must

English

Pronunciation

• (weak form) IPA^(key): /məst/, /məs/
• (strong form) IPA^(key): /mʌst/

  • Audio (US):

    (file)

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

• (Northern England, strong form) IPA^(key): /mʊst/
• Homophones: mussed, musth
• Rhymes: -ʌst

Etymology 1

From Middle English moste ("must", literally, "had to", the past tense of Middle English moten (“to have to”)), from Old English mōste (“had to”), 1st & 3rd person singular past tense of mōtan (“to be allowed, be able to, have the opportunity to, be compelled to, must, may”), from Proto-Germanic *mōtaną. Cognate with Dutch moest (“had to”), German musste (“had to”), Swedish måste (“must, have to, be obliged to”). More at mote.

Alternative forms

• mus' (dialectal)

Verb

must (third-person singular simple present must, no present participle, simple past must, no past participle) (modal auxiliary, defective)

2. To do as a requirement; indicates that the sentence subject is required as an imperative or directive to execute the sentence predicate, with failure to do so resulting in a failure or negative consequence.

   You must arrive in class on time. (the requirement is an imperative)

   This door handle must be rotated fully. (the requirement is a directive, necessary to operate the handle.)

   Everybody told me I must stop worrying, but I couldn't, because I felt there must be something wrong.

   You really must come and see us soon, pal. - We'll see: I can borrow my dad's car, but I must bring it back before midnight.

   The physician said that I must / had to / would have to stop smoking.

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 9:6:

     Arise, and go into the city, and it shall be told thee what thou must do.

4. To do with certainty; indicates that the speaker is certain that the subject will have executed the predicate.

   If it has rained all day, it must be very wet outside.

   Where would you have put the keyring? You couldn’t have lost it again! - I must have, because it's nowhere to be found.

   I said it must be pretty late and I really must go.

   She's being taken to the police car now , so they must be going to arrest her.

6. Used to indicate that something is very likely, probable, or certain to be true.

   The children must be asleep by now.

   There's the doorbell. It must be Dad.

Usage notes

• (auxiliary, to do as a requirement): Compare with weaker auxiliary verb should, indicating mere intent for the predicate’s execution; and stronger auxiliary verb will, indicating that the negative consequence will be unusually severe.
• (auxiliary, to do with certainty): Compare with weaker auxiliary verb should, indicating a strong probability of the predicate’s execution.
• The past tense of “must” is also “must”. In main clauses, this use of the past tense is almost always literary (see King James Bible, Leiber, and Alcott quotations at Citations:must). In subordinate clauses, it is more common: I knew that he must come, but he never showed up. Otherwise, the past sense is usually conveyed by had to. It is possible to use was bound to for the past also. For this reason, have to and be bound to are also used as alternatives to must in the present and future.
• The principal verb, if easily supplied (especially go), may be omitted. In modern usage this is mainly literary (see Housman and Tolkien quotations at Citations:must).
• Must is unusual in its negation: must not still expresses a definite certainty or requirement. Need and have to, on the other hand, are negated in the usual manner. Compare:

You must not read that book. (It is necessary that you not read that book.)

You need not read that book. / You do not have to read that book. (It is not necessary that you read that book.).

Conjugation

Conjugation of must

infinitive	—
	present tense	past tense
1st-person singular	must, mote†	must
2nd-person singular	must, mote†, motest†
3rd-person singular	must, mote†
plural	must, mote†
subjunctive	must, mote†	must
imperative	—
participles	—

^† Archaic or obsolete.

Derived terms

• all good things must come to an end
• Assad must go curse
• Caesar's wife must be above suspicion
• cooler heads must prevail
• cool heads must prevail
• every dog must have his day
• every dog must have its day
• I must go
• I must love you and leave you
• I must say
• must-buy
• must get in front
• must-have
• must have been the wind
• must have killed a Chinaman
• must-learn
• must-link
• must-listening
• must-move
• must needs
• must-read
• must-try
• musturbation
• must watch
• must-win
• needs must
• needs must when the devil drives
• one must give to get
• there must be something in the water
• the show must go on
• the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must
• want must be one's master
• what goes up must come down
• you must be fun at parties
• you must be new here
• you must spoil before you spin

Translations

be required to — see also have to

• Afrikaans: moet (af)
• Aghwan: 𐔱𐔴𐕘𐔰 (beġa)
• Arabic: وَجَبَ (ar) (wajaba) (present tense: يَجِب (yajib)), يَتَحَتَّم (yataḥattam), يَلْزَم (yalzam), لَا بُدَّ (lā budda)

