Ƙorama

ƙorama
feature type (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	depression (en) , yankin taswira, natural geographic object (en) da geographical feature (en)

Kwarin Calchaquí a Argentina

Kwarin U-shaped a cikin Glacier National Park, Montana, Amurka

Romsdalen a Yammacin Norway yana da kusan ganuwar tsaye.

Fljótsdalur a Gabashin Iceland, kwarin da ke da faɗi

Kwarin Frades a yankin tsaunuka na Jihar Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Kwarin Baemsagol na Jirisan, Koriya

kwarin wani yanki ne mai laushi wanda ke gudana tsakanin tuddai ko duwatsu kuma yawanci yana dauke da kogin ko rafi wanda ke gudada daga wannan ƙarshen zuwa wancan. Yawancin kwari sun samo asali ne daga rushewa ƙasa ta koguna ko rafi na dogon lokaci. Wasu kwari an kafa su ne ta hanyar rushewar kankara. Wadannan kankara na iya kasancewa a cikin kwari a cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo ko yankunan polar.

A ƙananan latitudes da tsawo, waɗannan kwarin da aka kafa na glacially na iya kasancewa an halicce su ko faɗaɗa su a lokacin zamanin kankara amma yanzu ba su da kankara kuma suna zaune da rafi ko koguna. A yankunan hamada, kwari na iya zama cikakke ko ɗaukar hanyar ruwa kawai da wuya. A Yankunan dutse mai laushi, kwari masu bushewa na iya haifar da magudanar ruwa yanzu da ke faruwa a karkashin kasa maimakon a saman. Rashin kwari ya samo asali ne daga motsi na duniya, maimakon rushewa. Masu ilimin ƙasa sun bayyana nau'ikan kwari daban-daban, ta amfani da kalmomin da za su iya zama na duniya a amfani ko kuma a yi amfani da su kawai a cikin gida.

Kafa kwari

Kwarin na iya tasowa ta hanyar matakai daban-daban. Mafi yawanci, suna tasowa ne daga rushewa na dogon lokaci ta hanyar motsa ruwa kuma an san su da kwarin kogi. Yawanci ƙananan kwari da ke dauke da rafi suna ciyarwa cikin manyan kwari waɗanda su ma suna ciyarwa zuwa manyan kwari, a ƙarshe suna kaiwa teku ko watakila kwandon ruwa na ciki. A yankunan polar da kuma tsaunuka masu tsawo, kwari na iya lalacewa ta hanyar kankara; waɗannan yawanci suna da bayanin U-shaped a cikin sashi, sabanin kwarin kogi, wanda ke da bayanin V-shaping. Sauran kwari na iya tasowa musamman ta hanyar matakai na tectonic kamar rifting. Dukkanin matakai uku na iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kwarin a lokacin ilimin ƙasa. Yankin kwarin da ke tsakanin bangarorin ana kiransa da kwarin kwarin. Ƙasa ta kwarin yawanci an kafa ta ne ta hanyar kogi kuma tana iya samun raƙuman ruwa.

Kwarin kogi

Kwarin Kogin Halikko a Halikko, Finland

Kwarin kogin Palakaria yana fitowa daga Dutsen Vitosha, wanda aka gani a bango, a Bulgaria

Ci gaban kwarin kogi yana shafar halin dutsen da kogi ko rafi ke gudana, bambancin tsawo tsakanin saman da kasa, kuma hakika yanayin. Yawanci kwararar za ta karu zuwa ƙasa kuma gradient zai ragu. A cikin kwarin sama, rafin zai fi dacewa ya lalata gadonsa ta hanyar lalatawa don samar da kwarin V mai siffar. Kasancewar mafi yawan rukuni na dutse, na kuskuren ilimin ƙasa, karyewa, da kuma ninkawa na iya ƙayyade hanyar rafin kuma ya haifar da hanyar karkatarwa tare da ƙuntatawa.

