Confucius
| Chinese philosophy Ancient philosophy | |
|---|---|
Engraving of Confucius. Chiana akchhar me lokha hae: "Portrait of the First Teacher, Confucius, Giving a Lecture". | |
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Name |
孔丘 Kong Qiu |
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Birth |
28 September, 551 B.C.E. |
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Death |
479 B.C.E. |
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School/tradition |
Confucianism ke suruu kare waala |
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Main interests |
Moral philosophy, Social philosophy, Ethics |
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Notable ideas |
Confucianism |
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Influences |
Zhou Era Chinese Thought |
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Influenced |
Dher Eastern philosophers, Christian Wolff, Robert Cummings Neville |
Confucius (Chinese me: 孔夫子) (janam 551 BC, maut 478 BC) ek khaas Chinese sikchhak aur philosopher rahaa. Uske pahile ke naam Kong Qiu (Chinese me: 孔丘) nai to Zhong Ni (Chinese me: 仲尼) rahaa. Uske janam Lu State (魯), China me Chinese Lunar calendar ke 551 BC ke 8th mahina ke 27th din me bhaes rahaa. Uske pitaji Shu Liang He (叔梁纥) rahaa, aur uske maiya Yan Zheng Zai (顏徵在) rahii. Jab uu tiin saal ke rahaa tab uske pitaji mar gais rahaa.
Naam
[badlo | source ke badlo]"Confucius" Mandarin Chinese Kǒngfūzǐ (孔夫子) ke Latinized form hae —jiske matlab "Great Master Kong", nai to "Wise Teacher Kong" hae— jiske 16th century ke ant me Jesuit missionaries to China banae rahin.[1] Aur jaada kaam me laae waala naam, abhi Kǒngzǐ (孔子) hae, jiske matlab "Master Kong" hae. Confucius ke palwaar ke naam Kong rahaa aur uske dewa gais naam Qiu rahaa. Uske courtesy naam, a capping (guan: 冠) jiske uske his coming of age ceremony me dewa gais rahaa,[2] aur jisse uske barraa palwaar ke log kaam me laawat rahin Zhongni rahaa, "Zhòng" ii dekhaat rahaa ki uu palwaar ke duusra larrka rahaa.[1][3]
Jindagi
[badlo | source ke badlo]Bachpan ke din
[badlo | source ke badlo]Ii maana jaawe hae ki Confucius ke janam 28 September 551 BCE me,[4][5] Zou (陬, abhi ke Qufu, Shandong) me bhais rahaa.[5][6] Ii ilaaka ke kings of Zhou control karat rahin, lekin effectively independent rahaa local lords of Lu ke niche, jon bagal ke city of Qufu se raj karat rahaa. Uske pitaji, Kong He (nai to Shuliang He) ek jaada umar ke commandant of the local Lu garrison rahaa.[7] His ancestry ke trace back karaa jaae sake hae, dukes of Song se, Shang dynasty talak jon Zhou se pahile rahaa.[8][9][10][11] Itihasik khissa Confucius ke jindagi ke baare me, batae hae ki uske aaja aapan palwaar ke Song se Lu migrate karis rahaa.[12] Abhi ke sab scholars ;og ii nai maane hae ki Confucius Song nobility se descend bhais rahaa.[13]
Kong mar gais rahaa jab Confucius tiin saal ke rahaa, aur Confucius ke uske maiyaa, Yan Zhengzai (顏徵在) garibi me paale rahii.[14] Uske maiyaa baad me mar gais, 40 saal ke umar me.[14] 19 saal ke umar me uu, (亓官氏) se saadi karis, aur ek saal baad ii praani ke ek larrkaa bhais rahaa, jiske naam Kong Li (孔鯉) rahaa.[14] Qiguan aur Confucius ke baad me dui larrki bhais rahaa, jisme se ek bachpan me mar gae rahii aur duusra ke naam Kong Jiao (孔姣) rahaa.[15]
Confucius ke sikchhaa ek saadhaaran larrkan ke school me bhais rahaa, jahaan pe uu study karis rahaa aur Six Arts ke sikhis rahaa.[16]
Confucius ke janam shi (士) me, jon aristocracy aur sadhaaran log ke biich me rhaa, me bhais rahaa. Ii bataawa jaawe hae ki uu kuchh sarki kaam aapan early 20s me karis rahaa, aur ek bookkeeper aur bherraa aur ghorraa ke dekhe waala rahaa. [14][17] Jab uske maiyaa mar gais, Confucius (23 saal ke umar me) ,ii bataawa jaawe hae ki, mourned for three years, jaise ki uu time ke sankriti rahaa.[17]
Rajnitik kaam
