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Shekarar yarda

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Shekarar yarda don jima'i na jima'i a waje da aure ta ƙasa ko yanki. Shekaru sun bambanta da jihohi a Ostiraliya, Mexico da Amurka. A kasar Sin, Hong Kong ba ta da kyau, inda shekarun yarda China " class="legend nowrap" data-ve-ignore="true" id="mwHw">  16  , ba ba (ba daidai ba ne a taswirar). 14 16 17 21 (kawai Bahrain)
   12  13  14  15  16  17  18  21 (only Bahrain)  must be married

 

Shekarar yarda ita ce shekarun da ake ɗaukan mutum a matsayin wanda ya cancanci a shari'a don yarda da ayyukan jima'i. Don haka, baligi da ya yi jima'i da wanda bai kai shekarun yarda ba ba zai iya yin iƙirarin bisa doka ba cewa yin jima'i na yarda ne, kuma ana iya ɗaukar irin wannan jima'i cin zarafin yara ko fyade bisa doka.Mutumin da ke ƙasa da ƙaramin shekaru ana ɗauka a matsayin wanda aka azabtar, kuma abokin aurensu a matsayin mai laifi, kodayake wasu hukunce-hukuncen suna ba da keɓancewa ta hanyar "Dokokin Romeo da Juliet" idan ɗaya ko duka mahalarta ba su da shekaru kuma suna kusa da shekaru.

Kalmar shekarun yarda yawanci ba ta bayyana a cikin ka'idojin doka. :Gabaɗaya, doka za ta kafa shekarun da ke ƙasa da ba bisa ka'ida ba don yin jima'i da mutumin. An yi amfani da shi a wasu lokuta tare da wasu ma'anoni, kamar shekarun da mutum ya zama cancantar yarda da aure.[1] Bai kamata a rikita shi da wasu dokoki game da mafi ƙarancin shekaru ba ciki har da, amma ba a iyakance shi ba, shekarun mafi girma, shekarun aikata laifuka, shekarun jefa kuri'a, Shekarar shan giya, da Shekarar tuki.

Dokokin shekarun yarda sun bambanta sosai daga iko zuwa iko, ko da yake mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen sun sanya shekarun amincewa tsakanin 14 zuwa 18 (ban da Nijar da Yammacin Sahara da suka sanya shekarun amincewa a 13, Mexico wadda ta sanya shekarun amincewa tsakanin 12 zuwa 18, da kuma 14 jihohin musulmi da kuma birnin Vatican wanda ya ba da izinin aure kawai). Dokokin kuma na iya bambanta da nau'in jima'i, jinsin mahalarta ko wasu la'akari, kamar haɗar matsayi na amana; wasu hukunce-hukuncen kuma na iya ba da izini ga yara ƙanana da ke yin jima'i da juna, maimakon shekaru ɗaya. Zarge-zarge da hukunce-hukunce sakamakon karya wadannan dokoki na iya kasancewa daga aikata laifi, kamar 'lalata da kananan yara', zuwa abin da aka fi sani da fyade na doka.

Akwai “bangaren launin toka” da yawa a cikin wannan fannin na doka, wasu game da dokokin da ba su takamaimai ba kuma ba a gwada su ba, wasu kuma ta haifar da muhawara game da sauya halayen al’umma, wasu kuma saboda sabani tsakanin dokokin tarayya da na jihohi. Wadannan abubuwan duk sun sa shekarun yarda su zama batun rikice-rikice da kuma batun muhawara mai tsanani.

Ta nahiyar

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Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Shekarar yarda a Afirka

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Shekarar yarda a Arewacin Amurka
    • Shekarar yarda a Amurka
  • Shekarar yarda a Kudancin Amurka
  • Shekarar yarda a Asiya

Turai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Shekarar yarda a Turai

Oceania

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  • Shekarar yarda a Oceania

Tarihi da halayen zamantakewa

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Halin gargajiya

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A cikin al'ummomin gargajiya, shekarun yarda don yin jima'i lamari ne na iyali su yanke shawara, ko kuma al'adar kabilanci. A mafi yawan lokuta wannan ya zo daidai da alamomin balaga, da jinin haila ga mace, da kuma gashi ga namiji.

BaAmintattun bayanai na shekaru a aure ba su da yawa. A Ingila, alal misali, kawai ingantaccen bayanai a farkon zamani ya fito ne daga bayanan kadarorin da aka yi bayan mutuwa. Ba wai kawai bayanan ba su da yawa, amma ba duka sun damu ba don yin rikodin shekarun mahalarta ba, kuma da alama yawancin bayanan sun kasance, za su iya bayyana ƙananan aure. Masana tarihi na zamani a wasu lokuta sun nuna rashin son yarda da shaidar shekarun aure, suna watsi da shi a matsayin 'rashin karantawa' daga baya mai kwafin bayanan.

A cikin karni na 12, Gratian, wanda ya yi tasiri a cikin kundin dokokin canon a Turai ta tsakiyar Turai, ya yarda da shekarun balaga don aure ya kasance kusan goma sha biyu ga 'yan mata da kuma kusan goma sha hudu ga maza amma ya yarda da yarda da ma'ana idan yaran biyu sun girmi shekaru bakwai.[2] Akwai hukumomi da suka ce irin wannan izinin shiga aure na iya faruwa tun da wuri. Sa'an nan kuma aure zai kasance mai girma idan dai babu ɗayan bangarorin biyu da ya warware yarjejeniyar aure kafin su balaga, ko kuma idan sun riga sun daura aure. Alƙalai a wasu lokuta suna girmama aure bisa amincewar juna a shekaru ƙasa da bakwai: sabanin kafuwar littafin, akwai rikodi na auren 'yan shekara biyu da uku.

