grać
Old Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьgrati. The lack of i- versus its presence in igrać was initially conditioned; if a word beginning with jь- began a sentence then this cluster developed into i-, if it occurred after a term ending with a vowel it was lost, resulting initially in two forms that, with time, specialized in meaning.[1][2] Compare skra versus iskra. First attested in the 15th century.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]grać impf
- (hapax legomenon) to play (to participate in a game)
- (hapax legomenon) to gamble
- 1853 [XV ex.], Wacław Aleksander Maciejowski, editor, Piśmiennictwo polskie od czasów najdawniejszych aż do roku 1830, volume 4, page 137:
- Dwą kostarze... szobą (leg. z sobą) gygraly, w boze gymyą yeden gygral..., drugy w gymyą dyablą yesth gral
- [Dwa kostarze... z sobą jigrali, w boże jimię jeden jigrał..., drugi w jimię diabła jest grał]
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Zenon Klemensiewicz; Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński; Stanisław Urbańczyk (1965), Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego[1] (in Polish), III edition, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, page 114
- ^ Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa; Stanisław Dubisz (2006), Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego (in Polish), III edition, Warsaw: Publishers of the University of Warsaw, →ISBN, pages 98-99
- Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “grać I”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965), “grać”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
- Mańczak, Witold (2017), “grać”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “grać”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- Brückner, Aleksander (1927), “gra”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna
- K. Nitsch, editor (1958), “grać”, in Słownik staropolski (in Polish), volume 2, Wrocław, Kraków, Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences, page 482
- Bożena Sieradzka-Baziur, et al., editors (2011–2015), “grać”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
- Ewa Deptuchowa, et al., editors (2024), “grać”, in Baza Leksykalna Średniowiecznej Polszczyzny [Lexical Base of Medieval Polish] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Polish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈɡrat͡ɕ/
- (Greater Poland):
- (Masovia):
- (Lesser Poland):
Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish grać. By surface analysis, clipping of igrać. Compare Kashubian grac.
Verb
[edit]grać impf (perfective zagrać, frequentative grywać or (dialectal) grawać)
- (ambitransitive) to play (to participate in a game) [with w (+ accusative) ‘what game’, along with z (+ instrumental) or przeciw (+ dative) ‘with/against whom’, along with o (+ accusative) ‘for what’; or (Przemyśl, San river) with instrumental ‘cards’; or (Kielce) with na (+ accusative) ‘for whom/what’]
- grać w piłkę nożną ― to play football
- Nie teraz mamo, gram w Fortnite'a!. ― Not now mom, I'm playing Fortnite!
- (ambitransitive) to play (to gamble)
- (transitive) to play, to act (to perform a role in a play, movie, etc.)
- (transitive, Western Greater Poland, Rakoniewice) Synonym: udawać
- (transitive) to play (to perform or show a play or movie somewhere)
- Synonym: odgrywać
- (ambitransitive) to play (to produce music using a musical instrument) [with na (+ locative) ‘(on) what instrument’; or (Kuyavia, Gopło, Łęczyca, Mazew, Rzętków, Kielce, Pierzchnica) with w (+ accusative) ‘what instrument’]
- Synonym: odgrywać
- grać na gitarze ― to play guitar
- (transitive) to play (to produce music from a device) [with z (+ genitive) ‘from what device’]