  Egyptian Arabic: (adjective) لازم (lāzim)

  North Levantine Arabic: (adjective) لَازِم

• Armenian: պետք է (petkʻ ē)
• Bashkir: тейеш (tejeş)
• Belarusian: му́сіць (músicʹ), (predicative) паві́нен m (pavínjen), паві́нна f or n (pavínna), паві́нны pl (pavínny)
• Bulgarian: тря́бва (bg) (trjábva)
• Burmese: ရ (my) (ra.)
• Catalan: deure (ca)
• Chinese:

  Hokkien: 著 (zh-min-nan) (tio̍h), 應該 / 应该 (zh-min-nan) (èng-kai / eng-kai)

  Mandarin: 應該 / 应该 (zh) (yīnggāi), 必須 / 必须 (zh) (bìxū)

• Czech: muset (cs)
• Dalmatian: dovar
• Danish: skulle (da)
• Dutch: moeten (nl)
• Esperanto: devi (eo)
• Estonian: pidama (et)
• Finnish: täytyä (fi)
• French: devoir (fr)
• Frisian:

  North Frisian: (Mooring) mötj, (Föhr-Amrum) skel, mut

  West Frisian: moatte

• Friulian: dovê
• Galician: deber (gl)
• Georgian: უნდა (unda)
• German: müssen (de)

  Alemannic German: müese

• Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (skulan), 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (þaurban)
• Greek: πρέπει (el) (prépei)
• Haitian Creole: dwe
• Hebrew: חַיָּב (he) m (ẖayyáv)
• Hindi: चाहिए (hi) (cāhie), पड़ना (hi) (paṛnā), (pattern: dative + verb + होना (hi) (honā)), होगा (hogā)
• Hungarian: kell (hu), muszáj (hu)
• Icelandic: verða (is)
• Ido: mustar (io)
• Indonesian: harus (id)
• Irish: caithfidh, is éigean, ní foláir, bí ar
• Italian: dovere (it)
• Japanese: ...なければならない (...nakereba naranai) (conditional negative form + "naranai"), ...なくてはいけない (ja) (...nakutewa ikenai) (conditional negative form + "ikenai"), ...ないと駄目だ (ja) (...nai to dame da) (conditional negative form + "dame da"), ...なきゃ (ja) (...nakya) (informal), ...なくちゃ (ja) (...nakucha) (informal)
• Khmer: ត្រូវ (km) (trəv)
• Korean: -어야 하다 (-eoya hada), -어야 되다 (-eoya doeda)
• Ladin: dovei
• Lao: ຕ້ອງ (tǭng)
• Latin: debeō (la), debere, (use a verb in the periphrastic conjugations) futurus sum (i must be), (use a verb in the periphrastic conjugations) servandus sum (i must save), obligor
• Latvian: please add this translation if you can
• Lithuanian: privalo
• Lü: ᦏᦱᧉ (ṫhaa²), ᦎᦸᧂᧉ (ṫoang²)
• Macedonian: мо́ра (móra)
• Malay: mesti
• Mongolian: ёстой (jostoj)
• Neapolitan: avé a
• Norwegian: måtte (no)
• Occitan: deure (oc)
• Old English: sċulan
• Old Saxon: motan
• Persian: باید (fa) (bâyad)
• Polish: musieć (pl) impf
• Portuguese: dever (pt)
• Romanian: trebui (ro)
• Romansh: stuair, stuer, stueir, stuvair
• Russian: (predicative) до́лжен (ru) m (dólžen), должна́ (ru) f (dolžná), должно́ (ru) n (dolžnó), должны́ (ru) pl (dolžný)
• Samoan: tatau (sm) lava
• Scots: maun
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: мо́рати

  Latin: mórati (sh)

• Slovak: musieť
• Slovene: morati (sl)
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: dejaś impf, musaś impf

