Watermark

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watermark

[′wȯd·ər‚märk]

(graphic arts)

A localized modification of the structure and opacity of a sheet of paper so that a pattern or design can be seen when the sheet is held to the light.

The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased.

Watermark

a picture in a piece of paper, visible when the paper is held up to the light; it is formed during the process of making the paper.

Watermarks began to appear in Europe in the 13th century, and in Russia in the second half of the 17th century. The study of watermarks and the determination of the exact place and time of the making of a piece of paper are very important for the correct interpretation of a source.

Since 1723, Russia, following the example of other European countries, impressed watermarks on stamped paper (a depiction of the state coat of arms and the words“stamped paper”) in order to avoid counterfeiting of official documents and currency. Watermarks are usually made on paper at precise intervals, or they cover the whole field of the paper in the form of a repeated drawing or pattern. They can be used to distinguish genuine money, valuable papers and documents, and stamps from counterfeit items. Watermarks are also used as a means of ornamenting paper. The imprinting of watermarks is usually done with a dandy roll or with cylinders of a cylinder paper-making machine on a wet web of the paper.

N. M. BOKAREVA

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References in periodicals archive ?

Consequently, digital content distributed on the Internet ends up being watermarked by personalized fingerprints that are unknown to the seller.

B forwards the encrypted nonce, the key [pk.sub.B], and some of the received information to S, which can thus use it to generate the watermark to be inserted into the chosen digital content directly in the encrypted domain, since the protocol is based on a privacy-homomorphic cryptosystem.

Digital copyright protection: Focus on some relevant solutions

Many methods have been introduced to watermark digital media content for copyright protection.

Lukac and Plataniotis proposed embedding the watermark during the colour filter array (CFA) data equation process to secure the image copyright in a single-sensor camera.

Fingerprint identity watermark to authenticate digital camera images

Inspired by the entropy masking model [23], we select high-entropy image blocks as watermark embedding space in this study.

The watermark embedding process consists of the following steps.

Optimization-based Image Watermarking Algorithm Using a Maximum-Likelihood Decoding Scheme in the Complex Wavelet Domain

According to [18], to make the maximum robustness against attacks, the watermark should be spread all over the entire cover image instead of only being hidden in a limited number of bits.

Host Feasibility Investigation to Improve Robustness in Hybrid DWT+SVD Based Image Watermarking Schemes

Getting a perceptually good watermarked-image is a challenge, but once achieved, watermarking may be subjected to other challenges, like, to destroy or to remove the watermark, the watermarked-image may be attacked.

A Novel Secure and Robust Image Watermarking Method Based on Decorrelation of Channels, Singular Vectors, and Values

The research remarks that many other types of randomizations can be used to make watermark removal less effective, however, warping is one of the easiest methods to employ.

Google uses AI to easily remove watermark from images, shows ways to reinforce it