A kasar Sin, Kundin Doka na Qingyuan [ja; ku; zh] Reign (慶元條法事類), wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1202 wanda ya kididdige dokokin da suka fara aiki daga shekara ta 1127 zuwa 1195, sun gabatar da fyade bisa doka a cikin wannan doka: 'An yi nasarar saduwa da 'yan matan da ba su wuce 10 ba a cikin kowane yanayi, wanda za a hukunta shi zuwa gudun hijira. idan fyaden bai yi nasara ba, a yi gudun hijira da lita 500; Idan rauni ya faru a cikin tsari, mutuwa ta hanyar rataya'.[3]

Doka ta farko da aka yi rikodin shekarun yarda a Turai ta kasance daga 1275 a Ingila; a matsayin wani ɓangare na tanade-tanade game da fyade, Dokar Westminster 1275 ta sanya ta zama laifi don "lalata" yarinya a cikin shekaru," ko tare da ko ba tare da izininta ba. Daga baya masanin shari’a Sir Edward Coke (Ingila, karni na 17) ya fassara kalmar “cikin shekaru” da ma’anar shekarun aure, wanda a lokacin yana da shekara goma sha biyu. [4]

The Great Ming Code, sashe na 25, Criminal Code on Fyade ya fara aiki ne daga shekara ta 1373, ya kai shekaru 12 da haihuwa inda ya bayyana cewa ‘yan mata ‘yan kasa da shekaru 12 ba su da sha’awar jima’i, don haka duk wata saduwa da su ana daukarsu daidai da fyade don haka hukuncin kisa ta hanyar rataya ne'.[5]

Turawan mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun bi al'adar Ingilishi, kuma doka ta fi jagora. Misali, Mary Hathaway (Virginia, 1689) ta kasance tara kacal lokacin da ta yi aure da William Williams.. Sir Edward Coke "ya bayyana a fili cewa auren 'yan mata 'yan kasa da shekara 12 ya kasance na al'ada, kuma shekarun da yarinyar da ta kasance matar ta cancanci samun kyauta daga dukiyar mijinta ya kasance 9 duk da cewa mijinta yana da shekaru hudu kawai. "

A cikin karni na 16, ƙananan adadin jihohin Italiya da Jamus sun tsara mafi ƙarancin shekarun jima'i ga 'yan mata, wanda ya sanya shi shekaru goma sha biyu. A karshen karni na 18, wasu kasashen Turai ma sun fara kafa irin wadannan dokoki. Tsarin Mulkin Faransa na farko na 1791 ya kafa mafi ƙarancin shekaru a shekaru goma sha ɗaya. Portugal, Spain, Denmark da Cantons na Swiss sun fara saita mafi ƙarancin shekarun shekaru goma zuwa goma sha biyu.[4]

Shekarun dokokin yarda sun kasance masu wahala a tarihi da wahala a bi da aiwatarwa. Ka'idoji na shari'a dangane da shekaru ba su kasance, gaba ɗaya, na gama gari ba har zuwa ƙarni na 19, saboda ba a samun tabbatacciyar hujja ta ainihin shekaru da takamaiman ranar haihuwa.[4]

A Ostiraliya na ƙarni na 18 an yi tunanin cewa yara suna da zunubi a zahiri kuma suna fuskantar jarabar jima'i. Hukuncin “bau da kai” ga waɗannan fitintinu gabaɗaya an bar su ga iyaye kuma ba a ganin su a matsayin al’amarin gwamnati, sai dai abin da ya shafi fyade.[6] Yaran Australiya suna da 'yanci kaɗan kuma an dauke su a matsayin dukiyar iyayensu.[6] Daga ƙarshen karni na 18, kuma musamman a karni na 19, halayen sun fara canzawa. A tsakiyar karni na 19 an kara damuwa game da cin zarafin yara.[6]

Gyara a cikin karni na 19 da 20

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wani sauyi gaba ɗaya a cikin halayen zamantakewa da na shari'a game da batutuwan jima'i ya faru a zamanin yau. Halayen da suka dace na shekarun da suka dace na izini ga mata don yin jima'i sun karkata zuwa girma. Yayin da ake ɗaukar shekaru daga shekaru goma zuwa goma sha uku a matsayin shekarun da aka amince da su don izinin jima'i a cikin ƙasashen Yamma a tsakiyar karni na 19. [4]

Labarai da yawa da ɗan jaridar bincike na Burtaniya William Thomas Stead ya rubuta a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 game da batun karuwancin yara a Landan ya haifar da fushin jama'a kuma a ƙarshe ya ɗaga shekarun yarda zuwa 16.

Dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi ta al'ada ta saita shekarun yarda tsakanin shekaru goma zuwa goma sha biyu, amma Laifukan da suka shafi Dokar Mutum 1875 ya ɗaga wannan zuwa goma sha uku a Burtaniya da Ireland. Masoyan mata na farko na ƙungiyar Tsabtace Zamantakewa, irin su Josephine Butler da sauran su, waɗanda suka taimaka wajen tabbatar da soke Ayyukan Cututtuka masu Yaduwa, sun fara juyawa zuwa matsalar karuwanci na yara a ƙarshen 1870s. Bayanan da kafofin watsa labarai na jin dadi suka yi game da bala'in karuwanci na yara a London a cikin 1880s sannan ya haifar da fushi a tsakanin masu daraja na tsakiya, wanda ya haifar da matsin lamba don shekarun yarda da sake tasowa.

Dan jarida mai binciken William Thomas Stead na Pall Mall Gazette ya kasance mai taka rawa wajen fallasa matsalar karuwancin yara a cikin duniya ta Landan ta hanyar talla. A cikin 1885 ya "sayi" daya wanda aka azabtar, Eliza Armstrong, 'yar shekaru goma sha uku na bututun hayaki, fam biyar kuma ya kai ta gidan karuwai inda aka yi mata muggan kwayoyi. Daga nan ya wallafa jerin bayyani guda huɗu mai suna The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon, wanda ya gigita masu karatunta da tatsuniyoyi na karuwanci da sace, saye, da kuma sayar da budurwai na Turanci zuwa ga “gidajen jin daɗi” na Nahiyar. "Maiden Tribute" ya kasance abin jin daɗi tare da karatun jama'a, kuma an jefa al'ummar Victoria cikin tashin hankali game da karuwanci. Saboda tsoron tarzoma a matakin kasa, Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida, Sir William Harcourt, ya roki a banza da Stead da ta daina buga labaran. Kungiyoyin kawo sauyi iri-iri sun gudanar da tarurrukan zanga-zanga tare da yin tattaki tare zuwa Hyde Park suna neman a kara shekarun amincewa. An tilasta wa gwamnati ta gabatar da Dokar Gyara Dokar Laifuka ta 1885, wadda ta ɗaga shekarun yarda daga sha uku zuwa sha shida kuma ta yi watsi da karuwanci.[7]

A Amurka, a ƙarshen shekarun 1880 yawancin jihohi sun sanya mafi ƙarancin shekaru a goma zuwa goma sha biyu (a Delaware, ya kasance bakwai a cikin 1895). An yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar labaran "Maiden Tribute", mata masu gyarawa a Amurka sun fara kamfen ɗin kansu, wanda ya roki 'yan majalisa da su ɗaga mafi ƙarancin shekaru zuwa akalla goma sha shida, tare da babban burin ɗaga shekaru zuwa goma sha takwas.[8] wanda ya roki ‘yan majalisar da su daga mafi karancin shekarun shari’a zuwa akalla goma sha shida, tare da cimma matsayar daukaka shekarun zuwa goma sha takwas. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara, inda kusan dukkan jihohin suka ɗaga mafi ƙarancin shekaru tsakanin shekaru sha shida zuwa sha takwas nan da 1920.[4][9]

A Faransa, Portugal, Denmark, cantons na Switzerland da sauran ƙasashe, an ɗaga mafi ƙarancin shekaru zuwa tsakanin shekaru goma sha uku zuwa goma sha shida a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya.[4] Kodayake hujjoji na asali na haɓaka shekarun yarda sun dogara ne akan ɗabi'a, tun lokacin raison d'être na dokokin ya canza zuwa jin daɗin yara da abin da ake kira haƙƙin ƙuruciya ko rashin laifi.[10]

A Faransa, a karkashin Dokar Napoleon, an kafa shekarun yarda a 1832 a goma sha ɗaya, [11] kuma an ɗaga shi zuwa goma sha uku a 1863. [12] An kara shi zuwa goma sha biyar a shekara ta 1945.[13] A cikin 1970s, gungun fitattun ’yan boko na Faransa sun ba da shawarar soke shekarun amincewa da dokokin, amma ba su yi nasara ba.

A Spain, an saita shi a cikin 1822 a "shekarun balaga", kuma ya canza zuwa goma sha biyu a 1870. [14] wanda aka kiyaye har zuwa 1999, lokacin da ya zama 13; [15] [16] kuma a cikin 2015 an ɗaga shi zuwa 16. [17] [18] [19]

Karni na 21

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A cikin karni na 21, damuwa game da yawon shakatawa na jima'i na yara da cin zarafin yara na kasuwanci sun sami shahara, wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauye na majalisa a yankuna da yawa, da kuma amincewa da dokokin kasa da kasa.

Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Kare Yara Daga Cin Hanci da Cin Hanci da Rashawa (Lanzarote, 25 Oktoba 2007), da Dokar Tarayyar Turai 2011/92/EU na Majalisar Turai da na Majalisar 13 Disamba 2011 kan yakar cin zarafi da cin zarafin yara da lalata da yara. [20] an karɓa.

Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Siyar da Yara, Karuwanci da Batsa na Yara ta fara aiki a cikin 2002.

Yarjejeniyar Hana, dannewa da ladabtar da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara, wanda ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2003, ya haramta cin zarafin yara ta hanyar kasuwanci.[21]

Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai game da matakin yaƙi da fataucin bil adama (wanda ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2008) ya kuma shafi cin zarafin yara ta hanyar kasuwanci.