  Upper Sorbian: dyrbjeć impf, (regional) musyć (hsb) impf

• Spanish: deber (es) (more common), deber de (less common)
• Sranan Tongo: musu
• Swahili: lazima (sw)
• Swedish: måste (sv)
• Tagalog: dapat
• Tamil: வேண்டும் (ta) (vēṇṭum)
• Thai: ต้อง (th) (dtɔ̂ng)
• Tok Pisin: mas (tpi)
• Tongan: pau
• Turkish: -meli (tr), -malı (tr), lazım olmak, gerek olmak
• Ukrainian: му́сити (uk) (músyty), (predicative) пови́нний (povýnnyj), пови́нен (povýnen)
• Urdu: چاہئے (cāhie), پڑنا (paṛnā), (pattern: dative + verb + ہونا (hōnā)), ہو گا (hogā)
• Vietnamese: phải (vi)
• Welsh: bod (cy) rhaid i + pronoun or noun, gorfod (cy)
• Yiddish: מוזן (muzn)
• Yup'ik: -naurte (verbal postbase)

said about something that is very likely, probable, or certain to be true

• Arabic: لَابُدَّ (lābudda)
• Catalan: deure (ca)
• Esperanto: sendube (eo) (adverb), certe (eo) (adverb), evidente (eo) (adverb)
• Finnish: täytyä (fi)
• French: devoir (fr)
• Hungarian: biztos (hu), bizonyára (hu), minden bizonnyal (hu), alighanem (hu), biztosan (hu), kétségkívül (hu), kétségtelenül (hu)
• Italian: dovere (it)
• Korean: -겠- (-get-), -을 것이다 (-eul geosida)
• Latin: certē (literally means "surely"; use present indicative)
• Persian: باید (fa) (bâyad)
• Polish: musieć (pl) impf
• Portuguese: dever (pt)
• Russian: должно́ быть (ru) (dolžnó bytʹ) (adverb), наве́рное (ru) (navérnoje)
• Spanish: deber de (more common), deber (es) (less common)
• Tamil: வேண்டும் (ta) (vēṇṭum)
• Welsh: bod (cy) rhaid bod (cy) + pronoun or noun

See also

• Appendix:English modal verbs
• Appendix:English tag questions

Noun

must (plural musts)

1. Something that is mandatory, required or recommended.

   Synonyms: imperative, necessity

   Antonym: no-no

   Hyponyms: must-do, must-have, must-see

   If you're trekking all day, a map is a must.

   • 1932, Helen Vinson, I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang:

     "There are no musts in my life - I'm free, white, and twenty-one."

Descendants

• → Dutch: must
• → French: must
• → Finnish: must

Translations

something mandatory

• Dutch: moetje (nl) n
• Finnish: pakko (fi), välttämättömyys (fi)
• French: must (fr) m, obligation (fr) m
• Galician: deber (gl)
• German: Muss (de) n
• Greek: αναγκαιότητα (el) f (anagkaiótita), υποχρέωση (el) f (ypochréosi)
• Italian: obbligo (it), dovere (it)
• Norwegian: krav n, must (no) n
• Plautdietsch: Muss m
• Polish: mus (pl) m inan
• Portuguese: dever (pt) m
• Russian: маст (ru) (mast)
• Swedish: måste (sv)
• Tamil: கட்டாயம் (ta) (kaṭṭāyam)
• Turkish: gereklilik (tr), zorunluluk (tr), olmazsa olmaz, şart (tr), koşul (tr), şıra (tr)

Etymology 2

From Middle English must, from Old English must and Old French must, most, both from Latin mustum.

Noun

must (countable and uncountable, plural musts)

1. The property of being stale or musty.
2. Something that exhibits the property of being stale or musty.
4. Fruit juice that will ferment or has fermented, usually from grapes.
   • c. 1874, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ovid in Exile:

     No sweet grape lies hidden here in the shade of its vine-leaves,
     No fermenting must fills and o'erflows the deep vats.

Derived terms

• must weight
• mustimeter

Translations

fruit juice that will ferment or has fermented, usually from grapes

• Afrikaans: mos
• Albanian: musht (sq) m
• Arabic: عَصِير m (ʕaṣīr)
• Armenian: մաճար (hy) (mačar) (slightly fermented, grapes)
• Aromanian: mustu
• Asturian: mostiu (ast) m
• Basque: muztio
• Bulgarian: шира (bg) f (šira)
• Catalan: most (ca) m
• Czech: mošt (cs) m
• Dutch: most (nl) m
• Esperanto: mosto
• Finnish: puristemehu
• French: moût (fr) m or mout (fr) m
• Friulian: most m
• Galician: mosto (gl) m
• German: Most (de) m
• Greek: μούστος (el) m (moústos)

  Ancient Greek: γλεῦκος n (gleûkos)