- Synonym: odgrywać
- (ambitransitive) to play (to give off sound)
- Synonym: wygrywać
- (intransitive) to play (to attempt to achieve or gain) [with o (+ accusative) ‘for what’; or with na (+ locative) ‘(on) what’]
- grać na emocjach ― to play someone's emotions
- grać o wszystko ― to play for everything
- (transitive) to play, to pretend to be, to act (to act unnaturally or falsely)
- (intransitive) to show (of emotions, to externalize or be seen) [with w (+ locative) ‘in whom’]
- (intransitive, literary) to shift; to shimmer (to change colors) [with instrumental]
- (intransitive, colloquial) to play well with (to suit or match something) [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with what’]
- Synonyms: harmonizować, pasować, współgrać
- (ambitransitive, card games) to play (to lay out a card on the table) [with accusative or w (+ locative) ‘what’]
- (ambitransitive, card games) to play (to accept a particular suit as the winning suit) [with accusative or w (+ locative) ‘what suit’]
- (transitive, colloquial) to be on (to be in order; to function properly)
- Synonym: klapować
- (intransitive, Podhale, Ząb, Chochołów) to be constantly mad at someone [with na (+ locative) ‘at whom’]
- (intransitive, Podlachia, Tykocin, of a capercaillie calling a female mate) to coo
- (intransitive, Podlachia, Drohiczyn, of animals) synonym of parzyć się
- (intransitive, Eastern Lublin, Chełm County, of animals) synonym of wyskakiwać / podskakiwać
- (intransitive, Podhale) to serve someone well [with dative ‘whom’]
- (transitive, obsolete) to play with (to risk) [with instrumental ‘with what’]
- (intransitive, obsolete) to play, to have fun (to spend time in a fun way)
- (transitive, obsolete, law) to sue, to litigate
- Synonyms: procesować się, prawować się
- (intransitive, obsolete, of alcoholic beverages) to bubble; to ferment
- (transitive, obsolete, hunting) to sic (to send an animal after one's hunted animal) [with na (+ accusative) ‘after what game’]
- Synonym: szczuć
- (transitive, Middle Polish) to court (to attempt to attract)
- (transitive, Middle Polish) to make fun of, to mock
- Synonym: kpić
- (transitive, Middle Polish) to move something quickly
- (transitive, Middle Polish) to undulate, to wave (to cause to resemble a wave)
- (Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
- (transitive) to fight, to battle, to combat
- Synonym: walczyć
- 1569, M. Bielski, Sprawa rycerska[6], page c:
- bo ći Bráćiſzkowie niepobożnie żyiąc w prożnowániu nikcżemnieią/ máiąc ná to dwoie Compatibilia/ Nábożeńſtwo w ſercu a Miecże w ręku/ to ieſt/ áby y śpiewał y nieprzyiaćiele bił Kośćiołá świętego/ pobożnieyſze by tho były Preces/ niżli nálewáć feces/ widząc náſzę Polſkę cżęſtho złęgo Sąſiádá gráć
- [bo ci Braciszkowie niepobożnie żyjąc w prożnowániu nikczemnieją/ mając na to dwoje Compatibilia/ Nabożeństwo w sercu a Miecze w ręku/ to jest/ aby i śpiewał i nieprzyiaciele bił Kościołá świętego/ pobożniejsze by tho były Preces/ niżli nalewać feces/ widząc naszę Polskę często złego Sąsiada gráć]
- (transitive) to fight, to battle, to combat
- (transitive, Middle Polish, euphemistic) to have sex (to have sexual relations with)
- Synonyms: see Thesaurus:uprawiać seks
Conjugation
[edit]Contemporary:
Obsolete:
- The Western Greater Poland dialect, (Przemęt), Central Greater Poland dialect (Kościan, Czeszewo, Mielżyn, Kostrzyn, Siekierki Wielkie), Southern Greater Poland dialect (Leszno, Machcin), and Eastern Lublin dialect (Krzczonów, Olszanka, Chmiel Pierwszy, Piotrków Pierwszy) show the third-person singular present form graje.
- The Podegrodzie dialect (Zawada) shows the second-person plural imperative form grejcie.