A cikin kwarin tsakiya, kamar yadda koguna da yawo suka haɗu, kwarin yawanci ya fi faɗi, kwararar ta yi jinkiri kuma duka lalacewa da saukowa na iya faruwa. Ƙarin rushewar gefe yana faruwa a tsakiyar ɓangaren kogin, yayin da raƙuman ruwa masu ƙarfi a waje na layinsa ke rushe bankin. Sabanin haka, zubar da kaya na iya faruwa a cikin ƙuƙwalwar inda halin yanzu ya fi sauƙi, tsarin da ke haifar da kogi yana ɗaukar halin da ke motsawa. A cikin ƙananan kwarin, gradients sun fi ƙasa, meanders na iya zama mafi girma kuma ambaliyar ruwa mai faɗi na iya haifar. Rushewa ya mamaye rushewar ƙasa. Kayan kogi na yau da kullun ko kwandon ruwa zai haɗa da kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan kwari daban-daban.

Wasu sassan rafi ko kwarin kogi na iya kasancewa a tsaye har zuwa yadda kwarin da suke zaune ya fi dacewa a matsayin gorge, gorge, ko Canyon. Saurin raguwa na iya haifar da hauhawar ƙasa ko sake farfado da ruwa a matsayin misali na raguwa a matakin tushe wanda kogin ya lalace, misali ya saukar da matakin teku na duniya a lokacin zamanin kankara. Irin wannan sake farfadowa na iya haifar da samar da kogin kogin.  

Kwarin kankara

Kwarin U-shaped a kan Afon Fathew kusa da Dolgoch, Wales

Kwarin da aka yi da glaciated a cikin Dutsen Hood Wilderness wanda ke nuna siffar U-shaped, ƙwanƙwasawar dutse na ƙasa da kuma manyan kafadu

Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban na kwari da ke da alaƙa da glaciation. Kwarin kankara na gaskiya sune wadanda kankara ta yanke wanda zai iya ko bazai mamaye kwarin a yau ba. Irin waɗannan kwarin ana iya saninsu da ƙuƙwalwar ƙanƙara. Yawanci suna da Sashe mai siffar U kuma suna da siffofi na yankunan tsaunuka inda glaciation ya faru ko ya ci gaba da faruwa.

Sashe mafi girma na kwarin kankara akai-akai ya ƙunshi ɗaya ko fiye da 'shaped-armchair' hollows, ko 'circus', wanda aka tono ta hanyar juyawa motsi a ƙasa na cirque glacier. A lokacin glacial, alal misali, Shekarar kankara na Pleistocene, a cikin waɗannan wurare ne glaciers da farko suka samo asali sannan, yayin da zamanin kankara ke ci gaba, suna fadada ƙasa ta hanyar kwari waɗanda a baya aka tsara su da ruwa maimakon kankara. Abrasion da kayan dutse da aka saka a cikin kankara mai motsi yana haifar da fadadawa da zurfafa kwarin don samar da halayyar U ko siffar rami tare da tsayi mai tsayi, har ma da bangarorin tsaye da kuma ƙasa mai laushi.

Tsakanin spurs da ke da alaƙa da ci gaban kwarin kogi an fi so su lalace don samar da spurs da aka yanke, wanda ya dace da shimfidar tsaunuka masu glaciated. Ƙarshen saman ramin da ke ƙasa da cirques masu ba da gudummawa na kankara na iya zama Ƙarshen rami. Matakan kwarin (ko 'matakan dutse') na iya haifar da bambancin ƙimar lalacewa saboda yanayin dutsen (ƙarfi da haɗin kai misali) da kuma ikon kankara mai motsi. A wurare, ana iya tono wani kwandon dutse wanda daga baya za'a iya cika shi da ruwa don samar da tafkin layin ko kuma ta hanyar laka. Ana samun irin waɗannan fasalulluka a yankunan bakin teku kamar fjords. Siffar kwarin wanda ya samo asali daga duk waɗannan tasirin na iya zama bayyane ne kawai a kan koma bayan kankara wanda ya samar da shi. Kogin ko rafi na iya kasancewa a cikin kwarin; idan ya fi karami fiye da yadda mutum zai yi tsammani saboda girman kwarinsa, ana iya ɗaukarsa misali na rafi mara kyau.

