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Gidan gyaran halayyar

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Gidan gyaran halayyar
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Cibiyar gyaran halayyar (ko Shirin zama na matasa) cibiyar ilimi ce ta zama da kuma kula da ita da ke yin rajistar matasa waɗanda ake ganin suna nuna halayyar rashin mutunci, a cikin ƙoƙari na canza halayensu.

Saboda ka'idojin lasisi ba bisa ka'ida ba a duk faɗin ƙasashe da jihohi, da kuma rashin tabbas game da alamun da wuraren ke amfani da kansu, yana da wahala a a auna yadda wuraren suke. Gidajen suna daga cikin abin da ake kira Masana'antar Matasa.[1] Shirye-shiryen a Amurka sun kasance masu kawo rigima saboda yawan zarge-zargen cin zarafi da raunin da aka ɗora wa matasa da suka yi rajista, da kuma ayyukan tallace-tallace na yaudara da aka yi wa iyaye.[1] Masu sukar sun ce wuraren ba sa amfani da maganin da aka samo asali.[1]

Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen

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Ayyuka da ingancin sabis a cikin irin wannan shirin sun bambanta sosai. Hanyoyin gyaran halayyar da aka yi amfani da su sun bambanta, amma ana amfani da haɗuwa da ƙarfafawa mai kyau da mara kyau. Sau da yawa ana isar da waɗannan hanyoyin a cikin tsarin gudanarwa na gaggawa kamar tsarin maki ko tsarin matakin.[2] Irin wannan hanyar an gano tana da tasiri sosai wajen magance cututtukan rikice-rikice (duba meta-analysis na Chen & Ma (2007). [3]

Hanyoyin ƙarfafawa masu kyau sun haɗa da maki, lada da alamun matsayi, [4] yayin da hanyoyin azabtarwa na iya haɗawa da Lokaci-lokaci, [5] raguwar maki, juyawa na matsayi, doguwar zama a wurin, hana jiki, ko ma azabtar da jiki. Bincike ya nuna cewa tsawon lokaci ba wani abu ba ne kuma an ba da shawarwari don iyakance lokaci zuwa minti biyar.[5] Sabon hanyar tana amfani da takunkumi na digiri.[6] Ma'aikata suna bayyana a sauƙin horar da su a cikin halayyar halayyar, ana kiyaye irin wannan horo kuma yana haifar da ingantaccen sakamakon mabukaci, da kuma rage juyawa.[7] Hanyoyin azabtarwa da yawa ba su da kyau ga ma'aikata da masu gudanarwa.[8]

An gano shirye-shiryen halayyar don rage buƙatar magani.[9] Bincike da yawa sun gano cewa ana kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu a shirye-shiryen kula da gidaje daga shekaru 1-5 bayan fitarwa.[10] Makarantu masu zaman kansu sune makarantun kwana bisa ga tsarin al'umma na warkarwa wanda ke ba da shirin ilimi tare da tsari na musamman da kulawa ga ɗalibai da ke da matsalolin motsin rai da halayyar, matsalolin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, ko matsalolin ilmantarwa. Wasu makarantu an amince da su a matsayin Cibiyoyin kula da gidaje.

Halin halayyar zama ya zama sananne sosai a cikin 1970s da 1980s cewa an kafa mujallar da ake kira Behavioral Residential Treatment, wanda daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Halin Halin Hanyar Halin. Ana ci gaba da buga mujallar a yau.

Tarihi

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A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, gyaran halayyar ko aikin da ake kira nazarin halayyar da aka yi amfani da shi ya fara motsawa cikin sauri zuwa wuraren kula da gidaje. Manufar ita ce sake tsara tsarin halayyar da ke kewaye da matasa masu laifi don rage damar sake aikata laifuka da inganta ilimi. [11][12] Harold Cohen da James Filipczak (1971) sun buga wani littafi da ke yaba da nasarorin irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen a ninka yawan ilmantarwa da rage maimaitawa. Wannan littafin har ma ya ƙunshi gabatarwa daga babban mai kula da halayyar a lokacin, B.F. Skinner yana yaba da nasarorin. Bincike mai zaman kansa na shafuka da yawa tare da dubban matasa sun sami gyaran halayyar ya fi tasiri fiye da magani kamar yadda aka saba, yanayin warkewa, kuma yana da tasiri kamar shirye-shiryen da suka fi karfi na tunani kamar nazarin ma'amala tare da kyakkyawan sakamako akan matakan halayyar; duk da haka, waɗannan marubutan sun gano cewa gyaran halayen ya fi haifar da mummunan dangantaka tare da abokan ciniki. [13] Bayan lokaci, sha'awar aikin CASE na Cohen ta ɓace. Sauran binciken sun gano cewa a cikin kulawar ma'aikata a wuraren gyaran halayyar na iya haifar da amfani da hanyoyin azabtarwa.[14]