• Hebrew: תִּירוֹשׁ (he) m (tirósh)
• Hungarian: must (hu)
• Icelandic: berjalögur m
• Ido: mosto (io)
• Italian: mosto (it)
• Latin: mustum n
• Macedonian: шира f (šira)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: most (no) m

  Nynorsk: most m

• Old Tupi: kaûĩe'ẽ, kaûĩpyasu
• Persian: پوراب (purâb), مشتفشار (moštafšār) (archaic), باده (fa) (bāde)
• Polish: moszcz (pl) m inan
• Portuguese: mosto (pt) m
• Romanian: must (ro)
• Russian: муст (ru) m (must)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: мошт m

  Latin: mošt (sh) m

• Slovak: mušt (sk) m
• Slovene: mošt m
• Spanish: mosto (es) m
• Swedish: must (sv) c
• Turkish: şıra (tr)
• Venetan: mosto (vec) m
• Welsh: gwin newydd m, mwst m

Verb

must (third-person singular simple present musts, present participle musting, simple past and past participle musted)

1. (transitive) To make musty.
2. (intransitive) To become musty.

Further reading

• must on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Etymology 3

See musth.

Noun

must (countable and uncountable, plural musts)

1. Alternative spelling of musth.
   • 1871, Charles Darwin, “Secondary Sexual Characters of Mammals”, in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. […], volume II, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, Part II (Sexual Selection), page 240:

     No animal in the world is so dangerous as an elephant in must.

   • 1936, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], “Shooting an Elephant”, in Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays, London: Secker and Warburg, published 1950, →OCLC, pages 2–3:

     Early one morning the sub-inspector at a police station the other end of the town rang me up on the 'phone and said that an elephant was ravaging the bazaar. Would I please come and do something about it? […] It was not, of course, a wild elephant, but a tame one which had gone "must". It had been chained up, as tame elephants always are when their attack of "must" is due, but on the previous night it had broken its chain and escaped.

Anagrams

• UMTS, MTUs, tums, stum, smut, UTMs, UTMS, Stum

Dutch

Etymology

From English must, from Old English mōste, from the past tense of Proto-West Germanic *mōtan, whence native moeten.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mʏst/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

must m (plural musts, no diminutive)

1. a must (necessity, prerequisite)

   Synonym: moetje

   Een rijbewijs is een must als je taxichauffeur wil worden.

   A driver's license is a must if you want to be a taxi driver.

Estonian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmust/, [ˈmust]
• Rhymes: -ust
• Hyphenation: must

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *musta. Cognate with Finnish musta, Veps must and Livonian mustā. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *mus-ta-, compare Norwegian Bokmål must (“steam, fume, mist”).

Adjective

must (genitive musta, partitive musta, comparative mustem, superlative kõige mustem or mustim)

1. black (color)

   Antonym: valge

   Lindude sulestik on must, aga tiibadel märkame valget laiku.

   The plumage of the birds is black, but you can notice a white spot on the wings.

2. Dark, without light, illumination (and poorly visible).

   Synonym: pime

   Mustad sügisööd.

   Dark autumn nights.

   1. Without snow.

      Maa on must ja kelgutada ei saa.

      The ground is without snow and you can't go sledding.

3. Having dark skin.

   Synonym: mustanahaline

   Must poiss muudkui naeris.

   The black kid kept laughing.

4. Dirty, unclean, full of garbage and/or grime.

   Synonym: räpane

   Mu riided said mustaks ja pidin neid pesema.

   My clothes became dirty and I had to wash them.

   1. Not requiring special skills, making something or someone dirty.

      Hauakaevaja must töö.

      The dirty job of a gravedigger.

5. Grim, dreary, hopeless, without any (good) solution.

   Meeleolu on must.

   The mood around here is dark.

   1. Illegal, unofficial, disgraceful.

      Kartsin, et mu mustad teod tulevad päevavalgele.

      I feared, that my dark acts will come to light.

