Nilometer

nilometer
type of structure (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	measuring instrument (en) , architectural structure (en) da hydraulic structure (en)
Amfani	hydrology (en)
Fuskar	Nil
Suna saboda	Nil
Ƙasa	Misra
Amfani wajen	hydrologist (en)

Nilometer tsari ne na auna tsabtar Kogin Nilu da matakin ruwa a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara a Masar. Akwai manyan nau'ikan nilometer guda uku, waɗanda aka daidaita su da ƙafafuwan Masar : (1) ginshiƙi a tsaye, (2) matattakalar matakai da ke kaiwa ga Kogin Nilu, da kuma (3) rijiya mai zurfi mai magudanar ruwa . Idan matakin ruwan ya yi ƙasa, yawan amfanin gonar zai ragu. Idan ya yi yawa, ambaliyar ruwan za ta yi barna. Akwai takamaiman alama da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ruwan ya kamata ta kasance idan gonakin za su sami ƙasa mai kyau.

Nilometers sun samo asali ne a zamanin Fir'auna, kuma an gina su ne a zamanin Romawa, kuma sun shahara sosai a Masar ta Musulunci a zamanin Rashidun, Ummayad, Abbasid, Tulunid, Mamluk, Alawiyya da Republican, har sai da madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ta sa su tsufa a shekarun 1960.

Bayani

Nilmeter da aka nuna c. 1800 a ƙarshen kudancin Tsibirin Roda

Tsakanin watan Yuli da Nuwamba, iyakar kogin Nilu da ke ratsawa ta Masar zai fashe ya kuma rufe yankin ambaliyar ruwa da ke kusa. Idan ruwan ya ragu, a watan Satumba ko Oktoba, sai su bar wani tarin ƙasa mai albarka ta ƙasa mai albarka a kan gonakin amfanin gona. Akhet, ko Lokacin Ruwan Sama, yana ɗaya daga cikin yanayi uku da Masarawa na dā suka raba shekararsu.

Ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga wayewar Masar. Ruwan sama mai matsakaicin yawa muhimmin ɓangare ne na zagayowar noma; duk da haka, ambaliyar ruwa mai sauƙi fiye da yadda aka saba zai haifar da yunwa, kuma ambaliyar ruwa da yawa za ta yi mummunan tasiri, ta share yawancin kayayyakin more rayuwa da aka gina a yankin ambaliyar ruwa. Bayanan da aka samu daga AD 622 – 999 sun nuna cewa, a matsakaici, kashi 28% na shekarun sun ga ambaliyar ruwa da ta gaza yadda aka zata.

Dutse na Palermo, Daular 5 (2392 KZ-2283 KZ)

A faɗin Masar, an sami nau'ikan nilometers daban-daban waɗanda suka rubuta karatun matakan Nilu na shekara-shekara. Wani ɓangare na wani dutse mai suna "Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom" wanda aka fi sani da " Palermo Stone " wanda aka ɗauka daga zamanin Daular Farko kusan 3,000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa Dutse na Palermo ya ba da rahoton tsarin ma'auni ta amfani da raka'a kamar su kamu, tafukan hannu, da yatsu.

Ikon hasashen yawan ambaliyar ruwa da ke tafe wani ɓangare ne na sirrin firistocin Masar na dā. Wannan fasaha ma ta taka rawa a siyasa da shugabanci, tunda an yi amfani da ingancin ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara don tantance matakan harajin da za a biya. Nan ne nilometer ya shiga aiki, inda firistoci ke sa ido kan matakin kogin na yau da kullun kuma suna sanar da isowar ambaliyar ruwa ta bazara da ake jira.

Sifofin addini da suka shafi kogin Nil sun haɗu da akida ko imani da Ma'at (tsarin daidaiton yanayi). Firistoci da manyan mutane ne kawai ke iya samun damar yin amfani da nilometers. Takaita wa waɗanda za su iya shiga waɗannan gine-ginen ya tabbatar da cewa an ɗauki alhakin karatu mai kyau da kuma ikon siyasa ga al'ummomin addini da masu mulki.

Zane-zane

Tsarin mazugi ya rufe nimita a gefen kudancin Tsibirin Roda a Kogin Nilu a Alkahira. Ginin na zamani ne amma nimita ya samo asali ne daga 715. AD.

Zane-zanen nilometer a Tsibirin Roda kimanin shekara ta 1800

Tsarin nilometer mafi sauƙi shine ginshiƙi a tsaye wanda aka nutse a cikin ruwan kogin, tare da tazara mai alama da ke nuna zurfin ruwan. Wanda ke bin wannan tsari mai sauƙi, duk da cewa an gina shi a cikin wani tsari mai kyau da ado, har yanzu ana iya ganinsa a tsibirin Roda da ke tsakiyar Alkahira (30°00′25″N 31°13′30″E).

Tarihi

Duk da cewa nilometers sun samo asali ne daga zamanin Fir'auna, amma al'adun da suka ci gaba da mamaye Masar sun ci gaba da amfani da su. An gina wasu a zamanin Romawa. A ƙarni na 20, ambaliyar ruwa ta Nilu ta kowace shekara ta fara raguwa sosai, sannan aka kawar da ita gaba ɗaya, tare da gina Madatsar Ruwan Aswan . Duk da cewa tasirin Babban Madatsar Ruwan Aswan ga Masar da nomanta ya kasance abin ce-ce-ku-ce saboda wasu dalilai masu rikitarwa, amma kuma ya sami ƙarin tasirin sanya nilometer ya tsufa.