A karkashin jagorancin Montrose Wolf, Achievement place, Gidan Iyalin Koyarwa na farko ya zama samfurin shirye-shiryen halayyar.[15] An buɗe wurin nasara a shekarar 1967. Kowace gida tana da yara maza 6-8 a ciki tare da "iyaye" biyu da aka horar da su a ka'idodin gyaran halayyar. An raba tsarin alama don shirin zuwa matakai 3. Binciken sakamakon ya gano cewa wurin cin nasara da sauran gidajen iyali na koyarwa sun rage maimaitawa aikata laifuka da kara halayyar zamantakewa, da kuma girman kai.[16] Duk da yake bincike na farko ya ba da shawarar tasirin shirin ya kasance na shekara guda kawai bayan fitarwa, bita na baya-bayan nan na bayanan ya nuna cewa shirin ya kasance mai tsawo.[17]

A hankali, gyaran halayyar / nazarin halayyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin tsarin hukunci ciki har da wuraren zama ga matasa masu Laifi sun rasa shahara a cikin shekarun 1970s-1980s saboda yawan cin zarafi (duba Cautilli & Weinberg (2007) [18]), amma abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan a cikin karuwar aikata laifuka na Amurka da kuma mayar da hankali kan rage yawan aikata laifukan sun ba da irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen kallo na biyu [19][20] Lalle ne, saboda bukatun al'umma yawan wuraren zama na matasa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan zuwa kusa da 39,950 a cikin 2000.[21] Amfani da nazarin aiki an nuna cewa ana iya koyar da shi ga ma'aikata kuma yana iya rage amfani da hanyoyin azabtarwa.[22] Binciken Rutherford na (2009) daga tambayoyin da kayan tarihi sun nuna raguwa daga maganin nazarin halayyar tare da yawan masu aikata laifuka.

Wadannan wuraren suna daga cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin Masana'antar Matasa.

Rikici

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Babban Likitan Likita na Amurka (1999) ya tattauna batun buƙatar fayyace ƙa'idodin shigar da shirye-shiryen jiyya na zama.[1] Ya ƙunshi a cikin wannan rahoton shine kira don ƙarin sabunta bincike saboda an kammala yawancin binciken mazaunin a cikin 1960s da 1970s.[1] [matattu mahada]. Kungiyoyi na dama, kamar Cibiyar Bazelon don Dokar Lafiyar Jama'a, sun yi wa wannan shirye-shiryen da suka dace da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da ke ba da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da kuma masu ilimi.

Bazelon yana haɓaka sabis na tushen al'umma, waɗanda take ɗauka mafi inganci da ƙarancin tsada fiye da wurin zama.[1] Duk da yake ana iya isar da shirye-shiryen gyare-gyaren ɗabi'a cikin sauƙi a cikin shirye-shiryen zama kamar a cikin shirye-shiryen tushen al'umma, [2] [3] gabaɗayan shirye-shiryen tushen al'umma suna ci gaba da rashin tallafi mai ƙarfi, musamman dangane da sakamako mai tsayi na lokuta masu tsanani [4]. A cikin 1999 babban likitan fiɗa ya bayyana a sarari "... bai daɗe ba don amincewa da tasirin maganin mazauni ga matasa."[5]. [mahaɗi mai mutuƙar [mutuwar mahaɗi]

Daga ƙarshen 2007 zuwa 2008, babban hadin gwiwar tushen ciyawa, shahararrun kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na tunanin mutum ciki har da membobin Alliance for the Safe, Therapeutic and Appropriate Use of Residential Treatment (ASTART) da Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth (CAFETY), sun ba da shaida da tallafi wanda ya haifar da kirkirar Stop Child Abuse in Residential Programs for Matters Act of 2008 ta Kwamitin Majalisawa da Aiki.

