kul

See also: Appendix:Variations of "kul"

Languages (19)

Translingual

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Albanian • Arin • Cornish • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Icelandic • Karaim • Livonian • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Polish • Serbo-Croatian • Sumerian • Swedish • Tocharian B • Turkish • Yucatec Maya

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Page categories

Translingual

Etymology

Clipping of English Kulere.

Symbol

kul

1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Kulere.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Kulere terms

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian * ̊kull-, from Proto-Indo-European *kwel- (“to revolve, twist”). Occurs almost exclusively in prefixed form with për-. Probably related to ul.

Verb

kul (aorist (për)kula, participle (për)kulur)

1. to bend, crouch, bow

Derived terms

• përkul

Arin

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *Huλ (“water”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kul/

Noun

kul (plural unknown)

1. water; river (?)

Usage notes

• Also found in various hydronymota as a suffix.

Further reading

• Toporov, Vladimir Nikolajevich (1968), “Материалы к срабнительно-исторической фонетике Енисейских языков. 1. Аринско-Енисейские соответствия”, in Ivanov, Vjacheslav Vselodovich, Toporov, Vladimir Nikolajevich, Uspenskij, Boris Andreevich, editors, Кетский Сборник 1: Лингвистика, Moscow: Nauka, page 289
• Werner, Heinrich (2002), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 378
• Werner, Heinrich K. (2005), Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, →ISBN, page 160

Cornish

Pronunciation

• (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key): [kyːl]
• (Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key): [kiːl]

Etymology 1

From Old Cornish cul, from Proto-Brythonic *kʉl, from Proto-Celtic *koilos (“thin”) (compare Old Irish coíl, Welsh cul).

Adjective

kul

1. narrow

   Synonym: ynn

   Antonyms: efan, ledan

Derived terms

• kuldremenva (“corridor”)

Mutation

Mutation of kul

radical	soft	aspirate	hard	mixed
kul	gul	hul	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Cornish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

kul

1. hard mutation of gul (“to do, make”)

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkul]

Participle

kul

1. masculine singular past active participle of kout

Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse kol, from Proto-Germanic *kulą, cognate with Swedish kol, German Kohle, Dutch kool, English coal.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kol/, [ˈkʰɔl]

Noun

kul n (singular definite kullet, plural indefinite kul)

1. coal

Declension

Declension of kul

neuter gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	kul	kullet	kul	kullene
genitive	kuls	kullets	kuls	kullenes

Derived terms

• brunkul
• grillkul
• kulgrube
• kulhandel
• kulilte
• kulkraft
• kulkælder
• kullag
• kulmine
• kulsyre
• kultegning
• kultveilte
• stenkul

References

• “kul” in Den Danske Ordbog

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kuːˀl/, [ˈkʰuˀl]

Verb

kul

1. imperative of kule

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʏl/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʏl

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch cul, kul (“testicle”), from Old French coille, from Latin cōleus (“testicle”).

Noun

kul f (plural kullen, diminutive kulletje n)

1. (obsolete) testicle
2. (dialectal) marble (small ball used in various games)
3. (obsolete) loser, wuss, wimp

Derived terms

• beverskul
• flauwekul
• kulkoek
• kullen
• vossenkulletje

Etymology 2

Clipping of flauwekul, a univerbation of the adjective flauw (“insipid, tasteless”) and the noun kul (“testicle”).

Noun

kul m (uncountable, no diminutive)

1. nonsense, rubbish

Derived terms

• kulargument
• kulverhaal

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkʰʏːl]
• Rhymes: -ʏːl

Noun

kul n (genitive singular kuls, no plural)

1. (light) breeze

   Synonym: gola

Declension

Declension of kul (sg-only neuter)

	singular
	indefinite	definite
nominative	kul	kulið
accusative	kul	kulið
dative	kuli	kulinu
genitive	kuls	kulsins

Karaim

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kul.

Noun

kul

1. slave

References

• N. A. Baskakov, S.M. Šapšala, editor (1973), “kul”, in Karaimsko-Russko-Polʹskij Slovarʹ [Karaim-Russian-Polish Dictionary], Moscow: Moskva, →ISBN

Livonian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkuˀl/, [ˈkuˀl]

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *kulo.

