Kogin Orange

Kogin Orange
General information
Height above mean sea level (en)	1,400 m
Tsawo	2,200 km
Labarin ƙasa
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa	28°53′48″S 29°01′05″E
Kasa	Lesotho, Namibiya da Afirka ta kudu
Hydrography (en)
Tributary (en)	duba Kogin Malibamatšo Kogin Senqunyane Kogin Makhaleng Kogin Caledon Kogin Vaal Kifi (kogin Namibia) Kogin Molopo Gamkabrivier (en) Kogin Kraai Telle (en)
Watershed area (en)	973,000 km²
Ruwan ruwa	Orange River basin (en)
Tabkuna	Vanderkloof Dam Reservoir (en)
River source (en)	Drakensberg (en)
River mouth (en)	Tekun Atalanta

Kogin Orange (daga Afrikaans / Dutch: Oranjerivier) wani kogi ne a Kudancin Afirka . Ita ce kogi mafi tsawo a Afirka ta Kudu. Tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita 2,432 km (1,511 mi) (1,511 , Kogin Orange ya shimfiɗa daga Lesotho zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia zuwa arewa. Yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg a Lesotho, yana gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Tekun Atlantika. Kogin ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakokin kasa da kasa tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho da kuma tsakanin Afirka ta kudu da Namibia, da kuma iyakokin larduna da yawa a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Sai dai Upington, ba ya wucewa ta kowane babban birni. Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar samar da ruwa don ban ruwa da wutar lantarki. An sanya wa kogin suna Kogin Orange don girmama dangin Dutch mai mulki, House of Orange, ta hanyar mai binciken Dutch Robert Jacob Gordon. Sauran sunayen sun haɗa da kalmar kawai don kogi, a cikin rubutun Khoekhoegowab da aka rubuta kamar ! Garib, wanda aka fassara a cikin Afrikaans a matsayin Kogin Gariep tare da shiga cikin rikice-rikice na velar a maimakon dannawar alveolar, Kogin Groote (wanda aka samo daga Kai !Garib) ko Kogin Senqu (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Lesotho), wanda aka samo daga 化Nū "Black". An san shi a cikin isiZulu kamar isAngqu .

Hanyar da ake ciki

Hanyar da ruwa na Kogin Orange, Kogin Caledon da Kogin Vaal. Wannan taswirar tana nuna iyakar ra'ayin mazan jiya don ruwa. Musamman, an cire tafkin Kalahari, kamar yadda wasu kafofin suka ce yana da goyon baya. Wasu wasu tushe ta amfani da hanyoyin lissafi suna nuna kwandon da ya haɗa da sassa na Botswana (saboda haka na Kalahari).

Orange ya tashi a cikin tsaunukan Drakensberg tare da iyakar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho, kimanin kilomita 193 kilometres (120 mi) (120 yammacin Tekun Indiya kuma a tsawo sama da 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) m (9,800 . Ƙarshen Kogin Orange a cikin Lesotho an san shi da Senqu . Sassan Kogin Senqu suna daskarewa a cikin hunturu saboda tsawo mai tsawo. Wannan yana haifar da fari a cikin ruwa, wanda yafi shafar samar da awaki da shanu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Kogin Orange a kudancin Rosh Pinah

Kogin Senqu kusa da Ha Potomane (Kamp) a Quthing, Lesotho

Kogin Orange kusa da Hopetown

Kogin Orange ya gudana zuwa yamma ta Afirka ta Kudu, ya zama iyakar kudu maso yammacin lardin Free State. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, kogin ya fara gudana cikin madatsar ruwan Gariep sannan daga baya ya shiga madatsar ruwa ta Vanderkloof. Daga iyakar Lesotho zuwa ƙasa da madatsar ruwan Vanderkloof, kogin yana da zurfi. Ƙarin raƙuman ruwa, ƙasar ta fi faɗi, kuma ana amfani da kogin sosai don ban ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

A yammacin Free State, kudu maso yammacin Kimberley, Orange ya haɗu da babban mai ba da gudummawa, Kogin Vaal, wanda ya zama yawancin iyakar arewacin lardin. Daga nan, kogin yana gudana zuwa yamma ta hanyar hamada mai bushewa na yankin kudancin Kalahari da Namaqualand a lardin Arewacin Cape don saduwa da Namibia a 20 ° E longitude. Daga nan, yana gudana zuwa yamma na kilomita 550 kilometres (340 mi) (340 , [1] yana samar da iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin lardin da yankin Namibia. A kan iyaka, kogin ya wuce garin Vioolsdrif, babban tashar iyaka tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia.