Jon Martin-Crawford da Kathryn Whitehead na CAFETY sun ba da shaida a wani sauraron Kwamitin Majalisa ta Amurka kan Ilimi da Aiki a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2008, inda suka bayyana ayyukan cin zarafin da suka samu a Makarantar Gidauniyar Iyali da Makarantar Mountain, duka makarantun kwana na warkewa.

Wani tabbaci na baya-bayan nan shine cewa kulawa na dogon lokaci ba ya daidaita da kyakkyawan sakamako.[1] Don rage halayen cin zarafi, an sami matsananciyar matsaya don tabbatarwa ko masu gyara halayen lasisi[2][3] ko don samun irin waɗannan ayyukan iyakance ga masu ilimin halin ɗan adam.[1] [matattu mahada] [mace mahadi] Musamman masana ilimin halayyar dan adam tare da horar da halayya [4] Ƙungiyar tunanin Amurka tana ba da jami'in diflomasiyya (bayan Ph.D. da takaddun shaida) a cikin ilimin halin ɗabi'a.[5]

Sau da yawa aikin gyaran halayyar a cikin wurare yana cikin tambaya (duba sha'awar kwanan nan a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Alkalin Rotenberg, Kungiyar Ilimi ta Aspen da Ƙungiyar Shirye-shiryen Kasuwanci da Makarantu na Duniya). Sau da yawa ana tattauna waɗannan nau'ikan batutuwa masu ƙuntatawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da shari'a (duba Kwararru na nazarin halayyar). Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano wasu kyawawan ayyuka don amfani a cikin irin waɗannan wurare.[21] A cikin manufofi na gaba ɗaya a cikin irin waɗannan wuraren suna buƙatar kasancewar ƙungiyar magani don tabbatar da cewa cin zarafi ba ya faruwa, musamman idan wuraren suna ƙoƙarin amfani da shirye-shiryen azabtarwa.[23]

Dokoki

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A cikin shirye-shiryen kula da mazauna Amurka duk ana saka idanu a matakin jiha kuma da yawa suna da izinin JACHO. Jihohi sun bambanta a cikin buƙatu don buɗe irin waɗannan cibiyoyin. Saboda rashin ka'idojin waɗannan shirye-shiryen da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi kuma saboda mutane da yawa ba sa ƙarƙashin lasisi ko saka idanu na jihar, Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya ta ba da jagora ga iyaye da ke la'akari da irin wannan sanyawa. Saboda ayyukan lasisi mara kyau da bambance-bambance a cikin nau'ikan alamun da wuraren ke amfani da kansu, ba a san yawan wuraren da ke cikin Amurka ba.

Ƙungiyoyin

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Masu warkarwa na gida waɗanda ke canza halayyar ya kamata su shiga ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru kuma su kasance masu alaƙa da ƙwararru. Akwai kungiyoyi da yawa don masu warkar da halayyar halayyar a duniya. Ƙungiyar Duniya don Nazarin Halin tana ba da takaddun shaida a cikin maganin halayyar A Amurka, Ƙungiyar Halin Halitta ta Amurka ta 25 ita ce ƙungiya don nazarin halayyar. The Association for Contextual Behavior Therapy wata kungiya ce ta kwararru. ACBS gida ce ga likitoci da yawa tare da takamaiman sha'awar maganin halayyar ƙarni na uku. Ƙungiyar Halin Halin Hanyar Halin Halitta (tsohon Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Halin Harshe) don waɗanda ke da ƙarin fahimta. A kasa da kasa, yawancin masu warkar da halayyar suna samun babban gida mai ilimi a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Nazarin Halin (ABA:I) .

