os

See also: Appendix:Variations of "os"

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Translingual

Etymology

Clipping of English Ossetian.

Symbol

os

(international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Ossetian.

English

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin os (“a bone”).

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɒs/
Audio (Southern England): (file)
(General American) IPA^(key): /ɑs/
Rhymes: -ɒs

Noun

os (plural ossa)

(anatomy) Synonym of bone.
- 1749, Henry Fielding, “Containing the great Address of the Landlady; the great Learning of a Surgeon, and the solid Skill in Casuistry of the worthy Lieutenant”, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume III, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VII, page 109:
  I was once, I remember, called to a Patient, who had received a violent Contuſion in his Tibia, by which the exterior Cutis was lacerated, ſo that there was a profuſe ſanguinary Diſcharge; and the interior Membranes were ſo divellicated, that the Os or Bone very plainly appeared through the Aperture of the Vulnus or Wound.

Usage notes

Used in anatomical terminology (e.g., Terminologia Anatomica) and sometimes by doctors and surgeons in practice, but seldom used by medical laypeople.

Hyponyms

os breve (short bone)
os irregulare (irregular bone)
os longum (long bone)
os planum (flat bone)
os sesamoideum (sesamoid bone)

Derived terms

Translations

Bulgarian: кост (bg) f (kost)
Finnish: os (fi)
French: os (fr) m
German: Os (de)
Italian: osso (it) m
Spanish: hueso (es) m

Etymology 2

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ōs (“the mouth”).

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɒs/
Audio (Southern England): (file)
(General American) IPA^(key): /ɑs/
Rhymes: -ɒs

Noun

os (plural ora)

(anatomy, sometimes botany) An opening or entrance to a passage, particularly one at either end of the cervix, internal (to the uterus) or external (to the vagina).
Synonym: orifice
- 1891, Texas Medical Association, Transactions, volume 23, page 175:
  The instrument closed, as seen in Fig. 1, is then passed along the finger to the os, in and through the cervix up to the fundus of the uterus, which may be determined both by the distance and the resistance to the broad rounded head of the Capiat.
- 2009 July 6, Armen Takhtajan, Flowering Plants, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN:
  […] monocolpate (“unisulcate”) pollen grains still have a continuous aperture membrane devoid of special openings (ora) in the exine for the emergence of the pollen tube.

Translations

external end of the cervix

Finnish: kohdunnapukka

Etymology 3

Etymology tree

Swedish åsbor.

English os

Borrowed from Swedish ås.

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɒs/
Audio (Southern England): (file)
(General American) IPA^(key): /ɑs/
Rhymes: -ɒs

Noun

os (plural osar)

An osar or esker.

Etymology 4

Etymology tree

English o

Old English -as

Middle English -es

English -s

English os

From o + -s.

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /əʊz/
(General American) IPA^(key): /oʊz/
Rhymes: -əʊz

Noun

os

(rare) Alternative form of o's.

References

“os”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
“os”, in Merriam-Webster.com Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

Anagrams

SO, S/O, s.o., so, So, So., S&O, s/o, S.O.

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch os.

Noun

os (plural osse, diminutive ossie)

ox (castrated bull)

Derived terms

ossewa

Aragonese

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *lōs, from Latin illōs.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /os/
Syllabification: os
Rhymes: -os

Article

os m pl

the
Os lugars d'Aragón
The villages of Aragon

Usage notes

The form los, either pronounced as los or as ros, can be found after words ending with -o.
Some dialects use the form els, often shortened to es.

Aromanian

Alternative forms

osu

Etymology

From Latin ossum, from os. Compare Romanian os.

Noun

os n (plural oasi or oase)

bone

Derived terms

usos

Catalan

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Catalan os, from Latin ossum, non-standard variant of os.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈɔs]
Audio (Catalonia): (file)

Noun

os m (plural ossos)

bone

Derived terms

Related terms

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos

Proto-Italic *orsos

Latin ursus

Catalan os

Inherited from Latin ursus, from Proto-Italic *orsos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos. Compare French ours, Occitan ors, Spanish oso.

