lupa

See also: Appendix:Variations of "lupa"

Languages (24)

Basque • Catalan • Czech • Esperanto • Finnish • Galician • Indonesian • Ingrian • Italian • Kapampangan • Karelian • Kinaray-a • Latin • Malay • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Polish • Portuguese • Serbo-Croatian • Sicilian • Spanish • Tagalog • Votic • West Makian

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Page categories

Basque

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish lupa, from French loupe.

Noun

lupa inan

1. magnifying glass

Declension

Declension of lupa (inan a-stem)

	indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive	lupa	lupa	lupak	lupok
ergative	lupak	lupak	lupek	lupok
dative	lupari	lupari	lupei	lupoi
genitive	luparen	luparen	lupen	lupon
comitative	luparekin	luparekin	lupekin	lupokin
causative	luparengatik	luparengatik	lupengatik	lupongatik
benefactive	luparentzat	luparentzat	lupentzat	lupontzat
instrumental	lupaz	lupaz	lupez	lupotaz
inessive	lupatan	lupan	lupetan	lupotan
locative	lupatako	lupako	lupetako	lupotako
allative	lupatara	lupara	lupetara	lupotara
terminative	lupataraino	luparaino	lupetaraino	lupotaraino
directive	lupatarantz	luparantz	lupetarantz	lupotarantz
destinative	lupatarako	luparako	lupetarako	lupotarako
ablative	lupatatik	lupatik	lupetatik	lupotatik
partitive	luparik	—	—	—
prolative	lupatzat	—	—	—

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from French loupe.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Northern, Balearic, Central) [ˈlu.pə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia, Northwestern) [ˈlu.pa]

Noun

lupa f (plural lupes)

1. magnifying glass

Further reading

• “lupa”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007

Czech

Etymology

Borrowed from German Lupe, from French loupe.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈlupa]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -upa

Noun

lupa f

1. magnifying glass

Declension

Declension of lupa (hard feminine)

	singular	plural
nominative	lupa	lupy
genitive	lupy	lup
dative	lupě	lupám
accusative	lupu	lupy
vocative	lupo	lupy
locative	lupě	lupách
instrumental	lupou	lupami

Further reading

• “lupa”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “lupa”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “lupa”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2026

Esperanto

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *wl̥kʷós?

Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷosder.

Proto-Italic *lukʷos

Osco-Umbrianbor.?

Latin lupusbor.

Esperanto lupo

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂

Proto-Italic *-ā

Latin -ader.

▲

Latin -a

Italian -ader.

▲

Latin -a

Old Spanish -a

Spanish -ader.

Esperanto -a

Esperanto lupa

From lupo + -a.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlupa/

• Audio 1:

  (file)

• Audio 2:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -upa
• Syllabification: lu‧pa

Adjective

lupa (accusative singular lupan, plural lupaj, accusative plural lupajn)

1. lupine; concerning wolves

Further reading

• “lupa”, in Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto [Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto], 2020, →ISBN

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lupa (compare Estonian luba), borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?] or earlier Proto-Germanic *lubą (“praise”) (compare Old Norse lof (“praise, permission”), Swedish lov (“permission; praise”)). Attested since the time of Mikael Agricola (output c. 1543–1552).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlupɑ/, [ˈlupɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -upɑ
• Syllabification^(key): lu‧pa
• Hyphenation^(key): lu‧pa

Noun

lupa [with illative ‘to’; or with first infinitive ‘to do’ (or the illative of the verbal noun)]

1. permission

   Minulla on lupa olla poissa koulusta tänään.

   I have permission to be absent from the school today.

   Minulla on lupa ampumiseen.

   I have permission to shoot.

   1. (law) leave

      valituslupa ― leave to appeal

2. license, permit
3. clearance (permission for a vehicle to proceed, or for a person to travel)