Declension

Declension of must (ÕS type 22i/külm, length gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		must	mustad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	musta
genitive			mustade
partitive		musta	musti mustasid
illative		musta mustasse	mustadesse mustisse
inessive		mustas	mustades mustis
elative		mustast	mustadest mustist
allative		mustale	mustadele mustile
adessive		mustal	mustadel mustil
ablative		mustalt	mustadelt mustilt
translative		mustaks	mustadeks mustiks
terminative		mustani	mustadeni
essive		mustana	mustadena
abessive		mustata	mustadeta
comitative		mustaga	mustadega

Derived terms

nouns

• mustand
• mustik
• mustlane
• mustu
• mustus

adjectives

• mustakas
• mustjas

adverbs

• mustalt

verbs

• mustama
• mustendama
• mustenema
• mustuma

phrases

• läbi mustade prillide
• must auk
• must belladonna
• must hobune
• must huumor
• must jää
• must kadedus
• must karp
• must kass on läbi jooksnud
• must kassa
• must kast
• must katk
• must kilt
• must kohv
• must komöödia
• must kuld
• must kääbus
• must lammas
• must leib
• must lepp
• must lesk
• must luik
• must maagia
• must mamba
• Must Mander
• must masendus
• must materjal
• must metall
• must metallurgia
• must missa
• must muusika
• must nagu muri
• must nimekiri
• must notsu
• must number
• must päev
• must raha
• must reede
• must riis
• must safian
• must stsenaarium
• must surm
• must sõstar
• must tee
• must turg
• must valgel
• must vöö
• musta ega valget
• musta kasti meetod
• musta luige sündmus
• musta pesu pesema
• musta raha pesemine
• musta valgeks rääkima
• musta valgeks tegema
• mustad jõulud
• mustad päevad
• mustade käte haigus
• mustades toonides
• mustades värvides
• nii et maa must
• närv läheb mustaks
• närv on must
• närvi mustaks ajama
• silme ees läheb mustaks
• silme eest läheb mustaks
• uus must

Compounds

• aniliinmust
• eebenmust
• hahkmust
• hallikasmust
• haudmust
• kaarenmust
• kiiskavmust
• kirbumust
• koeramust
• kollakasmust
• kroommust
• kärbsemust
• kübaramust
• küünemust
• lambamust
• lillakasmust
• linnumust
• läikivmust
• maakemust
• mattmust
• muldmust
• nõgimust
• pigimust
• pruunikasmust
• punakasmust
• punamust
• rohekasmust
• rohemust
• ronkmust
• roppmust
• sametmust
• sinakasmust
• sinikasmust
• sinimust
• sinkjasmust
• sitikmust
• suitsmust
• säravmust
• sügavmust
• sünkjasmust
• sünkmust
• süsimust
• tahmmust
• tintmust
• tontmust
• trükimust
• tuhmmust
• tumemust
• tõrvmust
• tökatmust
• violetjasmust
• öömust

• must-harksaba
• must-kärbsenäpp
• must-raisakotkas
• must-toonekurg
• must-valge
• mustahabemeline
• mustajuukseline
• mustakirju
• mustakulmuline
• mustamarjaline
• mustanahaline
• mustasajaline
• mustasilmaline
• mustasilmne
• mustatööline
• mustavee-
• mustaverd
• mustavuntsiline
• mustavõitu
• mustjuur
• mustkate
• mustkesa
• mustkiirgur
• mustkunst
• mustkunstnik
• mustkusesus
• mustkärbsenäpp
• mustköömen
• mustlagi
• mustlagle
• mustleemur
• mustluik
• mustmetall
• mustmiljon
• mustmuld
• mustmädanik
• mustnina
• mustpea
• mustplekk
• mustpõrand
• mustroheline
• mustrott
• musträhn
• musträstas
• mustsada
• mustsadalane
• mustsajaline
• mustsõstar
• mustsärklane
• musttihane
• musttoonekurg
• musttuhat
• mustvaeras
• mustvalge
• mustvalgel
• mustvares
• mustviires

See also

Colors in Estonian · värvid (layout · text)

valge	hall	must
punane; karmiinpunane	oranž; pruun	kollane; kreem
laimiroheline, kollakasroheline	roheline	mündiroheline; tumeroheline
tsüaansinine, rohekassinine; sinakasroheline, siniroheline	taevasinine, taevassinine	sinine
lilla, violetne; potisinine, indigosinine	fuksia, magentapunane; lilla, purpurne, purpurpunane	roosa

Noun

must (genitive musta, partitive musta)

1. The color black.

   Halli värvi kombineerdes musta ja valgega suurendad enda usaldatavust.

   By combining gray with black and white, you increase your own reliability.

2. Something colored in black.

   Otsustasime, kumb mängib valgete, kumb mustadega.

   We decided, who plays with whites (white chesspieces), and who plays with blacks (black chesspieces).

3. A person having dark skin.

   Meie tulevikulootus ei ole enam lapsed, vaid hoopis mustad.