Alternative forms

ós (pre-2016)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈos]
Audio (Valencia): (file)
Rhymes: -os

Noun

os m (plural ossos, feminine ossa, feminine plural osses)

bear (mammal)

Derived terms

specific species of bear

other non-ursine mammals

other terms

all d'os

Related terms

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈos]

Noun

os

plural of o (“the letter O”)

Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse oss (“us”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔs/, [ʌs], [ɒ̽s]

Pronoun

os

us, objective of vi
(reflexive pronoun) ourselves
(pluralis majestatis) ourself

Etymology 2

Disputed. Cognate to Norwegian Nynorsk os, Swedish os. Maybe related to odør, ozon, and perhaps vind.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oːs/, [oːˀs]

Noun

os c (singular definite osen, not used in plural form)

Declension

Declension of os
common gender	singular
common gender	indefinite	definite
nominative	os	osen
genitive	os'	osens

Derived terms

References

“os” in Den Danske Ordbog

Verb

os

imperative of ose

Daur

Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *usun. Compare Mongolian ус (us).

Pronunciation

(Meilisi) IPA^(key): /ɔs/, [ɔs]

Noun

os

water
En osii ter nyadem waagw tunpund suree.
Please pour water into that washbowl.

Declension

Declension of os
	singular
nominative	os
genitive	osi, osig
dative–locative	osd
accusative	osi
ablative–comparative	oses
instrumental	oser
comitative	osti
terminative	[Term?]
equative	osche
adessive	osete
addessive + ablative	osetes
addessive + instrumental	[Term?]

References

Henry G. Schwarz, The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey (1984), page 140: 'water' Daur os

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch osse, from Old Dutch *osso, earlier *ohso, from Proto-Germanic *uhsô.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔs/
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: os
Rhymes: -ɔs

Noun

os m (plural ossen, diminutive osje n)

ox (castrated bull)

Derived terms

Descendants

Afrikaans: os
Negerhollands: os

Fala

Alternative forms

us (Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu)

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Latin illōs.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /os/
Rhymes: -os
Syllabification: os

Article

os m pl (singular o, feminine a, feminine plural as)

(Mañegu) Masculine plural definite article; the
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:
  En esti territorio se han assentau, en os anus que se indican, os habitantis siguientis:
  In this territory there were living, in the years specified, the following (amount of) inhabitants:

Pronoun

os

(Mañegu) Third person plural masculine accusative pronoun; them

References

Valeš, Miroslav (2021), Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎^[3], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN, page 212

French

Etymology

Inherited from Middle French os, from Old French os, from Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

Pronunciation

(singular) IPA^(key): /ɔs/
- Audio (France (Paris)): (file)
- Rhymes: -ɔs

Further audio links

Audio (France): (file)
Audio (France (Toulouse)): (file)
Audio (France (Vosges)): (file)
Audio (France (Grenoble)): (file)
Audio (France (Vosges)): (file)
Audio (France (Vosges)): (file)
Audio (France (Hérault)): (file)
Audio (France (Lyon)): (file)
Audio (France (Massy)): (file)
Audio (Switzerland (Valais)): (file)

(plural) IPA^(key): /o/
- Rhymes: -o
- Homophones: au, aulx, aux, eau, eaux, ho, o, ô, oh (general), haut, hauts (aspirated)
After consonants other than /z/, the plural may alternatively be pronounced like the singular (cf. the same in œufs).
Colloquially, some speakers use the hybrid form /os/ for both singular and plural.

Noun

os m (invariable)

bone
Le chien a enterré un os.
The dog buried a bone.
(informal) snag, hitch
Synonyms: hic, accroc, anicroche

Il y a un os. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms

Anagrams

SO

Galician

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Vulgar Latin *los, from Latin illōs, accusative plural of ille (“that”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈos/ [ˈʊs̺]
Rhymes: -os
Hyphenation: os

Article

os m pl (masculine singular o, feminine singular a, feminine plural as)

(definite) the
Libros que encerran os fondos secretos da cencia.
Books that contain the secret treasures of science.

Usage notes

The definite article o (in all its forms) regularly forms contractions when it follows the prepositions a (“to”), con (“with”), de (“of, from”), and en (“in”). For example, con os ("with the") contracts to cos, and en os ("in the") contracts to nos.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronoun

os

accusative of eles

Guinea-Bissau Creole

Etymology

From Portuguese osso. Cognate with Kabuverdianu osu.

Noun

os

bone

Iberian

Etymology

Can be compared to Proto-Basque *oso (“whole, complete”) and to Basque oso.

