vos

See also: Appendix:Variations of "vos"

Languages (26)

Afrikaans • Aragonese • Catalan • Chavacano • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Fala • Franco-Provençal • French • Galician • Icelandic • Interlingua • Ladino • Latin • Lithuanian • Middle Dutch • Occitan • Old French • Old Occitan • Piedmontese • Portuguese • Sardinian • Slovene • Spanish • Walloon

Page categories

Afrikaans

Etymology

Inherited from Dutch vos, from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /fɔs/
Audio: (file)

Noun

vos (plural vosse, diminutive vossie)

fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini

Derived terms

skoolvos

Aragonese

Etymology

From Latin vos. Cognate to Catalan us, Spanish os and French vous.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bos/
Syllabification: vos
Rhymes: -os

Pronoun

vos

you (second-person plural direct pronoun)
(to) you (second-person plural indirect pronoun)

Synonyms

tos

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs.

Pronunciation

(Central) IPA^(key): /bus/ (always unstressed)
(Balearic) IPA^(key): /vus/ (always unstressed)
(Valencia) IPA^(key): /vos/ (always unstressed)

Pronoun

vos (enclitic, contracted us, proclitic us)

you (plural, direct or indirect object)

Usage notes

-vos is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with a consonant or ⟨u⟩.
Heu de quedar-vos aquí. ― You must stay here.

Declension

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
			strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
			strong/subject	proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic	possessive
singular	1st person	standard	jo, mi³	em, m’	-me, ’m	em, m’	-me, ’m	meu
	1st person	majestic¹	nós	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
	2nd person	standard	tu	et, t’	-te, ’t	et, t’	-te, ’t	teu
		formal¹	vós	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
		very formal²	vostè	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
	3rd person	m	ell	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
		f	ella	la, l’⁴	-la	li	-li	seu
		n		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
plural
	1st person		nosaltres	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
	2nd person	standard	vosaltres	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
	2nd person	formal²	vostès	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
	3rd person	m	ells	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
	3rd person	f	elles	les	-les	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person reflexive			si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
adverbial	ablative/genitive			en, n’	-ne, ’n
adverbial	locative			hi	-hi

¹ Behaves grammatically as plural. ² Behaves grammatically as third person.
³ Only as object of a preposition. ⁴ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

Chavacano

Alternative forms

bo (common)

Etymology

Inherited from Spanish vos.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bo/ [bo] (colloquial or Ternateño)

Pronoun

vos

you (singular)

Derived terms

coño de vos nana

Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈvos]

Noun

vos f

genitive plural of vosa

Danish

Pronoun

vos

(dialectal) pronunciation spelling of os
- 1926, Adolph Stender, Skovtrold, Lindhardt og Ringhof, →ISBN:
  Næ, la' vos bare inte skave vos! (...) men saa øver vi vos imens! Naar han ser vos gennem Vindvet, kommer han nok herud ...
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 1973, Bent Rying, Alice Kennebo, København og Københavns amt:
  Han har sæl brunget desse ur te vos; ...
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 1906, Maglekilde fortæller: humoristiske fortællinger:
  Jeg ka' kons mindes een eneste Gang a' han roste vos, – de' var en Da' da han ha'de trukket vos rigtig igjennem i Geveereksersis; — — der var inte en tør Trevl paa vos, saatten ha'de vi maattet hænge i en tre, fire Timmer i et Slav.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Dutch

Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:

vossen

Wikipedia ^nl

Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:

vos (dier)

Wikipedia ^nl

Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:

Vulpes

Wikipedia ^nl

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɔs/
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: vos
Rhymes: -ɔs

Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

Noun

vos m (plural vossen, diminutive vosje n, feminine vossin)

fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini
(particularly) red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Synonyms: gewone vos, rode vos
fox fur
a crafty, ingenious person
Koen is een lepe vos, die laat zich niet in de luren leggen.
Conrad is a sly fox who does not allow himself to be hoodwinked.
horse with red or red-brown fur
a tortoiseshell (any of various similar nymphalid butterflies)
Hyponyms: kleine vos, grote vos

Derived terms

Descendants

Afrikaans: vos
Jersey Dutch: vośe
Negerhollands: vos

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

vos

inflection of vossen:
1. first-person singular present indicative
2. (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
3. imperative

Fala

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese vos, from Latin vōs.

Pronoun

vos m pl or f pl

Second person plural nominative pronoun; you
(Mañegu) First person plural dative and accusative pronoun; you

Usage notes

In Mañegu voshotrus and voshotras are more commonly used as subject pronouns.
Takes the form -vus when used as an object pronoun suffixed to an impersonal verb form.

