Even more, they demonstrated markers such as tight junction including ZO-1, E-cadherin, and
cingulin, which indicated that a protective ultrastructure barrier has formed and could probably protect the engineered bladder tissues from urine [15, 32].
Likely, VEGF administration to human brain endothelial cells increases permeability of the monolayer and downregulates claudin-5 and occludin, but not junctional adhesion molecule-1 (JAM-1),
cingulin, peripheral plasma membrane protein (CASK), or ZO-1 [92].
The TJ-associated membrane proteins comprise occludin, tricellulin (also called marvelD2),
cingulin, claudins (CL-1, CL-3, CL-5), junction-associated molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily (JAMs), zona occludens proteins (ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3), 7H6, and AF-6 [7, 31, 32].