Adjective

os

whole
great

References

Villamor, Fernando (2020) A basic dictionary and grammar of the Iberian language

Irish

Pronunciation

(Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /ɔsˠ/
(Ulster) IPA^(key): /ɞsˠ/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish oss, from Proto-Celtic *uxsū, from Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn (“bull”).

Noun

os m (genitive singular ois, nominative plural ois)

(literary) deer
Synonym: fia

Declension

Declension of os (first declension)

bare forms
	singular	plural
nominative	os	ois
vocative	a ois	a osa
genitive	ois	os
dative	os	ois

forms with the definite article
	singular	plural
nominative	an t-os	na hois
genitive	an ois	na n-os
dative	leis an os don os	leis na hois

Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Old Irish úas, ós, from Proto-Celtic *ouxsos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewps-.

Preposition

os (plus dative, triggers no mutation)

over, above

Derived terms

Mutation

Mutated forms of os
radical	eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
os	n-os	hos	t-os

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Istro-Romanian

Etymology

From Latin ossum, from os.

Noun

os n (plural ose, definite singular osu, definite plural osele)

bone

Latin

ōs

Click on labels in the image.

Etymology 1

Latin Wikipedia has an article on:

os (anatomia oris)

Wikipedia ^la

From Proto-Italic *ōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os. Cognates include Hittite 𒀀𒄿𒅖 (aiš), Sanskrit आस् (ās), Old Irish á, Old English ōr.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈoːs]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɔs]

Noun

ōs n (genitive ōris); third declension

mouth
Synonym: bucca

Hyponyms: buccula, ōsculum
- 8 CE – 12 CE, Ovidius, Tristia 1.2.35–36:
  opprimet hanc animam flūctūs, frūstrāque precantī
  ōre necātūrās accipiēmus aquās
  Waves will crush this life, and just as I am uselessly praying, by mouth we will swallow waters soon to destroy us.
  (The poet laments his storm-tossed sea voyage to exile.)
- Genesis, Vulgate 8.11:
  at illa venit ad eum ad vesperam portans ramum olivae virentibus foliis in ore suo intellexit ergo Noe quod cessassent aquae super terram
  But it came to him in the evening carrying a green-leaved olive branch in its mouth, therefore Noah understood that the waters above the land were coming to an end.
(transferred sense) (in general) head or face
Synonym: caput

Synonyms: (Vulgar Latin) cara, faciēs, frōns, vultus

ad aliquem ora convertere ― to turn the head or face towards someone
- 70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem 2.4.124:
  Gorgonis os pulcherrimum cinctum anguibus revellit atque abstulit, […]
  1856 translation by Charles Duke Yonge
  […] he tore off and took away a very fine head of the Gorgon with snakes for hair;
- c. 117 CE, Tacitus, Annales 1.61:
  adiacebant fragmina telorum equorumque artus, simul truncis arborum antefixa ora.
  1864–1877 translation by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb
  Near, lay fragments of weapons and limbs of horses, and also human heads, prominently nailed to trunks of trees.
(transferred sense) (in general) facial features, countenance, appearance
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.328–329:
  “[...] Sī quis mihi parvulus aulā / lūderet Aenēās, quī tē tamen ōre referret, [...].”
  “If [only] for me someone were playing in the hall – a little Aeneas – who, although [lizards were gone], would recall lizards by his appearance, [...].”
(poetic) speech
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 2.423:
  […] primi clipeos mentitaque tela / adgnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant.
  1697 translation by John Dryden
  They first observe, and to the rest betray, / Our diff'rent speech; our borrow'd arms survey.
mouth, lips, opening, entrance, aperture, orifice
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.659–660:
  Dīxit et ōs impressa torō, [...] / ait [...].
  [Dido] spoke and, having pressed her lips upon the bed, cried out: [...].
  (Although many translations have Dido bury her “face” in the “couch,” still others convey the symbolism of a farewell kiss. See: Fitzgerald, 1981: “And here she kissed the bed”; Ruden, 2021: “She kissed the bed”.)
beak of a ship
edge of a sword

This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes, then please add them!

Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

	singular	plural
nominative	ōs	ōra
genitive	ōris	ōrum
dative	ōrī	ōribus
accusative	ōs	ōra
ablative	ōre	ōribus
vocative	ōs	ōra

Derived terms

Descendants

→ English: os

Etymology 2

Latin Wikipedia has an article on:

Os (anatomia ossis)

Wikipedia ^la

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst. Cognates include Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon), Sanskrit अस्थि (asthi) and Old Armenian ոսկր (oskr).