Yawancin ƙasashen yammacin duniya sun ɗaga shekarun yarda a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Kanada (a cikin 2008—daga 14 zuwa 16); kuma a Turai, Iceland (a cikin 2007 - daga 14 zuwa 15), Lithuania (a cikin 2010 - daga 14 zuwa 16), Croatia (a cikin 2013 - daga 14 zuwa 15), Spain (a cikin 2015 - daga 13 zuwa 16), Romania (a cikin 2sto20 daga 15 zuwa 20) 14 zuwa 16).

Dokar Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya ba ta ba da takamaiman shekarun yarda ba a cikin ka'idojinta na fyade ko cin zarafin jima'i, amma ta yi nuni ga ayyukan jima'i da aka yi wa mutanen da ba za su iya ba da izini na gaske ba; da bayanin bayanin ƙasa mai ma'ana ya ce, "An fahimci cewa mutum na iya zama ba zai iya ba da izini na gaske ba idan rashin iyawar halitta, jawo ko kuma ta shafi shekaru." (duba bayanin kula na 51) [22]

Dokar

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Jima'i da wanda bai kai shekarun yarda ba laifi ne a yawancin ƙasashe; Hukunce-hukuncen shari'a suna amfani da kalmomi iri-iri don laifin, ciki har da lalata da yara, fyade na shari'a, ilimin jiki da ba bisa ka'ida ba, cin hanci da rashawa na ƙarami, ban da wasu.

Ayyukan tilastawa na shekarun yarda dokokin sun bambanta dangane da yanayin zamantakewa na musamman al'ada (duba sama). Sau da yawa, ba a aiwatar da aiwatar da doka ba, tare da ɗaukar matakin shari'a kawai lokacin da isasshiyar tazarar shekaru da ba za a yarda da ita ba ta wanzu tsakanin mutane biyu, ko kuma idan mai laifin yana cikin matsayi a kan ƙaramin (misali malami, minista, ko likita). Jima'i na kowane ɗan takara kuma na iya yin tasiri ga fahimtar laifin mutum don haka tilastawa.

Shekaru

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shekarar ƙofar yin jima'i ta bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukunce. Yawancin hukunce-hukunce sun kafa ƙayyadadden shekarun yarda.[23] Duk da haka, wasu hukunce-hukuncen suna ba da izinin yin jima'i da mutum bayan fara balaga, kamar Yemen, amma kawai a cikin aure. Shekaru kuma na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in kalanda da aka yi amfani da su, kamar kalandar wata [24] yadda ake sarrafa kwanakin haihuwa a cikin shekarun tsalle, ko ma hanyar da ake lissafin ranar haihuwa.

Tsaro da stammani

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Shekarar yarda ita ce shingen doka ga ikon ƙarami na yarda sabili da haka samun izini gabaɗaya ba kariya ce ga yin jima'i da mutum a ƙarƙashin shekarun da aka tsara ba, misali:

Gaskiya mai ma'ana cewa wanda aka azabtar ya wuce shekarun yarda

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A wasu hukunce-hukuncen tsaro ne idan wanda ake tuhuma zai iya nuna imaninsu cewa wanda aka azabtar ya wuce shekarun yarda. Duk da haka, idan aka ba da irin wannan kariya, yawanci yana aiki ne kawai lokacin da wanda aka azabtar ya kusa da shekarun izini ko kuma wanda ake tuhuma zai iya nuna himma wajen tantance shekarun wanda aka azabtar (misali wanda ba shi da shekaru wanda ya yi amfani da takaddun shaida na bogi yana da'awar cewa shekarunsa ne na doka). [25]

Aure

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A cikin hukunce-hukunce daban-daban, shekarun dokokin yarda ba sa aiki idan bangarorin sun yi auren bisa doka. Ruhollah Khomeini, Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci na farko na Iran, ya rubuta a cikin littafin Tahrir al-Wasilah cewa shiga cikin jima'i yana bukatar yarinyar ta kasance akalla shekaru 9, amma sauran ayyukan jima'i ba za a iya watsi da su ba tare da la'akari da shekarun su ba, ko da kuwa "jarirai ne masu shayarwa". [26] [27]

Irin wannan shekarun
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Wasu hukunce-hukuncen suna da dokoki da ke ba da izinin yin jima'i da ƙanana a ƙarƙashin shekarun izini idan abokin tarayya ya kusa tsufa. A Kanada, shekarun yarda shine 16, amma akwai keɓance-ƙusa guda uku: jima'i tare da yara masu shekaru 14-15 an halatta idan abokin tarayya bai wuce shekaru biyar ba, an yarda da jima'i tare da yara masu shekaru 12-13 idan abokin tarayya bai wuce shekaru biyu ba, kuma jima'i tare da yara masu shekaru 0-11 an halatta idan abokin tarayya yana da shekaru 12. amana akan sauran kananan yara.[28]

Shekaru a ƙarƙashin ƙofar
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Wata hanyar kuma tana ɗaukar nau'i na sharadi cewa yin jima'i tsakanin ƙaramin yaro da babban abokin tarayya ya halatta a ƙarƙashin sharaɗin cewa ƙarshen ba zai wuce ƙayyadaddun shekaru ba. Misali, shekarun yarda a jihar Delaware ta Amurka shekaru 18 ne, amma an ba wa matasa masu shekaru 16 da 17 damar yin jima'i muddin babban abokin tarayya ya gaza 30.[29] Dokar a Kanada don jima'i tsakanin kananan yara masu shekaru 0-11 tare da abokin tarayya mai shekaru 14 kuma yana ɗaukar wannan nau'in.

