neuropsychol Rev 18 (4): 305–319. 2008. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y. PMID 18956241.
  15. ↑ "Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)". Reproductive Toxicology 56: 155–169. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007. PMID 26021712.
  16. ↑ "Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings". Pediatrics 139 (Suppl 1): S38–S49. 2017. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2828F. PMID 28562247.
  17. ↑ "Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance.". World J Gastroenterol 20 (29): 9942–9951. 2014. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9942. PMC 4123375. PMID 25110424. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4123375.
  18. ↑ "Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning". Acta Paediatr 94 (1): 2–15. 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x. PMID 15858952.
  19. ↑ "Autism". Lancet 374 (9701): 1627–1638. 2009. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3. PMC 2863325. PMID 19819542. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2863325.
  20. ↑ "Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics 120 (5): 1183–1215. 2007. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2361. PMID 17967920. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183.
  21. ↑ "Can children with autism recover? If so, how?". Neuropsychology Review 18 (4): 339–366. December 2008. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9. PMID 19009353. https://www.academia.edu/16961306. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  22. ↑ "Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum". BioSocieties 3 (3): 325–341. 2008. doi:10.1017/S1745855208006236.
  23. ↑ Frith, Uta (October 2014). "Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?". The Psychologist (British Psychological Society) 27: pp. 744–745. Archived from the original on 2019-05-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20190510154825/https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma.
  24. 1 2 3 "The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annual Review of Public Health 28: 235–258. 2007. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007. PMID 17367287.
  25. ↑ "The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annual Review of Public Health 38: 81–102. March 2017. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318. PMC 6566093. PMID 28068486. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6566093.
  26. 1 2 "ASD data and statistics". CDC.gov. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
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