Alternative forms

ossum, ossu, ossua

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈɔs]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɔs]

Noun

os n (genitive ossis); third declension

(literal, anatomy) bone
(figurative) bone as a metaphor for something deep within the body or frame, one’s innermost being or feeling, a generalized physical presence more than a specific anatomical location
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.100-101:
  “[...] Habēs tōtā quod mente petīstī:
  ārdet amāns Dīdō, trāxitque per ossa furōrem.”
  [Juno says to Venus:] “You have what you sought with all your heart: Dido burns [with] love, and it has drawn the passion through her bones.”
- Anonymous, Regula Magistri:
  ipsorum ore respondent se lassis post viam ossibus non posse de lecto surgere
  By the same mouth they respond that, due to their weary bones after travel, it is not possible to arise from bed.
1. (transferred sense) hard or innermost part of trees or fruits; heartwood
(figurative) bones, framework or outline of a discourse

This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes, then please add them!

Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, i-stem).

	singular	plural
nominative	os	ossa ossua
genitive	ossis	ossium ossuum
dative	ossī	ossibus
accusative	os	ossa ossua
ablative	osse	ossibus
vocative	os	ossa ossua

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Almost all descendants are derived via a popular variant ossum.

Descendants

Aragonese: güeso
Aromanian: os
Asturian: güesu
Catalan: os
Corsican: ossu
Dalmatian: vuas
Emilian: òs
Franco-Provençal: ôs
French: os
Friulian: vues
Istriot: uosso
Istro-Romanian: os
Italian: osso
Megleno-Romanian: uos
Mirandese: uosso
Occitan: òs
Old Galician-Portuguese: osso
- Fala: osu
- Galician: óso
- Portuguese: osso
Piedmontese: òss
Romanian: os
Romansh: ies, oss
Sardinian: ossu
Sicilian: ossu
Spanish: hueso, (dialectal) vueso, güeso
Venetan: oso
→ English: os

References

“ōs”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ŏs”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ōs”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
“os”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
“os”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette, page 1095.
"os", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[4], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to praise a man to his face: aliquem coram, in os or praesentem laudare
- to be in every one's mouth: in ore omnium or omnibus (hominum or hominibus, but only mihi, tibi, etc.) esse
- to harp on a thing, be always talking of it: in ore habere aliquid (Fam. 6. 18. 5)
- physics; natural philosophy: physica (-orum) (Or. 34. 119); philosophia naturalis
- logic, dialectic: dialectica (-ae or -orum) (pure Latin disserendi ratio et scientia)
- all agree on this point: omnes (uno ore) in hac re consentiunt
- unanimously: una voce; uno ore
- mathematics: mathematica (-ae) or geometria (-ae), geometrica (-orum) (Tusc. 1. 24. 57)
- arithmetic: arithmetica (-orum)
- arithmetic: numeri (-orum)
- no word escaped him: nullum verbum ex ore eius excidit (or simply ei)
- maintain a devout silence (properly, utter no ill-omened word): favete ore, linguis = εὐφημειτε
- to talk of a subject which was then the common topic of conversation: in eum sermonem incidere, qui tum fere multis erat in ore
- (ambiguous) to draw every one's eyes upon one: omnium oculos (et ora) ad se convertere
- (ambiguous) to be in every one's mouth: per omnium ora ferri
- (ambiguous) to be a subject for gossip: in ora vulgi abire
Dizionario Latino italiano, Olivetti

Middle English

Pronoun

os

alternative form of us

Middle French

Etymology

Inherited from Old French os, from Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

Noun

os m (plural os)

bone

Descendants

French: os

Middle Low German

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /œs/

Pronoun

ös

(personal pronoun, dative, accusative) alternative form of uns

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /uːs/

Etymology 1

From Old Norse óss. Same as Latin os.

Noun

os m or n (definite singular osen or oset, indefinite plural osar or os, definite plural osane or osa)

an outlet, estuary, river mouth (where a river runs out of a lake, or enters a lake or the ocean)

Etymology 2

Unknown. Cognate to Danish os, Swedish os.