Bayani mai kyau na kwari biyu masu kama da U a dutsen Pirin, Bulgaria

Sauran kwari masu ban sha'awa da aka sassaƙa sun haɗa da:

• Kwarin Yosemite (Amurka)
• Gefen kwaruruka na kogin Salzach na Austriya don madaidaicin kwatancensu da rataye bakunansu.
• Na kogin St. Mary a Glacier National Park a Montana, Amurka.

Ramin da ke cikin ruwa

Wani kwarin rami babban kwarin ne, mai tsawo, mai siffar U wanda aka yanke a ƙarƙashin kankara mai kankara kusa da gefen kankara na nahiyar kamar wanda yanzu ke rufe Antarctica kuma a baya yana rufe ɓangarorin dukkan nahiyoyi a lokacin zamanin glacial da ya gabata. Irin waɗannan kwarin zasu iya zama har zuwa 100 kilometres (62 mi) tsawo, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) fadi, da kuma 400 metres (1,300 ft) m (1,300 zurfi (zurfinsa na iya bambanta tare da tsawonsa). An kafa kwarin ramin ne ta hanyar rushewar ruwa. Sun taɓa aiki a matsayin hanyoyin zubar da ruwa na subglacial wanda ke ɗauke da babban ruwa mai narkewa. Yankunan su na giciye suna nuna bangarorin da ke da tsayi kamar bangon fjord, kuma shimfidar su na al'ada ne na rushewar glacial.

Ruwa mai narkewa

A arewacin Tsakiyar Turai, kankara na Scandinavia a lokacin lokuta daban-daban na kankara ya ci gaba dan kadan a kan karya ƙasar. A sakamakon haka, ruwan da ya narke ya gudana daidai da gefen kankara don isa ga tafkin Tekun Arewa, yana samar da manyan kwari da aka sani da Urstromtäler. Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan kwarin kankara ba, waɗannan sun samo asali ne daga ruwan da ya narke.

New Zealand's Hooker Valley at Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park, with Hooker Glacier's terminus at Hooker Lake in the background

Hanyoyin sauyawa da kafadu

Dubi daga Paria View zuwa kwarin da ke Bryce Canyon, Utah, tare da kafadu masu ban sha'awa

Dangane da yanayi ƙasa, nau'ikan dutse, da yanayi, nau'o'i daban-daban na sauyawa tsakanin V-, U- da kwari [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] kwari na iya samarwa. Ƙasa ko ƙasan waɗannan kwari na iya zama babba ko kunkuntar, amma duk kwari suna da kafada. Yankin da ya fi girma a kwarin dutse, ƙananan kafadu suna cikin mafi yawan lokuta. Wani muhimmin banbanci shine canyons inda kafada kusan tana kusa da saman gangaren kwarin. A cikin Alps - misali kwarin Tyrolean Inn - kafadu suna da ƙasa sosai (mita 100-200 sama da kasa). Ana samun ƙauyuka da yawa a nan (misali a gefen rana) saboda yanayin yana da sauƙi sosai: har ma a cikin hunturu lokacin da kwarin ya cika da hazo, waɗannan ƙauyuka suna cikin Hasken rana. 

A wasu yankuna masu damuwa na Dutsen Rocky ko Alps (misali Salzburg), kwarin gefen suna layi daya da juna, kuma suna ratayewa. Ƙananan raƙuman ruwa suna gudana cikin koguna kamar zurfin canyons ko magudanan ruwa.

Gudanarwa mai rataye

Bridal Veil Falls a cikin Yosemite National Park yana gudana daga kwarin da ke rataye

Kwarin rataye, kwarin Ibar (kogi), Dutsen Rila, Bulgaria

Kwarin da ke rataye kwari ne mai ba da gudummawa wanda ya fi babban kwarin. Yawanci ana danganta su da kwarin U-shaped, inda wani glacier mai gudana ke gudana cikin wani glacier na girma. Babban kankara yana lalata kwarin mai siffar U mai zurfi tare da kusan bangarorin tsaye, yayin da kankara mai zurfi, tare da karamin kankara, ya zama kwarin mai kama da U. Tun da farfajiyar kankara ta kasance a asali a wannan tsawo, kwarin da bai da zurfi ya bayyana yana 'hanging' sama da babban kwarin. Sau da yawa, magudanan ruwa suna samuwa a ko kusa da fitowar kwarin sama.