   Our hopes for the future aren't our children anymore, but blacks.

Declension

Declension of must (ÕS type 22i/külm, length gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		must	mustad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	musta
genitive			mustade
partitive		musta	musti mustasid
illative		musta mustasse	mustadesse mustisse
inessive		mustas	mustades mustis
elative		mustast	mustadest mustist
allative		mustale	mustadele mustile
adessive		mustal	mustadel mustil
ablative		mustalt	mustadelt mustilt
translative		mustaks	mustadeks mustiks
terminative		mustani	mustadeni
essive		mustana	mustadena
abessive		mustata	mustadeta
comitative		mustaga	mustadega

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronoun

must

1. elative singular of ma

References

• “must”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
• must in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
• “must”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009
• “must”, in [SP] Eesti keele sõnapered [Estonian Word Families] (in Estonian) (online version, continuously updated), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012–

Finnish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from English must.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmɑst/, [ˈmɑ̝s̠t]
• Rhymes: -ɑst

Noun

must (colloquial)

1. must (something mandatory or required)

   Se on ihan must!

   It's a must!

Declension

• Not inflected.

Synonyms

• pakko; pakollinen juttu

Further reading

• “must”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 1 July 2023

Etymology 2

A variant of musta < minusta (“of me”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmust/, [ˈmus̠t]
• Rhymes: -ust
• Syllabification^(key): must
• Hyphenation^(key): must

Pronoun

must

1. (colloquial) elative singular of mä

   Must on tärkeetä, että.. / Minusta on tärkeää, että... (standard)

   I think it is important that...

French

Etymology

Borrowed from English must.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mœst/

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

Noun

must m (plural musts)

1. (informal) that which is compulsory; an obligation; duty; must

   Synonyms: essentiel, impératif

   • 2003, Élisabeth Badinter, Fausse route, Odile Jacob, →ISBN:

     Comme le fait remarquer Daphne Patai, Loïs Pineau, contrairement à Catherine MacKinnon, postule que les femmes sont tout à fait capables de donner un consentement explicite et verbal sans en rester au geste et au sous-entendu. Non seulement l'explicitation n'est pas un problème, mais c'est un must.

     As Daphne Patai points out, Loïs Pineau, unlike Catherine MacKinnon, postulates that women are entirely capable of giving explicit and verbal consent without relying on gesture and insinuation. Not only is explanation not a problem, but it's a must.

2. (often humorous) must-have (item that one must own)
   • 2014, Annie Ernaux, Regarde les lumières mon amour, Seuil, →ISBN, page 62:

     La fête des Mères s’affiche partout dans le centre commercial. À Auchan, un espace lui est réservé, rempli de robots, d’aspirateurs, de machines à café – le must apparemment – parfums, etc.

     Mother's Day is on display everywhere in the mall. At Auchan, a space is reserved for it, filled with appliances, vacuum cleaners, coffee makers — the apparent must-have — perfumes, etc.

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈmuʃt]
• Hyphenation: must
• Rhymes: -uʃt

Noun

must (usually uncountable, plural mustok)

1. must (sweet fresh grape juice that has not fermented yet)

Declension

Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	must	mustok
accusative	mustot	mustokat
dative	mustnak	mustoknak
instrumental	musttal	mustokkal
causal-final	mustért	mustokért
translative	musttá	mustokká
terminative	mustig	mustokig
essive-formal	mustként	mustokként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	mustban	mustokban
superessive	muston	mustokon
adessive	mustnál	mustoknál
illative	mustba	mustokba
sublative	mustra	mustokra
allative	musthoz	mustokhoz
elative	mustból	mustokból
delative	mustról	mustokról
ablative	musttól	mustoktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	musté	mustoké
non-attributive possessive – plural	mustéi	mustokéi

Possessive forms of must

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	mustom	mustjaim
2nd person sing.	mustod	mustjaid
3rd person sing.	mustja	mustjai
1st person plural	mustunk	mustjaink
2nd person plural	mustotok	mustjaitok
3rd person plural	mustjuk	mustjaik

Further reading

• must in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.

Ludian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *musta.

Adjective

must

1. black

Middle English

Alternative forms

• most, moste, moust, muste

Etymology

From Old English must and Old French must, most, both from Latin mustum.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /must/

Noun

must (uncountable)

1. must (wine that is not fully fermented)
2. (rare, with qualifier) fruit juice

Descendants

• English: must

References

• “must, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Old English

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin mustum

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /must/

Noun

must m

1. must (newly or partially fermented wine)

Descendants

• Middle English: must
  • English: must

References

• Joseph Bosworth; T. Northcote Toller (1898), “must”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Romanian

Etymology

Inherited from Latin mustum, from Proto-Indo-European *mus-, *mews- (“damp”).