Noun

os m (definite singular osen, indefinite plural osar, definite plural osane)

to fume, smoke
to reek, malodorousness

Derived terms

ose

Etymology 3

Pronoun

os

obsolete spelling of oss
- 1770, Edvard Storm, “Guten aa Jenta paa Fjøshjellen”, in Den fyrste morgonblånen, Oslo: Novus, published 1990, page 233:
  Dæmæ venda os aat Bygden
  thus we turn towards the village

Etymology 4

Verb

os

past tense of ase
imperative of ose

Old Czech

Alternative forms

osě, osa (later)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-?

Proto-Indo-European *-os

Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-

Proto-Indo-European *-is

Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśís

Proto-Slavic *osь

Old Czech os

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈos/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈos/

Noun

os f

axis, shaft
- 15th century, Alexandreida, zlomek svatovítský:
  Tu kořist vzkladú na koně,
  každý kóň pojide stóně.
  Vztřěštěchu osi i kola,
  nebo jim kořist odola.
  They put the booty on the horses,
  every horse rode moaning.
  The shafts as well as wheels cracked
  because the booty overpowered them.

Declension

Declension of os (i-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	os	osi	osi
genitive	osi	ośú	osí
dative	osi	osma	osem
accusative	os	osi	osi
vocative	osi	osi	osi
locative	osi	ośú	osech
instrumental	ośú	osma	osmi

This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.

Descendants

Czech: osa

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ansu, from Proto-Germanic *ansuz (“god, deity”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ems- (“engender, beget”). Cognate with Old Norse áss.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oːs/
Rhymes: -oːs

Noun

ōs m

a god
1. the runic character ᚩ (/o(ː)/)

Usage notes

The genitive plural ēsa (attested in ēsa ġesċot “the shot of the ēse”) and names such as Esegar display i-mutation, despite being a u-stem. This is likely a fossilization from an earlier stage between Proto-West Germanic *ansu and early Old English *ons, in which i-mutation was applied to the attested declined forms due to the word’s archaic meaning, rather than its active usage.
The nominative plural likely had the same process from above applied to it as well, in the form of *ēse.
Both i-mutated, and typically-expected forms for each affected declension are provided in the table below:

Declension

Strong u-stem, irregular:

	singular	plural
nominative	ōs	ēse, ōsa
accusative	ōs	*ōsa
genitive	*ōsa	ēsa, *ōsa
dative	ēse, *ōsa	*ōsum

Derived terms

Synonyms

god

Etymology 2

Potentially from a Proto-West Germanic *ōs, Proto-Germanic *ōsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os (“mouth”), or from Latin ōs (“the mouth”). Only found in the Old English rune poem, which is analog to Old Norse runology, where the rune ᚬ (/o(ː)/) later on had the cognate name óss, Middle Norwegian ōs, Old Swedish ōs (“inlet”).

Noun

ōs m

(rare) a mouth
1. alternative sense for the runic character ᚩ (/o(ː)/)
  - 9th c., The Old English rune poem:
    ᚩ (os) byþ ordfruma ǣlcre sprǣċe, wīsdōmes wraþu and witena frōfur and eorla gehwām ēasnys and tōhiht.
    ᚩ (mouth) is is the source of every language, Wisdom's support and consolation for the wise; Happiness and hope for every earl.

Old French

Etymology

From Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔs/

Noun

os oblique singular, m (oblique plural os, nominative singular os, nominative plural os)

bone

Descendants

Middle French: os
- French: os

Old Irish

Alternative forms

as, es, is (aberrant Würzburg forms)

Etymology

Hamp derives this from Proto-Celtic *sonts, plural *sontes (whence ot); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sónts.^[1] Copular origin explains the use of independent subject pronouns with this conjunction, which otherwise are usually used with the copula is.

A more traditional theory, assumed by Pedersen and Thurneysen among others, supposes that this is a contraction of ocus (“and”), with the apparent copular behaviour being analogical.^[2]

Conjunction

os (third-person plural ot)

disjunctive conjunction

Usage notes

The conjunction takes on the form ot when used with the third-person plural pronoun é and os elsewhere.