Derived terms
[edit]- dograć pf, dogrywać impf
- nagrać pf, nagrywać impf
- odegrać pf, odgrywać impf
- ograć pf, ogrywać impf
- podegrać pf, podgrywać impf
- pograć pf, pogrywać impf
- przegrać pf, przegrywać impf
- przygrać pf, przygrywać impf
- rozegrać pf, rozgrywać impf
- ugrać pf, ugrywać impf
- wgrać pf, wgrywać impf
- współgrać impf
- wygrać pf, wygrywać impf
- zagrać pf, zagrywać impf
- zgrać pf, zgrywać impf
- grać do kotleta impf
- grać głupa impf
- grać jak z nut impf, zagrać jak z nut pf
- grać kartą impf, zagrać kartą pf
- grać na aferę impf
- grać na cztery ręce impf, zagrać na cztery ręce pf
- grać na dwie strony impf
- grać na korzyść impf
- grać na nerwach impf
- grać na niekorzyść impf
- grać na nosie impf, zagrać na nosie pf
- grać na strunie impf, zagrać na strunie pf
- grać na wielu fortepianach impf
- grać na zwłokę impf, zagrać na zwłokę pf
- grać o pietruszkę impf
- grać pierwsze skrzypce impf, zagrać pierwsze skrzypce pf
- grać pod suflera impf
- grać w ciemno impf, zagrać w ciemno pf
- grać w gumę impf, zagrać w gumę pf
- grać w gumy impf
- grać w klasy impf, zagrać w klasy pf
- grać w kotka i myszkę impf
- grać w otwarte karty impf, zagrać w otwarty klasy pf
- grać w zielone impf
- grać z ręki impf, zagrać z ręki pf
- grać znaczonymi kartami impf
- w duszy grać impf, w duszy zagrać pf
- wszystko gra impf, wszystko zagrało pf
Related terms
[edit]Trivia
[edit]According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), grać is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 8 times in scientific texts, 11 times in news, 3 times in essays, 17 times in fiction, and 33 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 72 times, making it the 895th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
Etymology 2
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *grajati. First attested in the 18th century.[2]
Verb
[edit]grać impf
- (intransitive, hunting, of capercaillies and black grouse) to make a characteristic call during courtship display
- (intransitive, hunting, of hounds) to bark loudly and fiercely while chasing game
- Hypernym: szczekać
Conjugation
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ida Kurcz (1990), “grać”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language][2] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków; Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 136
- ^ Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “grać II”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
Further reading
[edit]- “grać”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego[7] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- “grać”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN[8] (in Polish)
- Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “grać”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “GRAĆ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 03.03.2016
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “grać”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “grać”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “grać”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 895
- Jan Karłowicz (1901), “grać”, in Słownik gwar polskich [Dictionary of Polish dialects] (in Polish), volume 2: F do K, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 116
- grać in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
Silesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish grać.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]grać impf
- (ambitransitive) to play; to gamble (to participate in a certain game, e.g. football or poker) [with accusative or na (+ accusative) or w (+ accusative) ‘what’]
- (ambitransitive) to play (to produce music using a musical instrument) [with accusative ‘what’ and na (+ locative) ‘(on) what instrument’]
- (reflexive with sie) to play (to pretend to be; to take on an imagined role) [with za (+ accusative) ‘whom/what role’]
Conjugation
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- grac in dykcjonorz.eu
- grać in silling.org
- Henryk Jaroszewicz (2022), “grać”, in Zasady pisowni języka śląskiego (in Polish), Siedlce: Wydawnictwo Naukowe IKR[i]BL, page 81
- Aleksandra Wencel (2023), “grać, grać śe”, in Dykcjůnôrz ślų̊sko-polski, pages 248-249
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish verbs
- Old Polish imperfective verbs
- Old Polish hapax legomena
- Old Polish terms with quotations
- zlw-opl:Gaming
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Middle Polish
- Kuyavian Polish
- Western Greater Poland Polish
- Podlachia Polish
- Łęczyca Polish
- Kielce Polish
- Eastern Lublin Polish
- Przemyśl Polish
- Podhale Polish
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/at͡ɕ
- Rhymes:Polish/at͡ɕ/1 syllable
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish clippings
- Polish lemmas
- Polish verbs
- Polish imperfective verbs
- Polish transitive verbs
- Polish intransitive verbs
- Polish terms with collocations
- Polish terms with usage examples
- Polish literary terms
- Polish colloquialisms
- pl:Card games
- Polish terms with obsolete senses
- pl:Law
- pl:Hunting
- Polish terms with uncertain meaning
- Polish terms with quotations
- Polish euphemisms
- Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gerh₂-
- pl:Animal sounds
- pl:Gaming
- pl:Sex
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms derived from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Silesian terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/at͡ɕ
- Rhymes:Silesian/at͡ɕ/1 syllable
- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian verbs
- Silesian imperfective verbs
- Silesian transitive verbs
- Silesian intransitive verbs
- Silesian reflexive verbs
- szl:Gaming