Kwarin da ke ratayewa suna faruwa a cikin tsarin fjord a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Rassan Sognefjord sun fi zurfi fiye da babban fjord. Bakin Fjærlandsfjord yana da zurfin mita 400 (1,300 yayin da babban fjord da ke kusa da shi yana da zurfi mita 1,200 (3,900 . Bakin Ikjefjord yana da zurfin mita 50 kawai (160 yayin da babban fjord ke kusa da mita 1,300 (4,300 a wannan batu.

Yankin da aka yi da dusar ƙanƙara ba shine kawai wurin da ke rataye koguna da kwari ba. Kwarin da ke rataye kuma kawai samfurin bambancin lalacewar babban kwarin da kwarin da ke gudana ne. Bambancin ƙarancin lalacewa yana da alaƙa da abun da ke cikin duwatsun da ke kusa a wurare daban-daban na kwarin. Kwarin da ke cikin kwarin suna lalacewa kuma suna zurfafawa ta hanyar kankara ko rushewa a hankali fiye da na babban kwarin; don haka bambancin zurfin kwarin biyu yana ƙaruwa a tsawon lokaci. Kwarin da ke gudana, wanda ya ƙunshi dutse mai tsayayya, sannan ya rataye a kan babban kwarin.

Tsarin rami

Kwarin da ke da siffar rami kuma suna samuwa a yankunan da ke da mummunan lalacewar ƙasa. Ya bambanta da kwarin U-shaped na glacial, akwai karancin lalacewa a ƙasa da gefe. Babban lalacewar da ke ƙasa yana haifar da bangarorin kwarin da ke raguwa a hankali; sauyawa zuwa ainihin kwarin ba a bayyane yake ba. Kwarin da ke da siffar rami yana faruwa galibi a yankunan periglacial da yankuna masu zafi na rigar canji. Dukkanin yanayin yanayi suna mamayewa ta hanyar mummunan lalacewa.

Akwatin

Kwarin akwatin suna da fadi, ƙananan bene da bangarori masu tsayi. Sun zama ruwan dare a yankunan periglacial kuma suna faruwa a tsakiyar latitudes, amma kuma suna faruwa ne a yankuna masu zafi da busasshiyar ƙasa.

Rashin da aka yi

  Rift valleys, irin su Albertine Rift da Gregory Rift an kafa su ne ta hanyar fadada ɓawon burodi na Duniya saboda aikin tectonic a ƙarƙashin farfajiyar Duniya.

Kalmomin kwari

Akwai kalmomi da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don nau'ikan kwari daban-daban. Sun hada da:

• Cove: Ƙananan kwari, an rufe shi a ɗaya ko duka biyun, a tsakiyar ko kudancin Dutsen Appalachian wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da rushewar taga.
• Dell: Ƙananan, ƙauye, kuma sau da yawa kwarin itace.
• Kwarin bushe: Kwarin da ba a kirkira ba ta hanyar gudanawar ruwa.
• Kwarin rushewa: Kwarin da aka kafa ta hanyar rushewa.
• Hollow: Kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a yankin don karamin kwarin da ke kewaye da duwatsu ko tuddai. A Ireland, New England, Appalachia, da Ozarks na Arkansas da Missouri, rami ƙaramin kwari ne ko gado mai bushewa; sau da yawa ana kiransa holler.
• Kwarin Longitudinal: Kwarin da aka samo tsakanin tsaunuka biyu da ke kusa da juna.
• Kwarin Steephead: Kyakkyawan, ƙanƙanta, kwarin da ke da ƙarewa ba zato ba tsammani.
• Kwarin Strike: Kwarin da aka saba samu a layi daya da cuesta daga sassan da suka fi lalacewa.
• Kwarin tsari: Kwarin da aka kafa ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru na ƙasa kamar kuskuren faduwa ko tashiwar tsaunuka.

Irin waɗannan siffofin ƙasa kamar gullies, chines, da kloofs, galibi ba a kira su kwari ba.