Descendants

Middle Irish: os

References

^ Hamp, Eric P. (1978), “Varia II”, in Ériu‎^[1], volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN, →JSTOR, retrieved 27 August 2022, pages 149–154
^ García Castillero, Carlos (2013), “OLD IRISH TONIC PRONOUNS AS EXTRACLAUSAL CONSTITUENTS”, in Ériu‎^[2], volume 63, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN Invalid ISSN, →JSTOR, pages 1–39

Old Saxon

Noun

os m

alternative form of as

Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɔs/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɔs
Syllabification: os
Homophone: oz

Noun

os f

genitive plural of osa
Synonym: ós

Portuguese

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Vulgar Latin *los, from Latin illōs.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /us/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /uʃ/
- (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /os/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /uʃ/

Hyphenation: os

Article

os

masculine plural of o
- 2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 546:
  Está na hora de testarmos os nossos talentos no mundo real, você não acha?
  It's time to test the talents of ours in the real world, don't you think?
- 2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 308:
  Você notou os cabelos dela, são negros e brilhantes e macios...
  You noticed her hair (“her hairs”), it's dark and brilliant and soft...
- 2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 373:
  Devíamos fechar os olhos dele.
  We should close his eyes (“the eyes of him”).

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:o.

Pronoun

os

third-person plural direct objective personal pronoun; them
Synonyms: (indirect objective) lhes, eles, (prepositional) elas

Encontrei-os na rua.
I met them at the street.

Usage notes

Becomes -los after verb forms ending in -r, -s, or -z, the pronouns nos and vos, and the adverb eis; the ending letter causing the change disappears.
After ver: Posso vê-los? ― May I see them?

After pôs: Pô-los ali. ― He put them there.

After fiz: Fi-los ficarem contentes. ― I made them become happy.

After nos: Deu-no-los relutantemente. ― He gave them to us reluctantly.

After eis: Ei-los! ― Behold them!
Becomes -nos after a nasal diphthong: -ão, -am [ɐ̃w̃], -õe [õj̃], -em, -êm [ẽj̃].
Detêm-nos como prisioneiros. ― They detain them as prisoners.
In Brazil it is being abandoned in favor of the nominative form eles.
Eu os vi. → Eu vi eles. ― I saw them.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:os.

Descendants

→ Ambonese Malay: os

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈɔs/, /ˈos/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈɔʃ/, /ˈoʃ/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈɔʃ/, /ˈoʃ/

Hyphenation: os

Noun

os m

plural of o

Romagnol

Noun

os m (invariable) (Bassa Romagna)

door

Romanian

Etymology

Inherited from Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, from Proto-Italic *ōs, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

Compare Catalan os, French os, Italian osso, Portuguese osso, Sardinian ossu, Spanish hueso.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈos/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -os

Noun

os n (plural oase)

bone

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	os	osul	oase	oasele
genitive-dative	os	osului	oase	oaselor
vocative	osule		oaselor

Related terms

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology 1

From Old Irish ós, úas (“above, over”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔs̪/

Preposition

os (+ dative, no mutation)

(obsolete) over, above

Usage notes

Now used only in the compounds listed below.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Eye-dialect spelling of ars.

Verb

os

alternative form of arsa used before vowels
"Ial, ial," os a' chailleach ― "Ial, ial," said the old woman

Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia has an article on:

os

Wikipedia ^sh

Alternative forms

ȏsa (Bosnia, Serbia)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ôːs/

Noun

ȏs f (Cyrillic spelling о̑с)

(Croatia) axis

Declension

Declension of os
	singular	plural
nominative	ȏs	ȏsi
genitive	ȏsi	ósī
dative	osi	osima
accusative	os	osi
vocative	osi	osi
locative	osi	osima
instrumental	osi	osima

Slovak

Slovak Wikipedia has an article on:

os

Wikipedia ^sk

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-?

Proto-Indo-European *-os

Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-

Proto-Indo-European *-is

Proto-Balto-Slavic *aśís

Proto-Slavic *osь

Slovak os

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔs/, [ˈɔs]
Rhymes: -ɔs

Noun

os f (relational adjective osový, diminutive oska or osička)

(geometry) axis
axle

Declension

Declension of os
(pattern *kosť*)
	singular	plural
nominative	os	osi
genitive	osi	osí
dative	osi	osiam
accusative	os	osi
locative	osi	osiach
instrumental	osou	osami

Slovene

Slovene Wikipedia has an article on:

os

Wikipedia ^sl

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *osь.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /óːs/

Noun

ọ̑s f

axis (geometry: imaginary line)

Declension

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Feminine, i-stem, long mixed accent
nom. sing.	ós
gen. sing.	osí
	singular	dual	plural
nominative (imenovȃlnik)	ós	osí	osí
genitive (rodȋlnik)	osí	osí	osí
dative (dajȃlnik)	ôsi	oséma	osém
accusative (tožȋlnik)	ós	osí	osí
locative (mẹ̑stnik)	ôsi	oséh	oséh
instrumental (orọ̑dnik)	osjó	oséma	osmí