References

Valeš, Miroslav (2021), Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎^[1], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN, page 284

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (nominative or accusative).

Pronoun

vos (postpositive -vos) (ORB, broad)

you (second-person plural nominative, accusative, dative, or tonic)

Derived terms

se vos plét

References

vous in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
vos in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

French

Etymology

Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vostros (“your, plural accusative”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vo/
Audio (France (Brétigny-sur-Orge)): (file)
Rhymes: -o
Homophones: vaut, vaux, veau, veaux

Determiner

vos pl

plural of votre; your (plural or formal you)
Vos parents sont très gentils.
Your parents are very nice.

Related terms

French possessive determiners
			possessee
			singular		plural
			m	f	plural
possessor	singular	1^st	mon¹	ma	mes
		2^nd	ton¹	ta	tes
		3^rd	son¹	sa	ses
	plural	1^st	notre		nos
		2^nd	votre²		vos²
		3^rd	leur		leurs

¹ Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.
² Also used as the polite singular form.
For the singular persons there are gender-neutral neologisms man, tan, san. These are extremely rare.

Galician

Pronoun

vos

inflection of vós:
1. accusative/dative
2. reflexive

Icelandic

Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse vás, which is related to vaska (“to wash”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈvɔːs]

Noun

vos n (genitive singular voss, nominative plural vos)

wetness, toil, fatigue (from storm, sea, frost, bad weather)

Declension

Declension of *vos* (neuter)
	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	vos	vosið	vos	vosin
accusative	vos	vosið	vos	vosin
dative	vosi	vosinu	vosum	vosunum
genitive	voss	vossins	vosa	vosanna

References

Mallet, P. H. (1847). Northern Antiquities, Or, an Historical Account of the Manners, Customs, Religion, and Laws, Maritime Expeditions and Discoveries, Language and Literature of the Ancient Scandinavians ... with a Translation of the Prose Edda from the Original Old Norse Text ... to which is Added, an Abstract of the Eyrbyggja Saga. United Kingdom: Bohn, p. 509

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronoun

vos

you (plural)

Ladino

Etymology

From Old Spanish vosotros.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vos/

Pronoun

vos (Hebrew spelling בﬞוס)

you (formal singular, nominative and accusative)
accusative of vozotros
accusative of vozotras

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yúHs.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈwoːs]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈvɔs]

Pronoun

vōs

you, ye, you all; nominative/accusative/vocative plural of tū
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 1.200–202:
  “Vōs et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantīs
  accestis scopulōs, vōs et Cyclōpea saxa
  expertī [...].”
  “You neared mad Scylla and heard the howls within her cliffs, and you experienced the rocks of the Cyclops.”
  (Note: “accestis” is a syncopated form of “accessistis.” The “vos et … vos et” repetition exemplifies anaphora.)

Usage notes

The functions that would be carried out by the genitive case of a noun are divided among multiple forms:

vester is a possessive adjective, used attributively or predicatively with a noun. It is inflected to agree in case and number with the associated noun.
vestrī (the neuter singular genitive form of vester) is used as the object of a word that governs the genitive case (such as a verb, often in the gerund or gerundive, or an adjective).
vestrum (the short-form masculine genitive plural of vester) is used in partitive constructions: e.g. nēmō vestrum "none of you". Anteclassically, the long forms vostrōrum (masculine; an old form of vestrōrum) and vostrārum (feminine; an old form of vestrārum) were also used with this function.

Declension

	plural
nominative	vōs
genitive	vestrī vestrum
dative	vōbīs
accusative	vōs
ablative	vōbīs
vocative	vōs

Derived terms

Descendants

Aromanian: voi, voauã
Catalan: vós, vosaltres
Dalmatian: vu, voi
Franco-Provençal: vos
Friulian: vô, voaltris
Italian: voi, voialtri
Judeo-Italian: ווּאִי (wuʔi /⁠vui⁠/) (Rome)
Neapolitan: vuje
Occitan: vos, vosautres
Old French: vos, vous, vus
- Middle French: vous
  - French: vous
    - Haitian Creole: ou
    - Louisiana Creole: vou
- Walloon: vos
Old Leonese: vós
- Asturian: vós, vosotros
- Leonese: vós, vosoutros
- Mirandese: bós
Old Galician-Portuguese: vos
- Galician: vós, vosoutros
- Portuguese: vós
Romanian: voi, vouă
Romansh: vus
Sardinian: bosatrus
Sicilian: vui, vuàutri
Spanish: vos, vosotros, os

References

“vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
"vos", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
“vos”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
- picture to yourselves the circumstances: ante oculos vestros (not vobis) res gestas proponite
- not to be prolix: ne diutius vos demorer

Lithuanian

Etymology

Cognate with Proto-Slavic *edъva (“barely”); see there for more.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [²ˈʋoːs]
Rhymes: -oːs
Syllabification: võs

Adverb

võs (not comparable)

hardly, barely

Derived terms

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “vos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs.