[badlo | source ke badlo]Confucius ke time, state of Lu ep ek ducal house raaj karat rahaa. Duke ke niche tiin aristocratic palwaar rahin, jiske heads ke title viscount rahaa aur ii ek hereditary positions rahaa Lu bureaucracy me. Ji palwaar ke position rahaa "Minister over the Masses", jon "Prime Minister" bhi rahaa; Meng palwaar ke position "Minister of Works" rahaa; aur Shu palwaar ke position "Minister of War" rahaa. Template:BCE ke winter me, Yang Hu—a Ji palwaar ke ek retainer— rebel kar diis aur Ji palwaar se taagat lae liis. Lekin Template:BCE ke summer talak, tiin hereditary palwaar Yang Hu ke Lu se khader de rahin. Uu time talak, Confucius aapan udes ke kaara n kaafi dher chela ke bator liis rahaa, aur ii time palwaar logan ii dekhe lage rahin ki achchhaa kaam kare se, uu aslii sarkar ke wfadaari dekhae sakat rahin. Ii kaaran se, wahii saal (Template:BCE), Confucius ke ek minor position of governor of a town banaawa gais rahaa. Dhire-dhire, uu aage barr ke Minister of Crime banaa rahaa.[18] Xunzi ii batae hae ki ii post le ke baad, Confucius Shaozheng Mao ke maare ke order diis rahaa, jon Lu state ke ek aur official aur scholar rahaa jiske lectures ke tiin hajaar log sune aae rahin Yan Hui ke chhorr ke. Shaozheng Mao ke 'five crimes' ke aarop lagaawa gais rahaa, jisme se sab me maut ke sajaa rahaa , jisme rahaa 'concealed evilness, stubborn abnormality, eloquent duplicity, erudition in bizarre facts and generosity to evildoers'.[19]
Confucius mmangat rahaa ki uu authority of the state ke duke ke lautaar de, fortifications of the city—strongholds jon tiin palwaar ke rahaa, ke dismantle kare ke baad. Ii rakam se, uu ek centralized sarkar ke bane sakat rahaa. Lekin, Confucius khaali diplomacy pe nirbhar rahaa, kaakeki uske lage koi military authority nai rahaa. 500 BC me, Hou Fan— Hou ke governor— Shu palwaar ke aapan lord ke virod me revoltkar diis. Jab ki Meng aur Shu palwaar Hou ke bina safaltaa ke besiege kare rahin, ek loyalist official Hou log ke saathe Hou Fan ke state of Qi bhaage ke majbuur kar diis. Ii chij Confucius ke favour me hoe ke chaahat rahaa, kaaheki ii Confucius ke kaam sahaj kar diis ki uu aristocratic palwaar ke ke aapan fortifications ke dismantle karwae. Dhire-dhire, ek aur aadha saal ke baad, Confucius aur uske disciples Shu palwaar ke manae liin ki uu Hu kediwaal ke tuurr de , Ji palwaar Bi ke diwaal ke ruuurr de, aur Meng palwaar Cheng ke diwaal ke rurr de. Sab se pahile, Shu palwaar ke sena Hou gais aur uske diwaal ke tuurr diis 498 BCE me.[20]
Confucius ii maangat rahaa ki log duusra log ke baare me soche, paisa aur imaarat ke baare me nai. Uu ii biswas karat rahaa ki janata ke maane ke khaatir tagrraa niyam (rules) hoe ke chaahi. Confucius sochis ki log me paanch rista (relationshp) ke niyam hae, aur usme bhi aapan aapan niyam rahe hae. Dui jan hoe sake hae:
- Rajkumar aur janata
- Pitaji aur larrka
- Admii aur aurat
- Bujurg (elder) aur larrka
- dost
II sab traditional rista hae jiske "five prototypes" bola jaae hae. Confucius ii batais ki ii sab sambandh (relationship) me log ke niyam ke paalan kare ke parri. Jaise ki, janata ke rajkaumar ke sune ke parri, lekin rajkumar ke bhi janata ke sune ke chaahi, uske achchha se raj kare ke khatir.
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- 1 2 Nivison 1999, p. 752.
- ↑ Hunter 2017, p. 50.
- ↑ Wilkinson 2015, p. 133.
- ↑ Huang 2013, p. 3.
- 1 2 Creel 1949, p. 25.
- ↑ Rainey 2010, p. 16.
- ↑ Legge 1887, p. 260.
- ↑ Legge 1887, p. 259.
- ↑ Yao 1997, p. 29.
- ↑ Yao 2000, p. 23.
- ↑ Rainey 2010, p. 66.
- ↑ Creel 1949, p. 26.
- ↑ Eno, Robert (2003). "The background of the Kong family of Lu and the origins of Ruism". Early China (Cambridge University Press) 28: 1–41. doi:10.1017/S0362502800000651. Eno concludes of Confucius's ancestry that the descent from Song nobility has been constructed to serve an ideological purpose. However he rejects the stronger statement that Confucius's immediate parentage is also fabricated, as proposed by Creel and Jensen.Template:PbJensen, Lionel (1995). "Wise man of the wilds: fatherlessness, fertility, and the mythic exemplar Kongzi". Early China (Cambridge University Press) 20: 407–437. doi:10.1017/S0362502800004570. p. 409Template:Pb(Creel 1949, pp. 297–298), cited in Eno.
- 1 2 3 4 Huang 2013, p. 4.
- ↑ Schuman, Michael (2015). Confucius: And the World He Created. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04057-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=wb6DBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25.
- ↑ Huang 2013, pp. 4–5.
- 1 2 Burgan, Michael (2008). Confucius: Chinese Philosopher and Teacher. Capstone. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7565-3832-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=vM8GCpBncjEC&pg=PT12. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
- ↑ Dubs 1946, pp. 274–276.
- ↑ Xun, Kuang (in lzh).
- ↑ Dubs 1946, p. 277.