Slovincian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *asi

Slovincian os

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *asi.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɔs/
Rhymes: -ɔs
Syllabification: os

Conjunction

os

and

Sougb

Verb

os

hold

Declension

Inflection of os
subject			simple	irrealis	instrumental	irrealis instrumental
singular	first-person		dos	demos	daos	demaos
	second-person		bos	bemos	baos	bemaos
	third-person		os	emos	aos	emaos
dual	first-person	exclusive	amos	amamos	amaos	amamaos
	first-person	inclusive	nos	namos	naos	namaos
	second-person		yos	yamos	yaos	yamaos
	third-person		los	lamos	laos	lamaos
plural	first-person	exclusive	emos	ememos	emaos	ememaos
	first-person	inclusive	mos	mamos	maos	mamaos
	second-person		yos	yemos	yaos	yemaos
	third-person		los	lemos	laos	lemaos

References

A Grammar Sketch of Sougb, in Languages of the Eastern Bird's Head (2002)

Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (pronoun) /os/ [os]
- Homophone: (Latin America) hoz
IPA^(key): (interjection) /ˈos/ [ˈos]
Rhymes: -os
Syllabification: os

Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin vōs (accusative), vōbīs (dative).

Pronoun

os

(Spain) you, to you, for you; dative and accusative of vosotros

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Interjection

os

alternative form of ox

Swedish

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)

Etymology 1

Disputed. Cognate to Danish os, Norwegian Nynorsk os. Possibly related to Latin odor, or alternatively Sanskrit वास (vāsa, “perfume”).

Noun

os n

(uncountable) fumes, vapors (with a particular odor and slightly suffocating, especially from cooking)
stekos
greasy [frying] fumes

Declension

Declension of os
		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	os	os
singular	definite	oset	osets
plural	indefinite	—	—
plural	definite	—	—

Related terms

osa

Etymology 2

From Old Norse óss.

Noun

os n

a river mouth; the place where a creek, stream or river enters into a lake

Declension

Declension of os
		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	os	os
singular	definite	oset	osets
plural	indefinite	os	os
plural	definite	osen	osens

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

indefinite genitive singular of o

References

“os”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
“os”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
“os”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)

Anagrams

SO, so

Volapük

Pronoun

os

(impersonal pronoun) it

Welsh

Etymology

o (“if”) +‎ -s (“him, her, it, them”)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔs/
Rhymes: -ɔs

Conjunction

os

if (used with factual conditionals, i.e., those that are considered likely or plausible)
Os ydw i’n iawn, yna mae wedi canu arnat ti.
If I’m right, then you’re done for.

White Hmong

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʔɒ˩/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Hmong-Mien *ʔap (“duck”), borrowed from Middle Chinese 鴨 (MC 'aep, “duck”).^[1]

Noun

os (classifier: tus)

a duck

Etymology 2

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Not mentioned by Ratliff at all. Probably a natural exclamation in the same vein as English eh.”

Interjection

os

a final emphatic particle, usually used to express sincerity
Nyob zoo os. ― Hello.

Tuaj os. ― You've come.

Noj mov os. ― Please eat.

References

Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979), White Hmong — English Dictionary‎^[6], SEAP Publications, →ISBN, page 4.

^ Ratliff, Martha (2010), Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 129; 280.

[Hamp_Varia-1] Hamp, Eric P. (1978), “Varia II”, in Ériu‎^[1], volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN, →JSTOR, retrieved 27 August 2022, pages 149–154

[Castillero_extraclausal-2] García Castillero, Carlos (2013), “OLD IRISH TONIC PRONOUNS AS EXTRACLAUSAL CONSTITUENTS”, in Ériu‎^[2], volume 63, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN Invalid ISSN, →JSTOR, pages 1–39

[3] Ratliff, Martha (2010), Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 129; 280.