Noun

ku’l

1. dry grass (from the previous year)

Declension

Declension of ku’l (76)

	singular (ikšlu’g)	plural (pǟgiņlu’g)
nominative (nominatīv)	ku’l	kulūd
genitive (genitīv)	ku’l	kulūd
partitive (partitīv)	ku’llõ	kulīdi
dative (datīv)	ku’llõn	kulūdõn
instrumental (instrumentāl)	ku’lkõks	kulūdõks
illative (illatīv)	ku’llõ	kulīž
inessive (inesīv)	ku’lsõ	kulīs
elative (elatīv)	ku’lstõ	kulīst

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *kulu.

Noun

ku’l

1. (usually in the plural) cost, expense

Declension

Declension of ku’l (76)

	singular (ikšlu’g)	plural (pǟgiņlu’g)
nominative (nominatīv)	ku’l	kulūd
genitive (genitīv)	ku’l	kulūd
partitive (partitīv)	ku’llõ	kulīdi
dative (datīv)	ku’llõn	kulūdõn
instrumental (instrumentāl)	ku’lkõks	kulūdõks
illative (illatīv)	ku’llõ	kulīž
inessive (inesīv)	ku’lsõ	kulīs
elative (elatīv)	ku’lstõ	kulīst

References

• Tiit-Rein Viitso; Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), “ku’l”, in Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz [Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary]‎^[2] (in Estonian and Latvian), Tartu, Rīga: Tartu Ülikool, Latviešu valodas aģentūra

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʉːl/
• Rhymes: -ʉːl
• Hyphenation: kul

Etymology 1

Related to kule (“ball; lump, swelling”), from Old Norse kúla (“swelling, bump”), from Proto-Germanic *kūlǭ (“bump, swelling”).

Compare Norwegian Nynorsk kul, Swedish kul and kula, Icelandic kúla, German Kaule and Dutch kuil (“bump, swelling; pit, hollow”).

Noun

kul m (definite singular kulen, indefinite plural kuler, definite plural kulene)

1. a rounded protrusion, lump, swelling or bump, especially on the body

   Synonyms: bule, hevelse, klump

   Han fikk en stor kul i panna. ― He got a large bump on his forehead.

   • 1921, Sigrid Undset, Husfrue, page 42:

     en stor kul i panden

     a large bump on the forehead

   • 1898, Hans E. Kinck, Hugormen, page 60:

     en kul i magen

     a lump in the abdomen

   • 2021, Nina Brochmann and Ellen Støkken Dahl, Gutteboka, page 133:

     en kul i pungen

     a lump in the scrotum

2. a rounded elevation or hump in the terrain

   De satte seg på en liten kul i terrenget. ― They sat down on a small rise in the terrain.

3. (skiing) the convex upper part of the landing slope of a ski-jumping hill; the knoll

   Skihopperen landet på kulen. ― The ski jumper landed on the knoll.

4. (card games) a type of poker
   • 1957, Bjørn Rongen, I jøkulens skygge, page 145:

     spiller de kul eller bank

     whether they play kul or bank

Derived terms

• kulhopper (“ski jumper who lands on the knoll”)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Swedish kul (“fun, amusing, interesting”), with semantic influence from English cool (“calm, unaffected; fashionable, appealing”). The Swedish word is of uncertain origin, possibly related to kyllä (“yes, indeed”) or to Swedish kula (“something successful; a stroke of luck”).

Compare Norwegian Bokmål cool (“cool, calm; fashionable, appealing”).

Adjective

kul (neuter singular kult, definite singular and plural kule, comparative kulere, indefinite superlative kulest, definite superlative kuleste)

1. (colloquial) fun, amusing or interesting; cool, nice or appealing

   Synonyms: morsom, artig, stilig

   Det var en kul film. ― It was a cool film.