Dubi kuma

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Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  2. ↑ McKee, John M. (1971). "Contingency Management in a Correctional Institution". Educational Technology. 11 (4): 51–54. JSTOR 44417185.
  3. ↑ Chen, Chiu-Wen; Ma, Hsen-Hsing (2007). "Effects of treatment on disruptive behaviors: A quantitative synthesis of single-subject researches using the PEM approach". The Behavior Analyst Today. 8 (4): 380–397. doi:10.1037/h0100629.
  4. ↑ Cancio, Edward J.; Johnson, Jesse W. (2007). "Level systems revisited: An important tool for educating students with emotional and behavioral disorders". International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy. 3 (4): 512–527. doi:10.1037/h0100820.
  5. 1 2 McGuffin, Patrick W. (1991). "The effect of timeout duration on frequency of aggression in hospitalized children with conduct disorders". Behavioral Interventions. 6 (4): 279–288. doi:10.1002/bin.2360060405.
  6. ↑ Howell, J. C. (1998). "A new approach to juvenile crime: The promise of graduated sanctions in a juvenile justice system". Corrections Compendium. 23 (9).
  7. ↑ Rosen, Howard S.; Yerushalmi, Cydney J.; Walker, Jane C. (1986). "Training community residential staff: Evaluation and follow-up". Behavioral Interventions. 1: 15–38. doi:10.1002/bin.2360010104.
  8. ↑ Lindeman, David P.; Miltenberger, Raymond G.; Lennox, David B. (1992). "Acceptability of behavioral interventions: Perceptions of superintendents of public residential facilities". Behavioral Interventions. 7: 35–44. doi:10.1002/bin.2360070105.
  9. ↑ Foxx, R. M. (1998). "A comprehensive treatment program for inpatient adolescents". Behavioral Interventions. 13: 67–77. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-078X(199802)13:1<67::AID-BIN5>3.0.CO;2-I.
  10. ↑ "U.S. Surgeon General (1999). Mental Health. Chapter 3". Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
  11. ↑ Cohen, H. L. (1964). "Behavioral architecture". Architectural Association Journal.
  12. ↑ Tyler, Vernon O.; Brown, G. Duane (1968). "Token reinforcement of academic performance with institutionalized delinquent boys". Journal of Educational Psychology. 59 (3): 164–168. doi:10.1037/h0025874. PMID 5662684.
  13. ↑ Jeness, Carl F. (1975). "Comparative Effectiveness of Behavior Modification and Transactional Analysis Programs for Delinquents". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 43 (6): 758–779. doi:10.1037/h0078109. PMID 1194473.
  14. ↑ Bassett, John E.; Blanchard, Edward B. (1977). "The Effect of the Absence of Close Supervision on the Use of Response Cost in a Prison Token Economy 1". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 10 (3): 375–379. doi:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-375. PMC 1311200. PMID 924912.
  15. ↑ Phillips, Elery L. (1968). "Achievement Place: Token reinforcement procedures in a home-style rehabilitation setting for "pre-delinquent" boys1". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 1 (3): 213–223. doi:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-213. PMC 1311003. PMID 16795179.
  16. ↑ Maloney, Dennis M.; Fixsen, Dean L.; Phillips, Elery L. (1981). "The teaching-family model: Research and dissemination in a service program". Children and Youth Services Review. 3 (4): 343–355. doi:10.1016/0190-7409(81)90017-7.
  17. ↑ Kingsley, David E. (2006). "The teaching-family model and post-treatment recidivism: A critical review of the conventional wisdom". International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy. 2 (4): 481–497. doi:10.1037/h0101002.
  18. ↑ Cautilli, Joseph; Weinberg, Michael (2007). "Editorial: To license or not to license? That is the question: Or, if we make a profession, will they come?". The Behavior Analyst Today. 8: 1–8. doi:10.1037/h0100100.
  19. ↑ Redding, R.E. "Characteristics of Effective Treatments and Interventions for Juvenile Offenders". US Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs.
  20. ↑ (D. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. 1 2 Underwood, Lee A.; Talbott, Leana Baggett; Mosholder, Eleanor; von Dresner, Kara Sandor (2008). "Methodological concerns of residential treatment and recidivism for juvenile offenders with disruptive behavioral disorders". The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention. 1 (2): 222–236. doi:10.1037/h0100467.
  22. ↑ Phillips, Katrina J.; Mudford, Oliver C. (2008). "Functional analysis skills training for residential caregivers". Behavioral Interventions. 23: 1–12. doi:10.1002/bin.252.
  23. ↑ Spreat, Scott; Lipinski, David P. (1986). "A survey of state policies regarding the use of restrictive/Aversive behavior modification procedures". Behavioral Interventions. 1 (2): 137–152. doi:10.1002/bin.2360010205.

Haɗin waje

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