Fyodor Dostoevsky

Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
	;
Janam	November 11, 1821; Moscow, Russian Empire
Maut	February 9, 1881 (aged 59); Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Kaam	Novelist
Genres	suspense, literary fiction
Notable work(s)	Crime and Punishment; The Idiot; The Brothers Karamazov

Fyodor Mikhaelovich Dostoevsky (Russian: Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, Fëdor Mihajlovič Dostoevskij, (11 November 1821 – 9 February 1881) ek Russian [writer rahaa. Dher jane iske Russia ke ek bahut achchha writer maane hae. Uske kaam 20th century ke wriitng pe bahut asar karis rahaa. Uske character logan garibi me rahat rahin aur uu logan ke dimaag chaahe ekdam achchhaa nai to ekdam kharaab rahaa. Uske sab se achchhaa book aagae ke baare me batat rahaa.

Kul

Parents

Maria Fyodorovna Dostoevskaya

Mikhail Andreyevich Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky p ke pitaji ke kul ek Russian noble family, jon Russian Orthodox Christians rahin, ke hissa rahaa. Ii palwaar aapan roots ke Aslan Chelebi-Мurza, ek Tatar warlord jon Golden Horde se defect hoe ke Russian side ke 1389 me join karis rahaa, aur baad me Christianity se Islam convert bhais rahaa, talak trace kare hae.^[1] Kuchh century baad, Dostoyevsky ke ek duusra ancestor, Danilo Irtishch, ke Pinsk ilaaka (for centuries part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, now in Belarus) me, 1509 me jamiin dewa gais rahaa, uske ek local prince ke services ke khaatir, aur iske baad uske laarrkan-bachan "Dostoevsky" naam ke lae liin, jon ek gaon ke naam rahaa jiske naam Dostojewo [pl] (derived from Old Polish dostojnik – dignitary) rahaa.^[2]

Dostoevsky ke palwaar uske maiyaa ke side se merchants rahin; uske pitaji ke male line me priests rahin.

1809 me, 20 saal ke Mikhail Dostoevsky Moscow ke Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy me bharti bhais rahaa. Huan se uske Moscow hospital me assign karaa gais rahaa, jahaan uu ek military doctor rahaa, aur 1818 me uske ek senior physician. 1819 me, uu Maria Nechayeva se saadi karis rahaa. Agle saal, uu Mariinsky Hospital garib ke khaatir, me ek post liis rahaa. 1828 me, jab uske dui larrkaa, Mikhail aur Fyodor, aath aur saat saal ke rahin, tab uske collegiate assessor promote karaa gais rahaa, ek position jiske kaaran uske legal status uppar kar ke nobility ke baraabar hoe gais rahaa aur iske kaaran uu ek chhotaa estate Darovoye ke kharidis, jon ek town rahaa 150 km (100 miles) Moscow se, jahaan pe uske palwwar summer me rahat rahaa. Dostoevsky ke maiyaa-bappa ke baad me saat aur larrkan bhae rahaa : Varvara (1822–1893) – Ek civil servant se saadi karis rahaa aur ek quiet jindagi rahaa, Andrei (1825–1897) – Memoirist rahaa aur palwaar ke itihaas ke bare me likhis rahaa, Lyubov (born and died 1829), Vera (1829–1896) – ek doctor ke saathe saadi karis rahaa aur family ties maintain karis rahaa, Nikolai (1831–1883) – jon alcoholism se struggle karis rahaa aur uske troubled jindagi rahaa, Aleksandra (1835–1889) – ek military officer se saadi karis rahaa aur privately rahat rahaa, aur Yelizaveta (janam aur maut 1837).^[3]

Bachpan (1821–1836)

Fyodor Dostoevsky, ke janam 11 November 1821 me, Moscow me bhais rahaa, aur uu Dr Mikhail Dostoevsky aur Maria Dostoevskaya (née Nechayeva) ke duusra larrka rahaa. Fyodor ke uske palwaari ghar me Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor ke compound me bhais rahaa, jon Moscow ke ek lower class district Moscow ke edge me rahaa. Dostoevsky ke uu marij milaa rahaa jon Russia ke social scale ke lower end me rahin ke milat rahaa, jab uu hospital ke garden me khelat rahaa.

Dostoevsky ke chhotaa umar me literature se introduce karaa gais rahaa. Tiin saal ke umar se uu heroic sagas parrhat rahaa, fairy tales aur legends uske nanny, Alena Frolovna se, jon ek especially influential figure rahis uske upbringing me aur uske fictional khissa ke prem ke khaatir. Jab uu chaar saal ke rahaa, tab uske maiyaa The Bible ke kaam me laae ke uske parrjhe aur likhe ke sikhis rahaa. Uske maiyaa-bappa, uske dher rakam ke literature se introduce kare rahin, jisme Russian lekhak Nikolai Karamzin, Alexander Pushkin aur Gavrila Derzhavin; Gothic fiction jaise English novelist Ann Radcliffe ke kaam; romantic works by Friedrich Schiller and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; heroic tales by Miguel de Cervantes and Walter Scott; and Homer's epics, the Iliad aur the Odyssey.Dostoevsky, Nikolai Gogol ke kaam se bahut influenced rahaa.^[4] Jab ki uske pitaji ke approach sikchaa ke khaatir strict aur harsh rahaa, Dostoevsky apne report karis hae ki uske imagination jaagis, uske maiyaa-bappa ke har raat ke uske khaatir parrhe se.