Declension

Inflection of lupa (Kotus type 10*E/koira, p–v gradation)
nominative		lupa	luvat
genitive		luvan	lupien
partitive		lupaa	lupia
illative		lupaan	lupiin
		singular	plural
nominative		lupa	luvat
accusative	nom.	lupa	luvat
	gen.	luvan
genitive		luvan	lupien lupain rare
partitive		lupaa	lupia
inessive		luvassa	luvissa
elative		luvasta	luvista
illative		lupaan	lupiin
adessive		luvalla	luvilla
ablative		luvalta	luvilta
allative		luvalle	luville
essive		lupana	lupina
translative		luvaksi	luviksi
abessive		luvatta	luvitta
instructive		—	luvin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of lupa (Kotus type 10*E/koira, p–v gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative lupani lupani accusative nom. lupani lupani gen. lupani genitive lupani lupieni lupaini rare partitive lupaani lupiani inessive luvassani luvissani elative luvastani luvistani illative lupaani lupiini adessive luvallani luvillani ablative luvaltani luviltani allative luvalleni luvilleni essive lupanani lupinani translative luvakseni luvikseni abessive luvattani luvittani instructive — — comitative — lupineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative lupasi lupasi accusative nom. lupasi lupasi gen. lupasi genitive lupasi lupiesi lupaisi rare partitive lupaasi lupiasi inessive luvassasi luvissasi elative luvastasi luvistasi illative lupaasi lupiisi adessive luvallasi luvillasi ablative luvaltasi luviltasi allative luvallesi luvillesi essive lupanasi lupinasi translative luvaksesi luviksesi abessive luvattasi luvittasi instructive — — comitative — lupinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative lupamme lupamme accusative nom. lupamme lupamme gen. lupamme genitive lupamme lupiemme lupaimme rare partitive lupaamme lupiamme inessive luvassamme luvissamme elative luvastamme luvistamme illative lupaamme lupiimme adessive luvallamme luvillamme ablative luvaltamme luviltamme allative luvallemme luvillemme essive lupanamme lupinamme translative luvaksemme luviksemme abessive luvattamme luvittamme instructive — — comitative — lupinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative lupanne lupanne accusative nom. lupanne lupanne gen. lupanne genitive lupanne lupienne lupainne rare partitive lupaanne lupianne inessive luvassanne luvissanne elative luvastanne luvistanne illative lupaanne lupiinne adessive luvallanne luvillanne ablative luvaltanne luviltanne allative luvallenne luvillenne essive lupananne lupinanne translative luvaksenne luviksenne abessive luvattanne luvittanne instructive — — comitative — lupinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative lupansa lupansa accusative nom. lupansa lupansa gen. lupansa genitive lupansa lupiensa lupainsa rare partitive lupaansa lupiaan lupiansa inessive luvassaan luvassansa luvissaan luvissansa elative luvastaan luvastansa luvistaan luvistansa illative lupaansa lupiinsa adessive luvallaan luvallansa luvillaan luvillansa ablative luvaltaan luvaltansa luviltaan luviltansa allative luvalleen luvallensa luvilleen luvillensa essive lupanaan lupanansa lupinaan lupinansa translative luvakseen luvaksensa luvikseen luviksensa abessive luvattaan luvattansa luvittaan luvittansa instructive — — comitative — lupineen lupinensa

Derived terms

• luvake
• luvallinen
• luvassa
• luvata
• luvaton
• luvittaa

compounds

• ajolupa
• ammattiajolupa
• anniskelulupa
• apteekkilupa
• arpajaislupa
• aseenkantolupa
• aselupa
• elinkeinolupa
• erikoislupa
• erityislupa
• hallintolupa
• hallussapitolupa
• hautauslupa
• hirvenkaatolupa
• hirvilupa
• julkaisulupa
• kaatolupa
• kabotaasilupa
• kaivauslupa
• kalastuslupa
• kauttakulkulupa
• kotietsintälupa
• kuljetuslupa
• kulkulupa
• käyttölupa
• lakkolupa
• laskeutumislupa
• liikennelupa
• lupa-anomus
• lupa-asiakirja
• lupahakemus
• lupainsinööri
• lupakirja
• lupakortti
• lupalappu
• lupamaksu
• lupamenettely
• lupanumero
• lupapäivä
• lupapäätös
• lupatarkastaja
• lupatarkastus
• luvananto
• luvanhaku
• luvanhaltija
• luvanvarainen
• lähtölupa
• maahantulolupa
• maahantuontilupa
• matkustuslupa
• metsästyslupa
• myyntilupa
• naimalupa
• nostolupa
• oleskelulupa
• opetuslupa
• ostolupa
• poikkeuslupa
• poistumislupa
• purkulupa
• pysäköintilupa
• päästölupa
• radiolupa
• rakennuslupa
• saarnalupa
• siirtolupa
• sukelluslupa
• taksilupa
• televisiolupa
• toimenpidelupa
• toimilupa
• tuontilupa
• työlupa
• työskentelylupa
• valituslupa
• valmistuslupa
• valokuvauslupa
• vastaanottolupa
• vesilupa
• vientilupa
• ympäristölupa