   • 1970, Arbeider-Avisa, number 53, page 10, column 5:

     «kul»

     fun

   • 1977, Børre Karterudseter, Sannheten? Ja og nei!, page 24:

     kul

     nice

   • 1980, Camilla J.J. Skattvik, Bare lek?, page 79:

     kulere

     cooler

   • 1978, Erling T. Gjelsvik, Dødt løp, page 44:

     kule

     cool

   • 1974, Dag Coucheron, Fra en ung manns dagbok, page 9:

     kul

     cool

   • 1983, Bergens Tidende, number 86, page 12, column 4:

     kul

     cool

   • 1986, Khalid Hussain, Pakkis, page 79:

     «kult»

     something cool

   • 1995, Jon Ewo, Jeg var 16 da jeg forstod hva en mann må gjøre, page 10:

     kul

     cool

   • 2016, Marie Aubert, Kan jeg bli med deg hjem, page 95:

     kuleste

     coolest

   • 2023, Taran L. Bjørnstad, Uke 40, page 105:

     Kult

     It would be good

2. (colloquial) calm, composed, unruffled or emotionally unaffected; accepting and not bothered

   Synonyms: rolig, sinnslikevektig

   Hun holdt seg kul under hele krisen. ― She remained calm throughout the crisis.

   • 1993, Erling Pedersen, Bare når jeg ler, page 63:

     kul som et isberg

     as cool as an iceberg

   • 1994, Ingvar Ambjørnsen, Hevnen fra himmelen, page 9:

     like kul

     just as calm

   • 2003, Marianne Mjaaland, Unaturlig dødsfall meldes, page 61:

     så kul

     so composed

   • 2005, Sverre Henmo, Gutten til venstre, page 101:

     er kul

     am composed

   • 2005, Sverre Henmo, Gutten til venstre, page 113:

     kul med det

     fine with it

Derived terms

• dritkul (“extremely cool”)
• megakul (“extremely cool”)
• drittkul (“extremely cool”)
• ukul (“uncool”)

Etymology 3

Possibly from Traveller Norwegian; the specific source word is unknown.

Adverb

kul

1. (colloquial) used as an intensifier: completely, entirely, utterly

   kul umulig — completely impossible

   Det var kul umulig å se noe. ― It was completely impossible to see anything.

   • 1955, Aftenposten, number 287, page 4, column 6:

     kul umulig

     completely impossible

   • 1973 August 8, VG, page 18:

     kul umulig

     completely impossible

   • 1977, Ebba Haslund, Født til klovn, page 164:

     kul umulig

     completely impossible

   • 1987, Morten Jørgensen, Sennepslegionen, page 123:

     kul umulig

     completely impossible

   kul i havet — impossible

   • 1970, Arbeiderbladet, number 289, page 27, column 2:

     kul i havet

     impossible

   • 1990, Torbjørn Moen, Rock, regn og varmvåte kyss, page 45:

     kul i havet

     impossible

   kul mørkt — pitch-dark

   • 1928, Johan Falkberget, Det høie fjeld, page 65:

     kul mørkt

     pitch-dark

2. (colloquial, in oaths) used as an emphatic element in an exclamation

   kul i helsike/helvete — damn it; bloody hell

   • 1970, Arbeiderbladet, number 234, page 14, column 6:

     kul i helsike

     damn it

   • 1980, Tore Tveit, Å elske en løvetann, page 6:

     Kul i helvete

     Bloody hell

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

kul

1. imperative of kule (“to store root vegetables in a pit or clamp”)

Etymology 5

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

kul

1. imperative of kule (“to blow briskly, especially of a cold wind”)

Etymology 6

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

kul

1. imperative of kule (“to calm, relax; postpone”)

Etymology 7

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

kul

1. imperative of kule (“to form into a ball or balls”)

References

• “kul” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “kule” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “kul_1” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
• “kul_2” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
• “kul_3” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
• “kule” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Anagrams

• luk, ulk

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

Related to the noun kule

Noun

kul m (definite singular kulen, indefinite plural kular, definite plural kulane)

1. bump, swelling (in the head or on a level surface)

Etymology 2

From Swedish kul, with meaning influenced by English cool.

Adjective

kul (neuter kult, definite singular and plural kule, comparative kulare, indefinite superlative kulast, definite superlative kulaste)

1. cool (awesome)

Etymology 3

Verb

kul

1. imperative of kule

References

• “kul” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkul/
• Rhymes: -ul
• Syllabification: kul
• Homophone: cool

Noun

kul f

1. genitive plural of kula

   Synonym: kuli

Verb

kul

1. second-person singular imperative of kulić

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Borrowed from English cool.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kûːl/

Adjective

kȗl (Cyrillic spelling ку̑л)

1. cool: popular, great, in fashion

   Taj frajer je zbilja kul! — That dude is really cool!

