boss

See also: Boss, BOSS, and boß

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:

boss

Wikipedia

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /bɒs/
(General American, without the cot–caught merger; MLE) IPA^(key): /bɔs/
- (General American, cot–caught merger) IPA^(key): /bɑs/
Audio (Southern England): (file)
Audio (UK): (file)
Audio (US, cot–caught merger): (file)
Rhymes: -ɒs, -ɔːs

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *bʰā-

Proto-Germanic *bō-?

Proto-Germanic *baswô

Proto-West Germanic *baswō

Old Dutch *baso

Middle Dutch baes

Dutch baasbor.

English boss

Borrowed from Dutch baas, from Middle Dutch baes (“master of a household, friend”), from Old Dutch *baso (“uncle, kinsman”), from Proto-West Germanic *baswō, from Proto-Germanic *baswô (“uncle”), perhaps from Proto-Germanic *ba-, *bō- (“father, older male relative”), source also of the English terms babe, boy, bub, bully. Cognate with Middle Low German bās (“supervisor, foreman”), Old Frisian bas (“master”), hence Saterland Frisian Boas (“boss”), Old High German basa (“father's sister, cousin”), hence German Base (“aunt, cousin”).

Originally a term of respect used to address an older relative. Later, in New Amsterdam, it began to mean a person in charge who is not a master.

The video game sense is borrowed from Japanese ボス (bosu), borrowed from English boss.

Noun

boss (plural bosses)

One who is in charge or something.
1. One who oversees and directs the work of others; a supervisor.
  Synonyms: manager, supervisor; see also Thesaurus:boss
  
  The boss of the company was going to Spain for work.
  - 2000 February 5, Douglas Watkinson & al., "Beyond the Grave", Midsomer Murders:
    Rule Number Two: Always treat the boss as if he's blind and stupid.
  - 2018 February 18, Dawn Pine, “Strategies for Dealing with a Bad Boss”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[1], archived from the original on 1 October 2020:
    We have some vindictive people as bosses, and you don’t want to be the target of their wrath.
2. A person in charge of a business or company.
  Synonym: employer
  
  Chat turned to whisper when the boss entered the conference room.
  
  My boss complains that I'm always late to work.
  - 1913, Marie Adelaide Belloc Lowndes, The Lodger:
    "Our Boss has resigned!" said Joe Chandler slowly, impressively.
    "No! Not the Commissioner o’ Police?" exclaimed Bunting.
3. A leader, the head of an organized group or team.
  Synonyms: head, leader
  
  They named him boss because he had good leadership skills.
4. The head of a political party in a given region or district.
  Synonym: leader
  
  He is the Republican boss in Kentucky.
5. (Australia) The male owner or man in charge of a large rural property.
  - 1937, Ion L. Idriess, Over the Range, Sydney: Angus and Robertson, published 1947, page 5:
    Above all, she must not tell the boss of any little irregularity she may see.
6. (humorous) One's wife.
  There's no olive oil; will sunflower oil do? — I'll have to run that by the boss.
7. (informal, especially India, MLE and Philippines) A term of address to a man, especially a customer; sometimes also to a friend or acquaintance of equal standing.
  Good to see you, boss.
(video games) An enemy, often at the end of a level, that is particularly challenging and must be beaten in order to progress.
Synonym: guardian
- 2017 October 2, Heather Alexandra, “Cuphead Player Beats Bosses Without Taking A Single Hit”, in Kotaku‎^[2], archived from the original on 18 February 2018:
  Cuphead built a reputation for difficulty before release, but its boss battles are mostly about recognizing patterns than getting lucky against unfair bosses. Watching players ace their way through the game’s bosses is a spellbinding reminder that even tough games can be defeated easily with hard work.