Further reading

• “lupa”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 3 July 2023

Anagrams

• Paul, pula

Galician

Noun

lupa f (plural lupas)

1. magnifying glass

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay lupa, from Proto-Malayic *lupa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lupa. Compare to Tetum luha (“to forget”), Yamdena namlufe (“to forget”), Nias olifu.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈlupa/ [ˈlu.pa]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -upa
• Syllabification: lu‧pa

Verb

lupa

1. to forget

   Synonyms: melupakan, melupai

Derived terms

• kelupaan
• lupa-lupa
• lupa-lupaan
• melupa
• melupai
• melupakan
• pelupa
• terlupa
• terlupakan

• lupa daratan
• lupa diri

References

• Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*lupa”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
• “lupa”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lupa. Cognates include Finnish lupa and Estonian luba.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈlupɑ/, [ˈɫupɑˑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈlupɑ/, [ˈɫub̥ɑˑ]
• Rhymes: -upɑ
• Hyphenation: lu‧pa

Noun

lupa

1. permission

Declension

Declension of lupa (type 3/koira, p-v gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	lupa	luvat
genitive	luvan	luppiin
partitive	luppaa	luppia
illative	luppaa	luppii
inessive	luvas	luvis
elative	luvast	luvist
allative	luvalle	luville
adessive	luval	luvil
ablative	luvalt	luvilt
translative	luvaks	luviks
essive	lupanna, luppaan	lupinna, luppiin
exessive1)	lupant	lupint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

• luvata

References

• V. I. Junus (1936), Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎^[4], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 24
• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 278

Italian

Alternative forms

• lopa, loba, lova (regional)

Etymology

For Vulgar Latin *lūpa instead of the attested Latin lupa, also reflected by Piedmontese luv and luva, perhaps onomatopoeic of the wolf's howling. Similarly unexpected is French loup (despite Old French leu).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlu.pa/
• Rhymes: -upa
• Hyphenation: lù‧pa

Noun

lupa f (plural lupe)

1. female equivalent of lupo: she-wolf

Derived terms

• lupanare

Anagrams

• pula

Kapampangan

Etymology

From Sanskrit रूप (rūpa). Compare Ilocano rupa, and Malay rupa.

Noun

lupa

1. face; looks
2. facade; front

   Synonyms: arapanan, arap

Verb

lupa

1. looks like

   Synonyms: lalawen, akakit

Adjective

lupa

1. looking like; seeming

   Synonyms: balamu, kalupa, itsura

Usage notes

• The term balamu only regards to behavior or actions, while lupa applies for both appearance and behavior.

Karelian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lupa, from Proto-Germanic *lubą (“praise”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love”).

Noun

lupa (genitive [please provide], partitive [please provide])

1. permission

Kinaray-a

Etymology

From Greater Central Philippine *lupaʔ (“earth”). Compare Tagalog lupa, and Tausug lupa. Possibly related to Sanskrit रुप् (rúp, “earth”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlupaʔ/, [ˈlu.paʔ]

Noun

lupà

1. earth; ground; soil

Derived terms

• kalupaan

Anagrams

• pula

Latin

Etymology

From lupus (“wolf”) +‎ -a (feminine suffix). The sense “prostitute” is either a comparison of the prostitutes' predation on men to the wolf's rapacity, as also in Isidore's (often fanciful) opinion, or a reference to the she-wolf's supposed uncleanliness and promiscuity (often culturally conflated), paralleled in English bitch.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈɫʊ.pa]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈluː.pa]

Noun

lupa f (genitive lupae); first declension

1. she-wolf
2. (slang) prostitute

Declension

First-declension noun (dative/ablative plural in -īs or dative/ablative plural in -ābus).

	singular	plural
nominative	lupa	lupae
genitive	lupae	lupārum
dative	lupae	lupīs lupābus
accusative	lupam	lupās
ablative	lupā	lupīs lupābus
vocative	lupa	lupae

Derived terms

• lupānar

Descendants

• Aromanian: lupã
• Asturian: lloba
• Aragonese: lupa
• Catalan: lloba
• French: louve
• Friulian: love
• Italian: lupa
• Neapolitan: lopa
• Occitan: loba
• Portuguese: loba
• Sicilian: lupa
• Spanish: loba
• Venetan: lova

Further reading

• “lupa”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “lupa”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “lupa”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

Malay

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lupa.