Noun

vos m

fox, red fox

Inflection

Strong masculine noun
	singular	plural
nominative	vos	vosse
accusative	vos	vosse
genitive	vos	vosse
dative	vosse	vossen

Derived terms

vossinne

Descendants

Dutch: vos
- Afrikaans: vos
- Jersey Dutch: vośe
- Negerhollands: vos
Limburgish: vósj

Occitan

Etymology

From Old Occitan vos, from Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vus/
Audio (Béarn): (file)

Pronoun

vos

to you (second-person plural indirect object pronoun)
yourselves (second-person plural reflexive pronoun)

Old French

Alternative forms

vous, vus

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vus/

Pronoun

vos

you, ye (second-person plural or second-person singular polite subject pronoun)
- c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:
  Que vos puissiez cest blasme estaindre
  That you may be able to get rid of this blame
your (second-person plural or second-person singular polite possessive pronoun)
yourself (second-person plural or second-person singular polite reflexive pronoun)
you (second-person plural or second-person singular polite object pronoun)
- c. 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:
  qant je vos voi de tel meniere
  when I see you in such a state

Descendants

Middle French: vous
- French: vous
  - Haitian Creole: ou
  - Louisiana Creole: vou
Walloon: vos

Old Occitan

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronoun

vos

you (plural or polite form)

Descendants

Occitan: vos

Piedmontese

Alternative forms

vus

Etymology

From Latin vōx.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vus/

Noun

vos f (plural vos)

voice

Portuguese

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *yúHsder.

Proto-Italic *wōs

Latin vōs

Portuguese vos

Inherited from Latin vōs.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /vus/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /vuʃ/
- (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /vos/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /vuʃ/
- (Northern Portugal) IPA^(key): /buʃ/

Audio (Portugal (Porto)): (file)
Hyphenation: vos

Pronoun

vos

objective of vós
É por isso que vos digo que...
That is why I tell you (all) that...

Sardinian

Alternative forms

bos

Etymology

From Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“you”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bos/, /vos/ (in certain Nuorese towns)

Pronoun

vos (possessive vostru)

you (plural), ye
Synonyms: vois, vosateros

Slovene

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ǫsъ. First attested in the 18th century.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʋóːs/

Noun

vọ̑s m inan

(obsolete) hair
(obsolete) moustache

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (“you, plural”), from Old Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbos/ [ˈbos]
Rhymes: -os
Syllabification: vos

Pronoun

vos

(Rioplatense, Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Central America, Chiapas, Zulia, parts of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and the Philippines) you, familiar form of the second-person singular pronoun
Synonym: tú

¿Cómo te va? Bien, ¿y vos?
How are you? Good, and you?
(archaic) an elevated form of you, either singular or plural
Vos, doña Juana, sois caritativa.
You, Doña Juana, are charitable.

Usage notes

In Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, tú is almost completely replaced with vos.
In the other highlighted countries, the use of vos alternates with tuteo in more formal situations.
In Nicaragua, tú is only occasionally used.
In Colombia, vos is used in the Paisa region and in the Valle del Cauca, La Guajira, Nariño, southern Cauca, northern Tolima, and northern Cesar departments.

Derived terms

Descendants

Chavacano: vos (vulgar)

Walloon

Etymology

Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vōs (“you, plural”), from Proto-Italic *wōs.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɔ/

Pronoun

vos

you (singular)
you (plural)

Synonyms

(plural): vozôtes

[1] Derksen, Rick (2015), “vos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510