Tsibirin Roda

Usama bin Zayd bin Adl ne ya gina nilometer na farko a Tsibirin Roda kafin Jumada II, 96 AH (Fabrairu 715), a lokacin mulkin khalifa al-Walid na Umayyad . Masanin tarihin Larabci na ƙarni na 14 Maqrīzī ya rubuta cewa ginin ya kashe dirham 24,000. A lokacin mulkin Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Usama ya rubuta wa khalifa ya sanar da shi halin da nilometer ɗin ya lalace. Ya sami amsa da aka umarce shi da ya gina sabuwa, wanda ya yi a shekara ta 97 AH (5 Satumba 715 - 24 Agusta 716).  : 296 Yaqut al-Hamawi, wanda ya rubuta a ƙarni na 12-13, ya rubuta cewa a farkon shekara ta 247 bayan hijira (Maris 861), a lokacin mulkin Yazid ibn Abd Allah al-Turki a Masar, khalifa al-Mutawakkil na Abbasiyawa ya sa aka gina 'sabon' nilometer, kuma ya ba da umarnin a 'ƙara wa Kiristoci damar auna kogin.' Sai gwamnan ya naɗa wani mutum daga Basra mai suna Abu'r-Raddad wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Masar kuma ya koyar da hadisi . Ya mutu a shekara ta 266 bayan hijira (879/80), inda Yaqut ya ba da labarin "sarrafa Nilometer ya kasance a hannun zuriyarsa har zuwa yau" (wanda zai kasance kusan shekara ta 1225 ga marubucin).  : 297 Ibn Khallikan, wani masanin tarihi na ƙarni na 13, ya ba da wani bayani daban game da wannan nilometer, yana mai ba da labarin cewa wani muezzin mai 'taƙawa' a tsohon Masallacin Amr yana son sassaka rubuce-rubuce a wurare daban-daban na nilometer. Bayan ya yi shawara da Yazid ibn Abd Allah, Sulayman ibn Wahb da Hasan al-Khadim, muezzin ya ba da shawarar rubuta sassa daban-daban na Alƙur'ani da sunan al-Mutawakkil. Sai Sulayman ibn Wahb ya rubuta wa khalifa, wanda ya amsa a rubuce don zaɓar ayoyin Alƙur'ani 'mafi dacewa' ga nilometer kuma ya rubuta sunan khalifa.  : 297–298 

Ibn Khallikan ya rubuta cewa mai ginin nilometer shine Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Hasib. Abu Ja'far al-Katib da Ibn Abi Usaybi'a sun ambaci cewa al-Mutawakkil ne ya aika Ahmad ibn Kathir al-Farghani zuwa Fustat don ya kula da ginin. Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1604) ya yi irin wannan magana amma ya kira shi Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani (cikakken suna: Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani). Saboda wannan dalili, Gaston Wiet da Creswell sun yi jayayya cewa al-Farghani da al-Hasib mutum ɗaya ne.  : 303 

A shekara ta 872–3 (259 AH), Ahmad ibn Tulun, sarkin Masar mai cin gashin kansa, ya sake dawo da nilometer. An cire sunan Al-Mutawakkil daga rubutun nilometer na Kufic . KAC Creswell ya bayyana cewa babban rubutun nilometer wataƙila Ibn Tulun ne ya yi masa kutse, yana cewa "babu shakka cewa shi ne ya cire sunan Khalifan Abbasid ." Duk da haka, Ibn Tulun ya guji maye gurbin sunansa, inda Creswell ya ce wataƙila bai ji daɗin yin hakan ba. Sarki, Ahmad ibn Tulun a shekara ta 872-873 zai kashe dinare 1,000 akan ayyukan da aka yi akan nilometer.  : 298–299 Saboda haka, a cewar Abdul Rofik Bruno, za a inganta ban ruwa a kogin Nilu, kuma yawan amfanin gona zai ƙaru.

Bayan cin nasarar Masar, Amr ibn al-As ya ba da rahoto ga Khalifa Umar cewa lokacin da kogin Nilu ya tashi zuwa kamu 14, an sami isasshen girbi, 16 an sami girbi mai yawa, 17 shine tsayin da ya fi dacewa, kuma a shekara ta 18, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na Masar za a yi ambaliya kuma yawanci annoba za ta biyo baya. Likitan Baghdad, Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Masar tsakanin 1192-1201 shi ma ya ba da irin wannan ma'auni. A cikin ƙarancin matakan ruwa na 1201 da 1202, nilometer ya kasance bushe. A shekara ta 1201, shekarar ta fara da hauhawar ƙafa 2 kafin ta tashi matsakaici A shekara ta 1202, shekarar ta fara da 1½ kafin ta tashi zuwa .  : 31–32 A zamanin Abbasiyawa, an yi amfani da nilometer don auna matakin kogin don haka ana tantance ƙimar haraji a Masar.