Irin wannan balaga
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Wasu ƙasashe sun bayyana cewa ba za a azabtar da jima'i da ƙananan yara ba idan abokan tarayya suna da shekaru iri ɗaya da ci gaba: alal misali, shekarun yarda a Finland 16 ne, amma doka ta ce ba za a hukunta wannan ba idan "babu wani babban bambanci a cikin shekaru ko girma na tunani da jiki na mutanen da ke da hannu".[30] A Slovenia, shekarun yarda shine 15, amma aikin ana ɗaukarsa laifi ne kawai idan akwai "rashin daidaituwa tsakanin balaga na mai aikata laifin da na wanda aka azabtar".[31]

Bambancin shekarun ɗan luwaɗi da na ɗan luwaɗi

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Wasu hukunce-hukuncen, kamar su Bahamas, Burtaniya na ketare na Tsibirin Cayman, da Paraguay suna da mafi girman shekarun izinin yin jima'i. Koyaya, ana ƙara ƙalubalantar irin waɗannan bambance-bambance. A cikin Bermuda misali (tun 1 Nuwamba 2019 a karkashin sashe na 177 na Criminal Code Act 1907) shekarun izinin jima'i na farji da na baka shine 16, amma ga jima'i na dubura 18. A Kanada, United Kingdom da Western Australia, alal misali, shekarun yarda sun kasance 21 a baya game da ayyukan jima'i tsakanin maza da mata (ba tare da jima'i ba). 16 don ayyukan jima'i na maza; wannan ba haka lamarin yake ba kuma shekarun yarda ga duk ayyukan jima'i shine 16. A watan Yunin 2019, gwamnatin Kanada ta soke sashin dokar aikata laifuka wanda ya sanya shekaru mafi girma na yarda don jima'i na baya.

Bambancin jinsi da shekaru

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A wasu hukunce-hukuncen (irin su Indonesia [32]), Indonesiya[1]), akwai shekaru daban-daban na yarda don yin jima'i da madigo waɗanda suka dogara da jinsin kowane mutum. A cikin ƙasashen da akwai bambance-bambancen shekarun jinsi, shekarun yarda na iya zama mafi girma ga 'yan mata-misali a Papua New Guinea, inda shekarun izinin jima'i na jinsi ya kasance 16 ga 'yan mata da 14 ga maza, [2] ko kuma suna iya zama mafi girma ga maza, kamar a Indonesia, inda maza dole ne su kasance 19 shekaru kuma mata dole ne su kasance 16 shekaru. [32][33] Har ila yau, akwai yankuna da yawa - kamar Kuwait da Yankin Palasdinawa - inda dokokin aure ke sarrafa bambancin jinsi-shekara.[34][35] A cikin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi jima'i a waje da aure, don haka shekarun yarda na zahiri shine shekarun aure. A Kuwait, wannan yana nufin cewa yara maza dole ne su kasance aƙalla 17 kuma 'yan mata aƙalla 15 shekaru.

Matsayi na iko / amincewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen inda shekarun yarda ya kasance ƙasa da 18 (kamar Ingila da Wales), [36] a lokuta da mutum mai shekaru 18 ko sama da haka yana cikin matsayi na amana akan mutumin da ke ƙasa da 18, shekarun yarda yawanci yakan kai 18 ko sama. Misalan irin wannan matsayi na amana sun haɗa da dangantaka tsakanin malamai da ɗalibai. Misali, a Ingila da Wales shekarun yarda shine 16, amma idan mutumin dalibin babban mutum ne zai zama 18.

Yanayin dangantakar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A wasu hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, haramun ne a yi jima'i da mutum a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi a wasu yanayi dangane da dangantakar da ake magana a kai, kamar idan ta shafi cin gajiyar ko lalata ɗabi'ar matashin. Alal misali, yayin da shekarun yarda ya kai 14 a Jamus da 16 a Kanada, haramun ne a cikin ƙasashen biyu don yin jima'i tare da mutumin da bai kai 18 ba idan aikin ya yi amfani da ƙaramin yaro. Wani misali kuma shi ne a Mexico, inda akwai wani laifi da ake kira "estupro" da aka ayyana a matsayin jima'i tare da mutum fiye da shekarun yarda amma a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun shekarun (gaba ɗaya 18) wanda aka samu izinin ƙarami ta hanyar lalata da/ko yaudara. A Pennsylvania, shekarun yarda a hukumance 16 ne, amma idan babban abokin tarayya yana da shekaru 18 ko sama da haka, ana iya tuhume su da laifin cin hanci da rashawa na ƙananan yara saboda cin hanci da rashawa ko ƙoƙarin lalata ɗabi'a na ƙaramin saurayi.

Kasuwanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin ƙasashe suna da takamaiman dokar ƙasa da ta tuhumi ƴan ƙasarsu a ƙasarsu idan sun yi lalata da yara a wata ƙasa da ke da yara. A cikin 2008, ECPAT ta ba da rahoton cewa ƙasashe 44 suna da dokar yin lalata da yara daga yanki.[37] Misali, Dokar KARE ta 2003, dokar Amurka ta tarayya ta haramta yin jima'i da 'yan kasarta tare da baƙi ko tare da 'yan ƙasar Amurka daga wata jiha, idan abokin tarayya yana ƙasa da 18 kuma aikin ya sabawa doka a ƙarƙashin tarayya, jiha, ko dokar gida. Wannan ya shafi al'amuran da kowane ɗayan abokan hulɗa ya shiga ko fita Amurka, ko daga wata jiha zuwa wata, don manufar saduwa ta haramtacciyar hanya.[38][39]

Sauran batutuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jima'i na mahalarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai muhawara kan ko jinsi na wadanda abin ya shafa ya kamata ya haifar da mu'amala daban-daban game da saduwar jima'i, a doka ko a aikace. A al'adance, dokokin shekarun yarda game da jima'i na farji galibi ana nufin su kare mutuncin 'yan matan da ba su yi aure ba.[4] yawan mata da masu fafutuka na canje-canje a cikin 1970s sun nuna rashin lafiyar da rashin lafiyar budurci, kuma sun yi kokarin su canza ra'ayoyin mata da cin zarafi na maza; suna neman doka ta kare yara daga cin zarafi ba tare da la'akari da jinsinsu ba, maimakon matsalar tsafta. Wannan yakamata da dokokin nuna tsaka-tsakin jinsi a taron da yawa.[4] A gefe guda, akwai ra'ayi mai adawa wanda ke jayayya cewa aikin jima'i na al'aura "aiki ne mara daidaito" ga maza da mata, saboda batutuwan kamar ciki, karuwar haɗarin STDs, da haɗarin raunin jiki idan yarinyar ta yi ƙuruciya kuma ba ta shirya a jiki. A cikin Amurka, a cikin Michael M. v. Superior Ct.450 U.S. 464 (1981) an yanke hukuncin cewa ma'auni biyu na bayar da ƙarin kariya ta doka ga 'yan mata yana da inganci saboda "Ma'anar Kariya ta Daidaitawa ba ta nufin cewa dole ne a yi watsi da bambancin ilimin jiki tsakanin maza da mata".[40]

A al'adance, yawancin shekarun dokokin yarda sun shafi mazajen da ke yin jima'i tare da 'yan mata da yara maza (ayyukan na ƙarshe suna faɗuwa ƙarƙashin dokokin luwaɗi da lalata). Wannan yana nufin cewa a wasu tsarin shari'a, ba a cika yarda da lamuran mata suna yin jima'i da abokan zamansu ba. Misali, har zuwa 2000, a cikin Burtaniya, kafin Dokar Laifukan Jima'i (gyara) ta 2000, babu shekarun izinin jima'i na madigo. A New Zealand, kafin shekara ta 2005, babu dokokin yarda da shekarun da suka shafi mata da ke yin jima'i da yara maza.[41] A baya, a Fiji, maza masu laifin cin zarafin yara na iya karɓar ɗaurin rai da rai, yayin da mata masu laifin za su karɓi har zuwa shekaru bakwai.[42] Yanayi kamar waɗannan an danganta su da ra'ayoyin al'umma game da Matsayin jinsi na gargajiya, da kuma tsarin Jima'i na maza da jima'i ta mata; a cewar E Martellozzo, "duba mata a matsayin masu aikata cin zarafin jima'i ya saɓa da kowane nau'i da al'umma ke da shi game da mata: mata a matsayin uwaye da masu kulawa kuma ba a matsayin mutanen da ke cin zarafi da cutarwa ba".[43] Alissa Nutting ta yi jayayya cewa ba a yarda da mata a matsayin masu aikata laifukan jima'i ba saboda al'umma ba ta yarda da cewa mata suna da jima'i mai cin gashin kansu.[44]

Aure da shekarun yarda

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shekarun da mutum zai iya yin aure bisa doka zai iya bambanta da shekarun yarda. A cikin hukunce-hukuncen da shekarun aure suka yi ƙasa da shekarun yarda, waɗannan dokokin yawanci suna yin watsi da shekarun dokokin yarda a cikin yanayin ma'auratan inda ɗaya ko duka abokan zamansu ba su kai shekarun yarda ba. Wasu hukunce-hukuncen sun haramta duk wani jima'i a wajen aure ba tare da la'akari da shekaru ba, kamar yadda yake a cikin lamarin Yemen.

Karuwanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

In many countries, there are specific laws dealing with child prostitution.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span>]

Hotunan batsa da "jailbait"

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A wasu ƙasashe, jihohi, ko wasu hukunce-hukuncen, shekarun yarda na iya zama ƙasa da shekarun da mutum zai iya fitowa a cikin hotuna da fina-finai na batsa. A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, mafi ƙarancin shekarun shiga har ma da kallon irin waɗannan abubuwan shine 18. Don haka, a cikin wasu hukunce-hukuncen, fina-finai da hotuna da ke nuna mutane ƙasa da shekaru 18, amma sama da shekarun yarda, waɗanda suka dace da ma'anar batsa na yara an haramta su duk da cewa ayyukan jima'i da aka nuna suna da doka don shiga in ba haka ba a ƙarƙashin dokokin shekarun da suka dace. A irin waɗannan lokuta, yin fim ɗin aikin jima'i ne kawai laifi ne saboda ba za a ɗauki aikin da kansa a matsayin laifin jima'i ba. Misali, a Amurka a karkashin dokar tarayya laifi ne a yi fim ga yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 18 a cikin ayyukan jima’i, har ma a jihohin da shekarun da ba su kai 18 ba.[39] A cikin waɗannan jihohin, ana iya amfani da tuhume-tuhume irin su hotunan batsa na yara don gurfanar da wani da ke yin jima'i da ƙarami, wanda ba za a iya gurfanar dashi ba saboda fyade na doka, idan sun yi fim ko daukar hoto.