[1]

	person	subject	object	possessive
singular	first	yo	conmigo	de mio mio
	second	tu usted vos	contigo con usted con vos	de tuyo de usted de vos tuyo
	third	ele	con ele	de suyo suyo
plural	first	nosotros nisos mihotro motro	con nosotros	de nosotros
	first inclusive	kita	kanaton konaton	de aton
	first exclusive	kame	kanamon konamon	de amon
	second	kamo ustedes vosotros	kaninyo con ustedes	de inyo de ustedes de vosotros
	third	sila ellos esos	kanila con ellos	de ila

			nominative	dative	accusative	disjunctive
singular	first person		ei	me, -mi		mi
	second person		tú	te, -ti		ti
	third person	m	el	le, -li	u^LV, o^M	el
	third person	f	ela	le, -li	a	ela
plural	first person	common	nos	mus^L nus^LV nos, -nus^M		nos
		m	noshotrus^M			noshotrus^M
		f	noshotras^M			noshotras^M
	second person	common	vos	vus^LV vos, -vus^M		vos
		m	voshotrus^M			voshotrus^M
		f	voshotras^M			voshotras^M
	third person	m	elis	le, -li	us^LV, os^M	elis
	third person	f	elas	le, -li	as	elas
third person reflexive			—	se, -si		sí

		first	second	third			reflexive	first	second	third			reflexive
		singular						plural
		first	second	m	f	n	reflexive	first	second	m	f	n	reflexive
nominative		egō̆	tū	is	ea	id	—	nōs	vōs	eī iī	eae	ea	—
genitive	objective	meī mīs¹	tuī tīs¹	eius			suī	nostrī	vestrī vostrī¹	eōrum eum	eārum	eōrum eum	suī
genitive	partitive	meī mīs¹	tuī tīs¹	eius			suī	nostrum	vestrum vostrum¹	eōrum eum	eārum	eōrum eum	suī
dative		mihī̆ mī	tibī̆	eī			sibī̆	nōbīs	vōbīs	eīs			sibī̆
accusative		mē mēmē²⁺³ mēd¹	tē tētē²⁺³ tēd¹	eum	eam	id	sē sēsē²	nōs	vōs	eōs	eās	ea	sē sēsē²
ablative		mē mēmē²⁺³ mēd¹	tē tētē²⁺³ tēd¹	eō	eā	eō	sē sēsē²	nōbīs	vōbīs	eīs			sē sēsē²
vocative		egō̆	tū	—				nōs	vōs	—

number	person		nominative (subject)	accusative (direct object)	dative (indirect object)	prepositional	prepositional with com	non-declining
singular	first		eu	me		mim	comigo	—
	second		tu	te		ti	contigo	você o senhor m a senhora f
	third	m	ele	o (lo, no)	lhe	ele	com ele	o mesmo
	third	f	ela	a (la, na)	lhe	ela	com ela	a mesma
plural	first		nós	nos		nós	connosco (Portugal) conosco (Brazil)	a gente
	second		vós	vos		vós	convosco com vós	vocês os senhores m as senhoras f
	third	m	eles	os (los, nos)	lhes	eles	com eles	os mesmos
	third	f	elas	as (las, nas)	lhes	elas	com elas	as mesmas
reflexive third / indefinite			—	se		si	consigo	o mesmo etc. (reflexive)

				Nominative	Disjunctive	Dative	Accusative	Comitative
First-person	Singular			yo	mí	me		conmigo
	Plural	Masculine¹		nosotros		nos		—
	Plural	Feminine		nosotras		nos		—
Second-person	Singular	Tuteo		tú	ti	te		contigo
		Voseo		vos	—	te
		Formal²	Masculine¹	usted		le, se³	lo
		Formal²	Feminine	usted		le, se³	la
	Plural	Familiar⁴	Masculine¹	vosotros		os
		Familiar⁴	Feminine	vosotras		os
		Formal/general²	Masculine¹	ustedes		les, se³	los
		Formal/general²	Feminine	ustedes		les, se³	las
Third-person	Singular	Masculine¹		él		le, se³	lo
		Feminine		ella			la
		Neuter		ello⁵			lo
	Plural	Masculine¹		ellos		les, se³	los
	Plural	Feminine		ellas		les, se³	las
	Reflexive			—	sí	se		consigo

Afrikaans

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Aragonese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Synonyms

Catalan

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Usage notes

Declension

Further reading

Chavacano

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Derived terms

See also

Czech

Pronunciation

Noun

Danish

Pronoun

Dutch

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Derived terms

Descendants

Etymology 2

Verb

Further reading

Fala

Etymology

Pronoun

Usage notes

See also

References

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Pronoun

Derived terms

See also

References

French

Etymology

Pronunciation

Determiner

Related terms

Further reading

Galician

Pronoun

Icelandic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

References

Interlingua

Etymology

Pronoun

Ladino

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Latin

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Usage notes

Declension

Derived terms

Descendants

See also