Wannan hoton yana nuna kilomita 100 kilometres (62 mi) na ƙarshe (62 ko haka na Kogin Orange, inda ajiyar dutse a cikin kogin da kuma bakin kogin suna da wadata da lu'u-lu'u, kuma ma'adanai da yawa na lu'u'u-ulu'u suna aiki tare da wannan shimfiɗa.

A cikin 800 kilometres (500 mi) da suka gabata a cikin hanyarsa, Orange yana karɓar ƙoramu masu yawa masu tsaka-tsaki (kamar Kogin Kifi ), kuma manyan rafuka da dama suna shiga cikinsa. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, Hamadar Namib ta ƙare a gefen arewa na kogin, don haka a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, yawan ruwan da waɗannan magudanar ruwa suka ƙara ba shi da yawa. A nan, an sake yanke bakin kogin sosai. Ruwan Augrabies yana kan wannan ɓangaren na Orange, inda kogin ya gangara 122 metres (400 ft) a cikin tsari na 26 kilometres (16 mi) .

Orange ya zubo cikin Tekun Atlantika tsakanin ƙananan garuruwan Oranjemund (ma'ana "baki na Orange") a Namibia da Alexander Bay a Afirka ta Kudu, game da daidaituwa tsakanin Walvis Bay da Cape Town. Kimanin 33 kilometres (21 mi) (21 daga bakinsa, an toshe shi da rapids da sand bars kuma gabaɗaya ba za a iya tafiya ba na dogon lokaci. Kogin yana da jimlar tsawon kilomita 2,432 kilometres (1,511 mi) (1,511 .

Rashin ruwa da ruwan sama

Ruwan Augrabies yana gudana sosai

A Lokacin fari, yawan ruwa kogi ya ragu sosai saboda saurin gudu da evaporation. A tushe Orange, ruwan sama yana da kusan 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in) a kowace shekara, amma hazo yana raguwa yayin da kogin ke gudana zuwa yamma; a bakinsa, ruwan sama bai kai 50 millimetres (2.0 in) in) a kowane shekara ba. Abubuwan da ke tallafawa evaporation, duk da haka, suna ƙaruwa a gefen yamma. A Lokacin rigar (lokaci), kogin Orange ya zama ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. Babban tarin turɓaya da aka ɗauka ya zama barazana na dogon lokaci ga ayyukan injiniya a kan kogi.

Jimillar ruwan kogin Orange (gami da Vaal) ya mamaye sama da 973,000 square kilometres (376,000 sq mi) , wato daidai yake da kusan kashi 77% na faɗin ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu ( 1,221,037 square kilometres (471,445 sq mi) ). Kimanin 366,000 square kilometres (141,000 sq mi) (38%), duk da haka, suna wajen ƙasar a Lesotho, Botswana, da Namibia.

Hanyoyin dake kawo masa ruwa

• Kogin Vaal - 1,458 km (906 mi)
• Kogin Caledon - 642 km (399 mi)
• Kogin Khubelu - 144 km (89 mi)

Dams

• Dam din Armenia
• Dam din Egmont
• Garin Gariep
• Rashin ruwa na Newberry
• Dam din Vanderkloof
• Dam din Welbedacht

Tarihi

Asalin Sunan

Wasu daga cikin tsoffin mazauna kafin mulkin mallaka sun kira kogin da suna ǂNūǃarib, suna nufin launin baƙinsa, ko kuma Kai !Arib ("Babban Kogi"), daga nan aka samo sunan Afirkaans Gariep, da fassarar "Groote Rivier". Sunan farko na Holland ga kogin shi ne wannan fassarar, Groote Rivier, ma’ana "Babban Kogi". An sanya wa kogin suna Orange River daga Kanar Robert Gordon, kwamandan United East India Company (VOC) a Cape Town, a tafiyarsa zuwa cikin ƙasa a shekarar 1779. Gordon ya sanya wa kogin suna don girmama William V na Orange. Wani sanannen ra’ayi amma ba daidai ba shi ne cewa an sanya wa kogin suna saboda launin ruwansa mai kama da orange, sabanin launin ruwan Kogin Vaal, wanda sunansa ya samo asali daga ǀHaiǃarib "kogin mai launin haske" (vaal yana nufin launin toka a Afirkaans). Tun bayan ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, sunan "Gariep" ya fi samun karɓuwa a rubuce-rubucen hukuma a Afirka ta Kudu, duk da cewa sunan "Orange" ya fi samun karɓuwa a duniya. A Lesotho, inda kogin ya taso, ana kiransa Senqu River, wanda ya samo asali daga sunan asalin Khoemana.