Ana iya rarrabe hotunan Jailbait daga hotunan batsa na yara, saboda ba su nuna kananan yara kafin farawar balaga, kuma ba su dauke da tsirara ba. Hotunan, duk da haka, yawanci suna nuna jima'i, [45] sau da yawa suna nuna tween ko matasa matasa a cikin bikinis, skirts, tufafi ko lingerie.[46] Ana muhawara ko waɗannan hotuna na doka ne ko a'a. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da halalcin su Jeffrey Toobin manazarcin shari'a Jeffrey Toobin ya ce ya yi tunanin hakan ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kodayake kwararre kan harkokin shari'a Sunny Hostin ya fi nuna shakku, yana mai bayyana hotunan gidan yari a matsayin "batsa" na yara wanda zai iya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba.[47][48]

Lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin rigakafi ɗan adam yana ci gaba da bunkasa bayan balaga.[49] Shekarun bayyanarwa yana da tasiri akan idan tsarin rigakafi zai iya kawar da cututtuka gaba ɗaya, kuma wannan ma gaskiya ne a yanayin wasu cututtuka da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i. Misali, wani abu mai haɗari ga nau'in HPV da ke haifar da warts na al'aura shine farkon jima'i tun yana ƙarami; idan wannan ya ƙara zuwa ciwon daji yana haifar da damuwa, to farawar jima'i a lokacin ƙuruciya zai iya ƙara haɗarin dagewar cututtukan HPV wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na HPV wanda ake ganowa a cikin adadi mai yawa na matasa. [50][50]

Shirye-shiryen canza shekarun yarda

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gyaran shekarun yarda yana nufin ƙoƙarin wasu mutane ko ƙungiyoyi, saboda dalilai daban-daban, don canza ko soke dokokin shekarun yarda. Waɗannan ƙoƙarin suna ba da shawarar matsayi kamar:

  • Gabatarwa game da bambance-bambance na kusa.
  • Rage shekarun yarda don aikin ɗan luwaɗi don ya dace da aikin ɗan luwaɗano.
  • Canji a hanyar da ake nazarin dokokin shekarun yarda a kotu.
  • Ko dai karuwa a cikin shekarun yarda ko hukunci mai tsanani ko duka biyun.
  • Ko dai yana raguwa a cikin shekarun yarda ko ƙananan hukunci ko duka biyun.
  • Cire dokokin shekarun yarda ko dai na dindindin ko kuma na wucin gadi, mai amfani.