Noun

must n (plural musturi)

1. unfermented wine; grape or other fruit juice
2. must (of grapes)

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	must	mustul	musturi	musturile
genitive-dative	must	mustului	musturi	musturilor
vocative	mustule		musturilor

Derived terms

• mujdei
• mustar
• mustărie
• musti
• mustometru
• mustuială

Related terms

• mustos
• mustăreață

See also

• zeamă, suc

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse muster, moster, from Latin mustum.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mɵst/

• Audio (Kronoberg):

  (file)

Noun

must c (uncountable)

2. (drink made from) fruit or berry juice (that has been prevented from fermenting)
3. a kind of soft drink, more commonly known as julmust

Declension

Declension of must

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	must	musts
	definite	musten	mustens
plural	indefinite	—	—
	definite	—	—

See also

• must on the Swedish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^sv

References

• “must”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “must”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• “must”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)

Anagrams

• stum, tums

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *musta.

Adjective

must

1. black

Inflection

Inflection of must (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing.	must
genitive sing.	mustan
partitive sing.	mustad
partitive plur.	mustid
	singular	plural
nominative	must	mustad
accusative	mustan	mustad
genitive	mustan	mustiden
partitive	mustad	mustid
essive-instructive	mustan	mustin
translative	mustaks	mustikš
inessive	mustas	mustiš
elative	mustaspäi	mustišpäi
illative	mustaha mustha	mustihe
adessive	mustal	mustil
ablative	mustalpäi	mustilpäi
allative	mustale	mustile
abessive	mustata	mustita
comitative	mustanke	mustidenke
prolative	mustadme	mustidme
approximative I	mustanno	mustidenno
approximative II	mustannoks	mustidennoks
egressive	mustannopäi	mustidennopäi
terminative I	mustahasai musthasai	mustihesai
terminative II	mustalesai	mustilesai
terminative III	mustassai	—
additive I	mustahapäi musthapäi	mustihepäi
additive II	mustalepäi	mustilepäi

Derived terms

• musteta
• Mustmägi
• mustsilʹmäine
• mustverine

Noun

must

1. black

Inflection

Inflection of must (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing.	must
genitive sing.	mustan
partitive sing.	mustad
partitive plur.	mustid
	singular	plural
nominative	must	mustad
accusative	mustan	mustad
genitive	mustan	mustiden
partitive	mustad	mustid
essive-instructive	mustan	mustin
translative	mustaks	mustikš
inessive	mustas	mustiš
elative	mustaspäi	mustišpäi
illative	mustaha mustha	mustihe
adessive	mustal	mustil
ablative	mustalpäi	mustilpäi
allative	mustale	mustile
abessive	mustata	mustita
comitative	mustanke	mustidenke
prolative	mustadme	mustidme
approximative I	mustanno	mustidenno
approximative II	mustannoks	mustidennoks
egressive	mustannopäi	mustidennopäi
terminative I	mustahasai musthasai	mustihesai
terminative II	mustalesai	mustilesai
terminative III	mustassai	—
additive I	mustahapäi musthapäi	mustihepäi
additive II	mustalepäi	mustilepäi

References

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “чёрный”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[2], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Volapük

Noun

must (genitive musta, plural musts)

1. must (new wine; sweet cider)

Declension

Declension of must

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	must	musts
Genitive	musta	mustas
Dative	muste	mustes
Accusative	musti	mustis
Predicative1	mustu	mustus
Vocative	o must	o musts

1. Introduced in Volapük Nulik.

Võro

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *musta.

Adjective

must (genitive musta, partitive musta)

1. black (colour)

Inflection

Inflection of must

	singular	plural
nominative	must	mustaq
accusative	musta	mustaq
genitive	musta	muste
partitive	musta	muste
illative	musta	muste mustehe
inessive	mustan mustahn	musten mustehn
elative	mustast	mustest
allative	mustalõ	mustelõ
adessive	mustal	mustel
ablative	mustalt	mustelt
translative	mustas	mustes
terminative	mustaniq	musteniq
abessive	mustaldaq	musteldaq
comitative	mustagaq	mustegaq