Hoton panorama daga wani tudu mai wadatar fluorspar da ke kallon lanƙwasa a Kogin, wanda ya yi ambaliya saboda ruwan sama mai yawa

Kwamitin Sunayen Wurare na Gabashin Cape ya sanar da niyyarsa na duba sauya suna daga sunan mulkin mallaka, ga wannan ɓangaren kogin da ke iyaka tsakanin Gabashin Cape da Free State, tare da shawarwari IGqili ko Senqu. Sanarwar da aka wallafa a jaridar Aliwal Weekblad ta bayyana cewa "sunan yanzu yana da alaƙa da tarihi na mulkin mallaka kuma saboda haka ba shi da wurin zama a cikin tsarin dimokuraɗiyya na yanzu."

Grootslang

A tatsuniyoyin Afirka ta Kudu, Kogin Orange ana danganta shi da Grootslang, wani halitta mai kama da maciji babba, wanda ake danganta shi da lu’ulu’u na kogin. Ana bayyana Grootslang a matsayin wanda ke zaune a cikin wani kogo mai cike da duwatsu masu daraja da ke haɗe da Kogin Orange ta hanyar bututun halitta wanda lu’ulu’u ke shiga kogin a hankali. Wasu wurare da ake cewa mafakar halittar sun haɗa da tafkin da ke ƙarƙashin King George Cataract a Aughrabies Falls, wanda ake cewa ma tushen lu’ulu’u ne, da kuma wani babban dutse a tsakiyar kogin. A wannan sigar tatsuniyar, ana kuma cewa Grootslang yana farauta shanu daga bakin kogin.

Tattalin Arziki

Gadar Janar Hertzog a kan Kogin Orange a Aliwal North a kan iyakar kudu maso yamma da Free State: lura da ragowar gadar Frere a hagu.

A matsayin wurin taruwar yawancin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu, Kogin Orange yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa noma, masana’antu, da hakar ma’adinai. Don taimakawa a wannan, an ƙirƙiri manyan shirye-shirye guda biyu na ruwa, wato Orange River Project da Lesotho Highlands Water Project. A tarihi, kogin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin hawan lu’ulu’u na Afirka ta Kudu, inda aka fara gano lu’ulu’u a cikin ruwan kogin Orange. A yau, akwai wasu manyan ma’adinan lu’ulu’u da ke aiki a ƙarshen kogin Orange da kuma kusa da bakin sa.

Saboda rashin dabbobin haɗari da kuma yawan ruwa a lokacin bazara, kogin ana amfani da shi wajen nishaɗin yin kwale-kwale da rafting. Rafting a Kogin Orange ya zama sananne sosai inda kamfanoni da dama ke amfani da sansaninsu a gefen kogin don gudanar da ayyuka. Mafi shaharar tafiya ita ce ta kwana huɗu da ta kwana shida da ake yi ko dai a ƙasan kwarin Augrabies Falls ko a yankin Richtersveld.

Aikin Kogin Orange

Aikin Kogin Orange (ORP) ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan ayyuka a Afirka ta Kudu. An gina shi ne a lokacin gwamnatin Hendrik Verwoerd a zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata. ORP an gina shi don amfani da ruwan Kogin Orange—wanda ba tare da Kogin Vaal ba, ke wakiltar kusan kashi 14.1% na dukkan ruwan da ke gudana a Afirka ta Kudu—don biyan buƙatar ruwa mai ƙaruwa. Babban manufofin aikin sun haɗa da:

• daidaita gudanawar kogin,
• samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa,
• samar da ruwan sha mai inganci ga masu amfani a kwarin Kogin Orange, da
• ba da sabuwar rayuwa ga yankunan da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa a Gabashin Cape, kamar kwarin Great Fish da Sundays River.

Gariep Dam kusa da Colesberg shi ne babban wurin ajiya a cikin Kogin Orange. Daga nan ake rarraba ruwa zuwa bangarori biyu, yamma ta hanyar kogin Orange (ta hanyar injinan samar da wutar lantarki) zuwa Vanderkloof Dam da kuma kudu ta hanyar Orange-Fish Tunnel zuwa Gabashin Cape.

Gariep Dam a kan Kogin Orange shi ne mafi girman dam a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na Aikin Kogin Orange.

Wutar Lantarki Ta Ruwa

Eskom tana gudanar da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Gariep Dam da Vanderkloof Dam. Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Vanderkloof Dam ita ce ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu da aka gina gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Garuruwan Oviston da Oranjekrag aka kafa su don sauƙaƙa gina da gudanar da sabbin kayan aikin.