Adverb

kȗl (Cyrillic spelling ку̑л)

1. cool, in a cool manner

Sumerian

Romanization

kul

1. romanization of 𒆰 (kul)

Swedish

Etymology

Of unclear origin. Perhaps a clipping from an earlier kulan, from kula. First seen in 1911.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʉːl/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʉːl

Adjective

kul (comparative mer kul, superlative mest kul)

1. fun

   Det är kul att åka skateboard

   It's fun to ride a skateboard

2. funny

   Vill du höra ett kul skämt?

   Want to hear a funny joke?

3. (nominalized) fun things

   Det finns mycket kul att göra på stadsfestivalen

   There are lots of fun things to do at the city festival

Declension

No inflected forms. Sometimes kulig is used colloquially when inflected forms are needed.

Related terms

• jättekul
• kulig
• skitkul

See also

• kula
• rolig
• skoj

References

• “kul”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “kul”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• “kul”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)

Tocharian B

Etymology

Unknown.

Noun

kul ?

1. bell

Further reading

• Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “kul”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 196

Turkish

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish قول (kul, “male slave, servant”), from Old Anatolian Turkish قل (qul), from Proto-Turkic *kul (“slave, servant”). Cognate to Old Turkic 𐰴𐰆𐰞 (qul, “slave”), Karakhanid قُلْ (qul, “slave”), Kazakh құл (qūl), Khakas хул (xul).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkʊl/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: kul

Noun

kul (definite accusative kulu, plural kullar)

1. slave
2. servant
3. (Islam) a sentient being (jinn or human) (as being obliged to worship their Creator)

Usage notes

Uses in the sense of slave are mostly archaic, except for a few idioms such as kul köle and the verb kulluk yapmak, meaning “to serve” in a pejorative sense. Otherwise, even figuratively, köle is more common.

Declension

Declension of kul

singular plural nominative kul kullar definite accusative kulu kulları dative kula kullara locative kulda kullarda ablative kuldan kullardan genitive kulun kulların Possessive forms nominative singular plural 1st singular kulum kullarım 2nd singular kulun kulların 3rd singular kulu kulları 1st plural kulumuz kullarımız 2nd plural kulunuz kullarınız 3rd plural kulları kulları definite accusative singular plural 1st singular kulumu kullarımı 2nd singular kulunu kullarını 3rd singular kulunu kullarını 1st plural kulumuzu kullarımızı 2nd plural kulunuzu kullarınızı 3rd plural kullarını kullarını dative singular plural 1st singular kuluma kullarıma 2nd singular kuluna kullarına 3rd singular kuluna kullarına 1st plural kulumuza kullarımıza 2nd plural kulunuza kullarınıza 3rd plural kullarına kullarına locative singular plural 1st singular kulumda kullarımda 2nd singular kulunda kullarında 3rd singular kulunda kullarında 1st plural kulumuzda kullarımızda 2nd plural kulunuzda kullarınızda 3rd plural kullarında kullarında ablative singular plural 1st singular kulumdan kullarımdan 2nd singular kulundan kullarından 3rd singular kulundan kullarından 1st plural kulumuzdan kullarımızdan 2nd plural kulunuzdan kullarınızdan 3rd plural kullarından kullarından genitive singular plural 1st singular kulumun kullarımın 2nd singular kulunun kullarının 3rd singular kulunun kullarının 1st plural kulumuzun kullarımızın 2nd plural kulunuzun kullarınızın 3rd plural kullarının kullarının Predicative forms singular plural 1st singular kulum kullarım 2nd singular kulsun kullarsın 3rd singular kul kuldur kullar kullardır 1st plural kuluz kullarız 2nd plural kulsunuz kullarsınız 3rd plural kullar kullardır

Derived terms

• hatasız kul olmaz
• kul hakkı
• kul köle
• kul oğlanı
• kul olmak
• kul yapısı
• kula kul olmak
• kullanmak
• kullaşmak
• kullu
• kulluk
• kulluk etmek
• kulluk yapmak
• kullukçu
• kulsuz

See also

• köle

Further reading

• kul on the Turkish Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^tr

Yucatec Maya

Verb

kul (positional)

1. to sit