Pronunciation

• (Southern Peninsular Malaysia Standard) IPA^(key): /ˈlupə/ [ˈlu.pə]
  • Rhymes: -upə, -ə

• (Literary Standard) IPA^(key): /ˈlupa/ [ˈlu.pa]
  • Rhymes: -upa, -a
• Hyphenation: lu‧pa

Verb

lupa (Jawi spelling لوڤا)

1. to forget

   Aku sudah lupa yang dia sudah berpindah!

   I've forgotten that she's moved away!

Further reading

• "lupa" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

• lupen

Noun

lupa m or f

1. definite feminine singular of lupe

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

lupa f (definite singular lupa, indefinite plural luper or lupor, definite plural lupene or lupone)

1. (pre-2012) alternative form of lupe
2. definite singular of lupe

Anagrams

• Paul, laup, pula

Polish

Etymology

Borrowed from French loupe, from Middle French loupe, from Old French loupe, from Frankish *luppa, from Proto-Germanic *lubbǭ, *lub-, from Proto-Indo-European *lep-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlu.pa/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -upa
• Syllabification: lu‧pa

Noun

lupa f

1. magnifying glass

Declension

Declension of lupa

	singular	plural
nominative	lupa	lupy
genitive	lupy	lup
dative	lupie	lupom
accusative	lupę	lupy
instrumental	lupą	lupami
locative	lupie	lupach
vocative	lupo	lupy

Further reading

• “lupa”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[5] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “lupa”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[6] (in Polish)

Portuguese

Etymology

Borrowed from French loupe.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈlu.pɐ/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈlu.pɐ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈlu.pa/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈlu.pɐ/

• Rhymes: -upɐ
• Hyphenation: lu‧pa

Noun

lupa f (plural lupas)

1. magnifying glass

   Synonym: lente de aumento

2. stereomicroscope

   Synonym: estereomicroscópio

Further reading

• “lupa”, in Dicionário Aulete Digital (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2026
• “lupa”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from German Lupe, from French loupe.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lûpa/
• Hyphenation: lu‧pa

Noun

lȕpa f (Cyrillic spelling лу̏па)

1. loupe
2. magnifying glass

   Synonym: povećalo n

Declension

    Declension of lupa

	singular	plural
nominative	lupa	lupe
genitive	lupe	lupa
dative	lupi	lupama
accusative	lupu	lupe
vocative	lupo	lupe
locative	lupi	lupama
instrumental	lupom	lupama

Further reading

• “lupa”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Etymology 2

Deverbal from lȕpiti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lûpa/
• Hyphenation: lu‧pa

Noun

lȕpa f (Cyrillic spelling лу̏па)

1. a noise produced by an object hitting or colliding with something

Declension

    Declension of lupa

	singular	plural
nominative	lupa	lupe
genitive	lupe	lupa
dative	lupi	lupama
accusative	lupu	lupe
vocative	lupo	lupe
locative	lupi	lupama
instrumental	lupom	lupama

Further reading

• “lupa”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

lupa (Cyrillic spelling лупа)

1. third-person singular present indicative of lúpati

Sicilian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lupa/
• Hyphenation: lu‧pa

Etymology 1

From Latin lupa.

Noun

lupa f (plural lupi)

1. she-wolf

Etymology 2

From Latin lupus (“wolf”).

Noun

lupa f (plural lupi)

1. uncontrollable hunger

Etymology 3

From the sound of brogna during the fog.