Duba a kan ɓangaren gabashin dam, tare da wurin shigar ruwa a Oviston

Ban Ruwa

Gonar inabi a Kogin Orange

Ayyukan ban ruwa daban-daban a gefen kogin

Ban ruwa a yankin da ke ƙasa da Vanderkloof Dam, wanda ya mayar da dubban hekta na ƙasar daji mai bushewa zuwa ƙasar noma mai albarka, ya yiwu ne saboda gina Gariep da Vanderkloof Dams. Tsofaffin shirye-shiryen ban ruwa kamar na Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, da Vioolsdrif suma sun amfana saboda yanzu ana iya daidaita gudanawar kogin. A gefen Namibiya na kogin, Aussenkehr tana samar da inabi da taimakon ruwan Kogin Orange.

A ’yan shekarun nan, yankunan samar da giya a gefen Kogin Orange sun ƙara muhimmanci. Ban ruwa a Gabashin Cape ma ya samu ƙarin ci gaba, ba kawai daga ƙarin ruwa da ake samu ba, har ma saboda ingancin ruwan da ya ƙaru. Ba tare da wannan inganci ba, manoman lemun tsami a gefen ƙasan Sundays River da ƙasa da su da wuya su ci gaba da samun riba.

Aikin Ruwa na Dutsen Lesotho

Aikin Lesotho Highlands Water Project an ƙirƙire shi ne don ƙara samar da ruwa a tsarin Kogin Vaal. Ana kawo ruwa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar ramin da ke ƙarƙashin iyakar Lesotho da Afirka ta Kudu a Kogin Caledon, sannan ƙarƙashin Little Caledon River kudu da Clarens a Free State, kuma yana zubewa cikin Ash River kusan km 30 zuwa arewa. Wannan shirin ya zama mai amfani ne lokacin da buƙatar ruwa a Gauteng ta kai matakin da ba za a iya tallafawa ta tattalin arziki ba ta wasu shirye-shirye kamar Tugela River-Vaal River pumped storage scheme, wanda ke amfani da Sterkfontein Dam kusa da Harrismith a Free State.

Lu’ulu’u na Alluvial

A shekarar 1867, an fara gano lu’ulu’u a Afirka ta Kudu, Eureka Diamond, kusa da Hopetown a Kogin Orange. Bayan shekaru biyu, an gano lu’ulu’u mafi girma da aka sani da Star of South Africa a wannan yanki, wanda ya haifar da hawan lu’ulu’u. Wannan ya kai ga hawan lu’ulu’u a Kimberley a 1871, duk da haka lu’ulu’u na alluvial sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Kogin Orange. A yau, akwai wasu ma’adinan lu’ulu’u da ke aiki a ƙarshen kogin, da kuma a bakin sa. Haka kuma akwai ma’adinan lu’ulu’u a tsakiyar kogin.

Rafting a Kogin Orange ya zama sanannen aikin yawon shakatawa.

Rafting da Kwale-kwale

A cikin watannin da ba su da zafi kamar Maris da Afrilu, idan aka samu ruwan sama mai kyau kuma aka buɗe ƙofofin dam, mai yin kwale-kwale (ko rafter) zai iya yin tafiya km 30 a rana cikin sauƙi. Ƙasan kogin ya fi shahara saboda kyawawan yanayin ƙasa. Ana samun yawon shakatawa na kasuwanci, kuma waɗannan tafiyoyi suna tashi daga garin iyaka na Vioolsdrif.

Dabbobi

Kogin Orange ba shi da manyan dabbobi. Yana wajen yankin da Nile crocodile ke rayuwa, kuma duk da cewa hipopotamus sun taɓa yawaita, an farautar su har suka ƙare a ƙarni na 19. Kogin Orange yana da ƙarancin nau’o’in halittu. Binciken da aka yi daga 1995 zuwa 2001 a ƙasan Kogin Orange ya gano nau’o’in kifaye 19 daga iyalai takwas. Nau’o’in biyu da ba na asali ba da aka samu a binciken su ne Cyprinus carpio da Oreochromis mossambicus, wanda ya ƙaru da sauri tun daga farkon shekarun 1980. Wani nau’in da ba na asali ba, rainbow trout, ana samun shi a ruwan kogin da ke Lesotho.

Kifi mai ƙaramin baki rawaya (Labeobarbus aeneus) sanannen kifi ne na kamun nishaɗi wanda yake na musamman ga tsarin Kogin Orange-Vaal.

Nau’o’i bakwai ne na musamman ga tsarin Kogin Vaal-Orange:

• Rock-catfish (Austroglanis sclateri)
• Maluti redfin ko Maloti minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae)
• Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes)
• River sardine (Mesobola brevianalis)
• Smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus)
• Largemouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus kimberlyensis)
• Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis)

Twin Falls a cikin Augrabies Falls National Park