Uske kuchh childhood experiences uske writings me aais rahaa. Jab ek nau saal ke larrki ke ek naserri rape karis rahaa, tab uske aapan pitaji ke balawe ke bataawa gais rahaa jisse uu , larrki ke dekhe sake. Ii ghatna ke uspe dher asar bhais rahaa, aur ii theme of the desire of a mature man for a young girl The Devils, The Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment, aur duusra writings me rahaa. Ek ghatna jisme ek palwaar ke naukar involved rahaa , nai to serf, Darovoye estate me, ke describe karaa gais hae "The Peasant Marey" me: jab chhotaa Dostoevsky sochis ki uu ek lomrri ke sunis rahaa jangle me, Marey, jon nagiich ke kaam karat rahis, uske comfort karis rahaa.^[5]

Dostoyevsky ke ek aur yaad, jiske uu aapan kavita me referr karis haerahaa uske summer trips to his father's estate in the Kashirsky District of the Tula Governorate, jiske 1831 aur 1833 ke biich me kharida gais rahaa.^[6]

Jab Dostoevsky otna tagrraa nai rahaa, uske pitaji batais hae ki uu hot-headed, stubborn, aur cheeky rahaa. 1833 me, Dostoevsky ke pitaji father, jon bahut dharmik rahaa, uske ek French boarding school aur fir Chermak boarding school bhajis rahaa. Uske describe karaa gais hae, pale, introverted dreamer and an over-excitable romantic. Uske school fees bhare ke khaatir, uske pitaji paisa borrow karis rahaa aur aapan private medical practice ke extend karis rahaa. Dostoevsky felt out of place among his aristocratic classmates at the Moscow school, and the experience was later reflected in some of his works, notably The Adolescent

Youth (1836–1843)

27 February 1837 me Dostoevsky ke maiyaa tuberculosis se mar gais. Isse ek din pahile Dostoevsky ke maiyaa-bappa uske aur uske barraa bhaiyaa ke Saint Petersburg bheje rahin Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute (later renamed the Military Engineering-Technical University) me parrhe ke khaatir, jiske kaaran duuno bhaiyaa logan aapan parrhai ke chhorr ke military careers le liin. Dostoevsky academy me January 1838 me bharti bhais rahaa , aapan palwaar ke madat se. Mikhail ke health grounds me reject kar dewa gais rahaa aur uske ek academy Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia) me bheja gais rahaa.

Dostoevsky academy ke pasand nai karat rahaa, khaas kar ke ii kaaran se ki uu science, mathematics, aur military engineering interested nai rahaa aur uu drawing aur architecture parrhe maangat rahaa. Uske friend Konstantin Trutovsky ek dafe batais rahaa, "Puura institution me koi student nai rahaa jiske F.M. Dostoevsky se kamti military bearing rahaa. Uu jhatak ke chalat rahaa; uske uniform uske achchhaa se nai fit howat rahaa; aur uske knapsack, shako aur rifle sab dekhe me aise lagat rahaa ki uske force kar ke pahine ke parrat rahaa aur uske khaatir garrhu rahaa." Dostoevsky ke character aur interests ke kaaran uu 120 classmates me ek outsider rahaa: uu bravery dekhais rahaa aur uske lage ek strong sense of justice rahaa, uu nawaa students ke protect karat rahaa, teacher log ke pet rahaa, aur officers me corruption ke criticise karis rahaa. Jab ki uu akele rahat rahaa aur apne se parrhat rahaa aur uske classmates uske aadar karat rahin. Uske akele rahe ke aur dharam me interest ke kaaran uske "Monk Photius" bola jaawat rahaa.

↑ Geraci, Robert. 2016. "Islam." In Dostoevsky in Context, Literature in Context, eds. Deborah A. Martinsen and Olga Maiorova. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. chapter, 209–18: "By Dostoevsky's time, numerous Russian noble families bore the Russianized names of Muslim-Turkic forebears. Though one of his ancestors, Aslan Chelebi-Мurza, had defected from the Golden Horde to Muscovy in 1389 after being converted to Orthodoxy by Dmitry Donskoi, that lineage was not reflected in Dostoevsky's surname."
↑ Dominique Arban, Dostoïevski, Seuil, 1995, p. 5
↑ Terras, Victor (1985). [[[:Template:Google books]] Handbook of Russian Literature]. Yale University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-300-04868-1. Template:Google books.
↑ "Natural School (Натуральная школа)". Brief Literary Encyclopedia in 9 Volumes. Moscow. 1968. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
↑ Ruttenburg, Nancy (4 January 2010). [[[:Template:Google books]] Dostoevsky's Democracy]. Princeton University Press. pp. 76–77. Template:Google books.
↑ "ДОСТОЕВСКИЙ ФЁДОР МИХАЙЛОВИЧ". w.histrf.ru. Retrieved 2025-02-15.

[1] Geraci, Robert. 2016. "Islam." In Dostoevsky in Context, Literature in Context, eds. Deborah A. Martinsen and Olga Maiorova. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. chapter, 209–18: "By Dostoevsky's time, numerous Russian noble families bore the Russianized names of Muslim-Turkic forebears. Though one of his ancestors, Aslan Chelebi-Мurza, had defected from the Golden Horde to Muscovy in 1389 after being converted to Orthodoxy by Dmitry Donskoi, that lineage was not reflected in Dostoevsky's surname."

[2] Dominique Arban, Dostoïevski, Seuil, 1995, p. 5

[3] Terras, Victor (1985). [[[:Template:Google books]] Handbook of Russian Literature]. Yale University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-300-04868-1. Template:Google books.

[4] "Natural School (Натуральная школа)". Brief Literary Encyclopedia in 9 Volumes. Moscow. 1968. Retrieved 1 December 2013.

[5] Ruttenburg, Nancy (4 January 2010). [[[:Template:Google books]] Dostoevsky's Democracy]. Princeton University Press. pp. 76–77. Template:Google books.

[6] "ДОСТОЕВСКИЙ ФЁДОР МИХАЙЛОВИЧ". w.histrf.ru. Retrieved 2025-02-15.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]