[1]

[2]

[1]

Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	Possessive
Number	Person	Type	Nominative	Oblique	common	neuter	plural
Singular	First	–	jeg	mig	min	mit	mine
	Second	modern / informal	du	dig	din	dit	dine
	Second	formal (uncommon)	De	Dem	Deres
	Third	masculine (person)	han	ham	hans
		feminine (person)	hun	hende	hendes
		common (noun)	den		dens
		neuter (noun)	det		dets
		indefinite	man	en	ens
		reflexive	–	sig	sin	sit	sine
Plural	First	modern	vi	os	vores
	First	archaic / formal	vi	os	vor	vort	vore
	Second	–	I	jer	jeres
	Third	–	de	dem	deres
	Third	reflexive	–	sig	deres

			nominative	dative	accusative	disjunctive
singular	first person		ei	me, -mi		mi
	second person		tú	te, -ti		ti
	third person	m	el	le, -li	u^LV, o^M	el
	third person	f	ela	le, -li	a	ela
plural	first person	common	nos	mus^L nus^LV nos, -nus^M		nos
		m	noshotrus^M			noshotrus^M
		f	noshotras^M			noshotras^M
	second person	common	vos	vus^LV vos, -vus^M		vos
		m	voshotrus^M			voshotrus^M
		f	voshotras^M			voshotras^M
	third person	m	elis	le, -li	us^LV, os^M	elis
	third person	f	elas	le, -li	as	elas
third person reflexive			—	se, -si		sí

				Nominative	Disjunctive	Dative	Accusative	Comitative
First-person	Singular			yo	mí	me		conmigo
	Plural	Masculine¹		nosotros		nos		—
	Plural	Feminine		nosotras		nos		—
Second-person	Singular	Tuteo		tú	ti	te		contigo
		Voseo		vos	—	te
		Formal²	Masculine¹	usted		le, se³	lo
		Formal²	Feminine	usted		le, se³	la
	Plural	Familiar⁴	Masculine¹	vosotros		os
		Familiar⁴	Feminine	vosotras		os
		Formal/general²	Masculine¹	ustedes		les, se³	los
		Formal/general²	Feminine	ustedes		les, se³	las
Third-person	Singular	Masculine¹		él		le, se³	lo
		Feminine		ella			la
		Neuter		ello⁵			lo
	Plural	Masculine¹		ellos		les, se³	los
	Plural	Feminine		ellas		les, se³	las
	Reflexive			—	sí	se		consigo

	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Definite articles (the)	o	a	os	as
Indefinite articles (a, an, some)	un	unha	uns	unhas

Galician personal pronouns
number	person		nominative (subject)	accusative (direct object)	dative (indirect object)	prepositional	prepositional with con	non-declining
singular	first		eu	me		min	comigo	—
	second		ti	te	che	ti	contigo	vostede
	third	m	el	o (lo, no)	lle	el	con el	—
	third	f	ela	a (la, na)	lle	ela	con ela	—
plural	first		nós nosoutros m nosoutras f	nos		nós	connosco	—
	second		vós vosoutros m vosoutras f	vos		vós	convosco	vostedes
	third	m	eles	os (los, nos)	lles	eles	con eles	—
	third	f	elas	as (las, nas)	lles	elas	con elas	—
reflexive third / indefinite			—	se		si	consigo	—

Portuguese articles
	singular		plural
	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine
definite article (the)	o	a	os	as
indefinite article (a, an; some)	um	uma	uns	umas

Portuguese personal pronouns
number	person		nominative (subject)	accusative (direct object)	dative (indirect object)	prepositional	prepositional with com	non-declining
singular	first		eu	me		mim	comigo	—
	second		tu	te		ti	contigo	você o senhor m a senhora f
	third	m	ele	o (lo, no)	lhe	ele	com ele	o mesmo
	third	f	ela	a (la, na)	lhe	ela	com ela	a mesma
plural	first		nós	nos		nós	connosco (Portugal) conosco (Brazil)	a gente
	second		vós	vos		vós	convosco com vós	vocês os senhores m as senhoras f
	third	m	eles	os (los, nos)	lhes	eles	com eles	os mesmos
	third	f	elas	as (las, nas)	lhes	elas	com elas	as mesmas
reflexive third / indefinite			—	se		si	consigo	o mesmo etc. (reflexive)

Translingual

Etymology

Symbol

See also

English

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Usage notes

Hyponyms

Derived terms

Translations

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Translations

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Anagrams

Afrikaans

Etymology

Noun

Derived terms

Aragonese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Article

Usage notes

Aromanian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Noun

Derived terms

Catalan

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Related terms

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Related terms

Further reading

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Noun

Danish

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Pronoun

See also

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

References

Verb

Daur

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

References

Dutch

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

Fala