Kalmomin yankin Burtaniya don kwari

Kogin Indus yana gudana ta kwarin Kohistan a Pakistan

Sharuɗɗan corrie, glen, da strath duk Anglicisations na kalmomin Gaelic ne kuma ana yawan saduwa da su a cikin sunaye a Scotland da sauran yankunan da Gaelic ya taɓa yaɗuwa. Strath yana nufin wani faffadan kwari tsakanin tsaunuka, wanda kasan ko dai matakin ko gangare a hankali. Glen wani ƙorafi ne wanda ya fi gangara kuma mafi ƙunci fiye da matsi. Kori wani rami ne mai siffar kwano a cikin dutse. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan sharuɗɗan kuma yana faruwa ne a sassan duniya da Biritaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a da . Corrie yana amfani da ko'ina ta hanyar masu binciken ƙasa azaman ma'anar (glacial) cirque, kamar yadda kalmar cwm ke aro daga Welsh .

kalmar dale tana faruwa a ko'ina a cikin sunayen wurare a arewacin Ingila kuma, zuwa ƙarami, a kudancin Scotland. A matsayin sunan gama gari don wani nau'in kwarin, kalmar yawanci tana nufin kwarin mai faɗi, kodayake akwai ƙananan kwarin rafi a cikin Yorkshire Dales waɗanDa yake kira " (sunan takamaiman) Dale". Clough kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a arewacin Ingila don wani karamin kwari tare da bangarori masu tsayi. Ana amfani da Gill don bayyana kwarin da ke dauke da rafin dutse a Cumbria da Pennines . Kalmar combe (wanda aka haɗu da shi a matsayin coombe) ya bazu a kudancin Ingila kuma yana bayyana wani ɗan gajeren kwarin da aka saita a cikin tudu. Sauran kalmomi don ƙananan kwari kamar su bege, dean, slade, slack da kasa ana samun su a cikin sunayen wurare a sassa daban-daban na Ingila amma ba a amfani da su gaba ɗaya a matsayin ma'anar kwarin ba.

Ana amfani da kalmar vale a Ingila da Wales don bayyana kwarin kogi mai faɗi, yawanci tare da fili mai faɗi ko kwarin kwarin kwari. A Kudancin Ingila, ana yawan yin amfani da duwatsu tsakanin ɓarkewar dutse daban-daban masu tsayayya da rushewa, inda dutse mai tsayayya, sau da yawa an rushe dutse. Misali shine Vale of White Horse a Oxfordshire .

Yanayin ɗan adam

Wasu daga cikin al'ummomin ɗan adam na farko sun samo asali ne daga kwarin kogi, kamar na Nilu, Tigris-Yufiretis, Indus, Ganges, Yangtze, Yellow River, Mississippi, da kuma Amazon. A cikin prehistory, ana amfani da koguna a matsayin tushen ruwa mai laushi da abinci (kifi da wasa), da kuma wurin wanka da kuma datti. Kusa da ruwa ya rage yawan zafin jiki kuma ya ba da tushen ban ruwa, yana motsa ci gaban noma. Yawancin wayewa ta farko sun samo asali ne daga waɗannan al'ummomin kwarin kogi. Yanayin ƙauyuka a cikin kwari yana da tasiri daga dalilai da yawa, gami da buƙatar kauce wa ambaliyar ruwa da kuma wurin da kogin ke ƙetare.

Shahararrun misalai

Ra'ayi na Orosí, Costa Rica

 

Kwarin da ke waje

An gano ɓarkewa masu yawa a Ramin Mars, Venus, Moon, da sauran taurari da tauraron dan adam kuma an san su da kwari (singular: 'vallis'). Kwarin da ke da zurfi tare da bangarori masu tsayi (kamar canyons) a kan wasu daga cikin wadannan jikin an san su da chasmata (singular: 'chasma'). Tsawon raguwa ana kiransa fossae (singular: 'fossa'). Waɗannan su ne kalmomin Latin don 'kwari, 'gorge' da 'ditch' bi da bi. Kalmar Jamusanci 'Rille' ko kalmar Latin 'rima' (ma'anar 'rarraba') ana amfani da ita don wasu ɓarkewa masu tsawo a kan Wata.