Noun

lupa f (plural lupi)

1. fog, mist, especially on the sea

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from French loupe. Compare English loupe.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlupa/ [ˈlu.pa]
• Rhymes: -upa
• Syllabification: lu‧pa

Noun

lupa f (plural lupas)

1. magnifying glass

Descendants

• → Basque: lupa

Further reading

• “lupa”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025

Tagalog

Etymology

From Greater Central Philippine *lupaʔ (“earth”). Compare Maranao lopa', Maguindanao lopa, and Tausug lupa'. Possibly related to Sanskrit रुप् (rúp, “earth”). An alternate etymology posits it to be from Malay rupa (“form, appearance”), from Sanskrit रूप (rūpa, “outward appearance, color, form, shape”). Compare Ilocano rupa.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈlupaʔ/ [ˈluː.pɐʔ]
• Rhymes: -upaʔ
• Syllabification: lu‧pa

Noun

lupà (Baybayin spelling ᜎᜓᜉ)

1. earth; ground; soil

   Synonym: (uncommon) tiyera

2. (by extension, uncommon) clay

   Synonym: luwad

   bangang lupa ― clay jar

3. earth; world

   Synonyms: mundo, daigdig

4. (figurative) country; nation

   Synonyms: bayan, bansa

   tinubuang lupa ― motherland / country of birth (literally, “land where sprouted”)

5. land property
6. basement; ground floor; downstairs

   Synonym: silong

7. (obsolete) act of owning a land property
8. (obsolete) embankment

Derived terms

• ahente ng lupa
• bulateng-lupa
• bulatlupa
• gamit-lupa
• guho ng lupa
• hampaslupa
• hilig-makalupa
• isalupa
• kalupaan
• katawang-lupa
• laang lupa
• lamang-lupa
• langit at lupa
• langit-lupa
• Lupa
• lupaan
• lupain
• lupaing-bayan
• Lupang Hinirang
• Lupang Pangako
• lupang payapa
• lupang-tinubuan
• maglupa
• makalupa
• maylupa
• panlupa
• panginoong maylupa
• pinagsakluban ng langit at lupa
• sabong-lupa
• sangkalupaan
• sumalupa

See also

• lupalop

Further reading

• “lupa”, in KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2025
• “lupa”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, 2018
• San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613), Vocabulario de lengua tagala. El romance castellano puesto primero. Primera, y segunda parte.‎^[7] (overall work in Early Modern Spanish and Classical Tagalog), as directed by Gov. Gen. Juan de Silva, Pila, Laguna: La noble Villa de Pila, por Tomás Pinpin y Domingo Loag.
  • page 2: “Abajo) Lupa (pp) en la tierra”
  • page 105: “Barro) Lupa (pp) la brado en cantaros o ollas, o el yama ſado ꝑa la brallas”
  • page 492: “Poſeſion) Lupa (pp) tierra o ſembrado”
  • page 573: “Terraplenar) Lupa (pp) algo”
  • page 574: “Tierra) Lupa (pp) la que piſamos”

Anagrams

• pula, ulap

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lupa, from Proto-Germanic *lubą (“praise”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love”).

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivčülä) IPA^(key): /ˈlupɑ/, [ˈɫupɑ]
• (Jõgõperä) IPA^(key): /ˈlupɑ/, [ˈɫupɑ]
• (Central Votic) IPA^(key): /ˈlupɑ/, [ˈɫupɑ]
• Rhymes: -upɑ
• Hyphenation: lu‧pa

Noun

lupa

1. permission

Inflection

Declension of lupa (type V/poikõ, p-v gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	lupa	luvad
genitive	luva	lupijõ
partitive	luppa	lupiit
illative	luppa, luppasõ	lupiisõ
inessive	luvaz	lupiiz
elative	luvass	lupiiss
allative	luvallõ	lupiillõ
adessive	luvall	lupiill
ablative	luvalt	lupiilt
translative	luvassi	lupiissi
'Standardized' inflection based on the Vaipooli dialects; see WT:AVOT. For dialectal differences between case endings, see Appendix:Votic dialects. *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

References

• Hallap, V.; Adler, E.; Grünberg, S.; Leppik, M. (2012), “lupa”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language]‎^[8], 2nd edition, Tallinn

West Makian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈl̪u.pa/

Verb

lupa

1. (stative) to be aflame

Conjugation

Conjugation of lupa (stative verb)

		singular	plural
			inclusive	exclusive
1st person		tilupa	milupa	alupa
2nd person		nilupa	filupa
3rd person	inanimate	ilupa	dilupa
	animate	malupa
imperative		—, lupa	—, lupa

References

• James Collins (1982), Further Notes Towards a West Makian Vocabulary‎^[9], Pacific linguistics