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  

  1. ↑ "State-by-State Marriage "Age of Consent" Laws". FindLaw.
  2. ↑ Noonan, John (1967). "Marriage Canons from the Decretum of Gratian and the Decretals, Sext, Clementines and Extravagantes". Catholic University of America. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. If one over the age of seven takes a prepubescent wife of less than seven and transfers her to his house, such a contract gives rise to the impediment of public propriety.
  3. ↑ "庆元条法事类二十五 第52页 (图书馆) – 中国哲学书电子化计划". ctext.org (in Harshen Sinanci). Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Robertson, Stephen. "Age of Consent Laws (Teaching Module)". Children & Youth in History. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  5. ↑ "大明律/25 – 维基文库，自由的图书馆". zh.wikisource.org (in Harshen Sinanci). Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  6. 1 2 3 Boxall, Hayley; Tomison, Adam M.; Hulme, Shann (2014). "Historical review of sexual offence and child sexual abuse legislation in Australia: 1788–2013" (PDF). Australian Institute of Criminology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  7. ↑ Hogenbloom, Melissa (1 November 2012). "Child prostitutes: How the age of consent was raised to 16". BBC History. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014.
  8. ↑ Delinquent Daughters: Policing and Protecting Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885–1920. by Mary Odem. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0807863671.
  9. ↑ "Campaign to Raise the Legal Age of Consent, 1885–1914, Lesson Plan". Womhist.alexanderstreet.com. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  10. ↑ The Emergence of a New Taboo: The Desexualization of Youth in Western Societies Since 1800. by Martin Killias. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research Vol.8 (2000). ISSN 0928-1371.
  11. ↑ "Loi du 28 avril 1832 CONTENANT DES MODIFICATIONS AU CODE PENAL ET AU CODE D'INSTRUCTION CRIMINELLE—Legifrance". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  12. ↑ "Loi du 13 mai 1863 PORTANT MODIFICATION DE PLUSIEURS ARTICLES DU CODE PENAL—Legifrance". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  13. ↑ "Ordonnance n°45-1456 du 2 juillet 1945 ABROGE ET REMPLACE L'ART. 331 (AL. 1 ET 2) DU CODE PENAL, MODIFIE PAR LA LOI DU 13-05-1863 (ATTENTAT A LA PUDEUR CONTRE UN ENFANT DE MOINS DE 15 ANS OU NON EMANCIPE PAR LE MARIAGE POUR LES PLUS DE 15 ANS, PUNI DE RECLUSION)—Legifrance". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  14. ↑ "Código penal reformado". sirio.ua.es. 17 June 1870. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  15. ↑ "BOE.es—Documento BOE-A-1973-1715". boe.es. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  16. ↑ "Ley Orgánica 11/1999, de 30 de abril, de modificación del Título VIII del Libro II del Código Penal, aprobado por Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre". Noticias Jurídicas. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  17. ↑ "Disposición 3439 del BOE núm" (PDF). 31 March 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  18. ↑ "Las 20 claves del nuevo Código Penal". radiointereconomia.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  19. ↑ "Entra en vigor la llamada ley mordaza". ABC. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  20. ↑ "DIRECTIVE 2011/92/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA". Official Journal of the European Union. 13 December 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  21. ↑ "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime". OHCHR. 15 November 2000. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  22. ↑ "Elements of Crimes" (PDF). International Criminal Court. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  23. ↑ "Sexual Offences Act 2003 (See Sections 9 to 12)" (PDF). Published by the Government of the United Kingdom, (Office of Public Sector Information). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2008.
  24. ↑ Mousavi, Shohreh; Shapiee, Rohimi; Nordin, Rohaida (30 June 2012). "Child offenders in Iran: Legal Analysis on the Age of Criminal Responsibility" (PDF). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  25. ↑ Larry W. Myers (1965). "Reasonable Mistake of Age: A Needed Defense to Statutory Rape". Michigan Law Review. The Michigan Law Review Association. 64 (1): 105–136. doi:10.2307/1287118. JSTOR 1287118.
  26. ↑ "قوانین جمهوری اسلامی کودک‌همسری را تشویق‌ می‌کند" [The laws of the Islamic Republic exhortation child marriage]. The Independent to Persian. 4 September 2019. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022. آیت‌الله خمینی در کتاب تحریر الوسیله می‌نویسد که «نزدیکی با زوجه قبل از تمام شدن نُه سال جایز نیست ـ نکاحش دائمی باشد یا منقطع ـ و اما سایر لذت‌ها مانند لمس نمودن با شهوت و بغل گرفتن و تفخیذ او (مالیدن آلت تناسلی به ران) حتی در شیرخوار مجاز است».
  27. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  28. ↑ "RSC 1985, c C-46 | Criminal Code | CanLII". CanLII. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  29. ↑ "TITLE 11, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, Delaware Criminal Code, CHAPTER 5. SPECIFIC OFFENSES, Subchapter II. Offenses Against the Person, Subpart A. Assaults and Related Offenses (see § 768 and § 770)". Delaware Code.
  30. ↑ "FINLEX ®—Translations of Finnish acts and decrees: 39/1889 English". Finlex.fi. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on 25 February 2005. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  31. ↑ "Republic of Slovenia—Legislation against child sex tourism" (PDF). WTO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  32. 1 2 "Sexual Offences Laws – Indonesia". Interpol. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  33. ↑ "Law, Ethics and HIV/AIDS: Existing Law of Papua New Guinea". Paclii.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  34. ↑ "Summary record of the 488th meeting : Kuwait". Committee on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  35. ↑ "Islamic Family Law: Palestine / Palestinian Territories of West Bank and Gaza Strip". Emory University School of Law. 2002. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  36. ↑ "Sexual Offences Act 2003 (See Sections 16 to 24)" (PDF). Published by the Government of the United Kingdom, (Office of Public Sector Information).
  37. ↑ "What is Child Sex Tourism? – ECPAT International" (PDF). ECPAT. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  38. ↑ "18 U.S. Code § 2423—Transportation of minors". Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  39. 1 2 "Research on sex offender laws and their effects on people and society". SOL Research.org. 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  40. ↑ "Michael M. v. Superior Ct. :: 450 U.S. 464 (1981) :: Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center". Justia Law. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  41. ↑ "In respect of sexual conduct with a young person aged under 16, the bill [Crimes Amendment Bill (No 2) which became law in 2005 significantly toughens the law. The loophole protecting women against being charged with sexual offending against children is removed"."Crimes Amendment Bill (No 2) – Second Reading, Instruction to Committee, In Committee". parliament.nz. 12 April 2005. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  42. ↑ Whitehead, John; Roffee, James. "Child Sexual Abuse in Fiji: Authority, Risk Factors and Responses".
  43. ↑ Martellozzo, Elena; Nehring, Daniel; Taylor, Helen (2010). "Online child sexual abuse by female offenders: An Exploratory study" (PDF). International Journal of Cyber Criminology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  44. ↑ "CULT Magazine FESTIVAL OF DANGEROUS IDEAS TOP 10". CULT Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  45. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "boost".
  46. ↑ Hachman, Mark (10 August 2011). "Reddit Closes 'Jailbait' Pic Site, Allows Others to Remain". PC Magazine. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  47. ↑ Crugnale, James (30 September 2011). "Anderson Cooper Excoriates Reddit For 'Creepy' Jailbait Section". Mediaite. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  48. ↑ Fitzpatrick, David; Griffin, Drew (19 October 2012). "Man behind 'Jailbait' posts exposed, loses job". CNN. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  49. ↑ "Medscape: Medscape Access". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  50. 1 2 Brewer, N. T.; Ng, T. W.; McRee, A. L.; Reiter, P. L. (2010). "Men's beliefs about HPV-related disease". Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 33 (4): 274–281. doi:10.1007/s10865-010-9251-2. PMC 4018629. PMID 20162346.
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