Derived terms

Descendants

Tok Pisin: bos
Chinese:
- → Mandarin: boss
- → Cantonese: 波士 (bo¹ si^6-2)
→ Danish: boss
→ French: boss
→ Indonesian: bos
→ Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: boss
→ Italian: boss
→ Japanese: ボス (bosu)
→ Korean: 보스 (boseu)
→ Maltese: boss
→ Polish: boss
→ Portuguese: boss
→ Romanian: boss
→ Russian: босс (boss)
→ Swedish: boss
→ Tagalog: bos, boss
→ Turkish: boss

Translations

supervisor

Apache:
Western Apache: nantʼán
Arabic: رَئِيس m (raʔīs), رَئِيسَة f (raʔīsa), مُدِير m (mudīr), مُدِيرَة f (mudīra)
Armenian: վերակացու (hy) (verakacʻu)
Baluchi: سروک (sarok)
Belarusian: кіраўні́к m (kirawník), кіраўні́ца f (kirawníca), нача́льнік m (načálʹnik), нача́льніца f (načálʹnica), бос m (bos), шэф m (šef), галава́ (be) m (halavá)
Bulgarian: ръководи́тел (bg) m (răkovodítel), ръководи́телка m (răkovodítelka), шеф (bg) m (šef), ше́фка f (šéfka)
Catalan: cap (ca) m, superior (ca) m
Chinese:
Cantonese: 事頭 / 事头 (si⁶ tau^4-2), 老細 / 老细 (lou⁵ sai³), 老闆 / 老板 (lou⁵ baan²), 主管 (zyu² gun²)

Mandarin: 老闆 / 老板 (zh) (lǎobǎn), 主管 (zh) (zhǔguǎn)
Dutch: baas (nl) m, opzichter (nl) m
Esperanto: mastro (eo), estro (eo)
Estonian: ülemus
Finnish: pomo (fi)
French: patron (fr) m, chef (fr) m
Georgian: , უფროსი (uprosi), ხელმძღვანელი (xelmʒɣvaneli), ბოსი (ka) (bosi), შეფი (ka) (šepi), ზედამხედველი (zedamxedveli), მეთვალყურე (metvalq̇ure)
German: Chef (de) m, Chefin (de) f
Greek: προϊστάμενος (el) m (proïstámenos), επιστάτης (el) m (epistátis), αφεντικό (el) n (afentikó)
Hebrew: בּוֹס (he) m (bos), בּוֹסִית f (bósit)
Hindi: मालिक (hi) m (mālik)
Hungarian: főnök (hu), főnöknő (hu)
Hutterisch: Wiet m
Ingrian: päämees, päänikka
Irish: bas m
Italian: capo (it) m, principale (it) m
Japanese: 上司 (ja) (じょうし, jōshi)
Khmer: ចៅហ្វាយ (km) (caw vaay), ចាងហ្វាង (caang vaang)
Korean: 상관(上官) (ko) (sanggwan), 상사(上司) (sangsa)
Lao: ນາຽ (nāi), ຕົ້ນ (ton)
Latin: dominus (la) m, ipsimus m, ipsima f
Latvian: vadītājs (lv) m, vadītāja f
Lithuanian: vadõvas m, vadovė f, viršininkas m, viršininkė f
Macedonian: шеф m (šef), шефица f (šefica), раководител m (rakovoditel), раководителка f (rakovoditelka)
Manx: ard-er m, ard-ghooinney m
Miami: aahkohkinkia
Occitan: cap (oc) m
Persian:
Iranian Persian: رَئیس (ra'is), مُدیر (modir)
Plautdietsch: Bauss m
Polish: brygadzista (pl) m, kierownik (pl) m, kierowniczka (pl) f, szef (pl) m, szefowa (pl) f
Portuguese: supervisor (pt) m, chefe (pt) m or f, capataz (pt) m or f
Russian: руководи́тель (ru) m (rukovodítelʹ), руководи́тельница (ru) f (rukovodítelʹnica), шеф (ru) m (šef), босс (ru) m (boss), нача́льник (ru) m (načálʹnik), нача́льница (ru) f (načálʹnica), патро́н (ru) m (patrón)
Scottish Gaelic: ceannard m
Spanish: jefe (es) m, jefa (es) f, patrón (es) m, patrono (es) m
Swedish: chef (sv) c, boss (sv) c, förman (sv) c, bas (sv) c
Tajik: мудир (tg) (mudir)
Thai: นายงาน (th) (naai-ngaan), นายจ้าง (th) (naai-jâang), นาย (th) (naai), หัวหน้า (th) (hǔua-nâa), บอส (th) (bɔ́ɔt)
Ukrainian: керівни́к (uk) m (kerivnýk), керівни́ця f (kerivnýcja), нача́льник (uk) m (načálʹnyk), нача́льниця f (načálʹnycja), шеф m (šef), бос (uk) m (bos), голова́ m (holová)
Urdu: مالِک m (mālik)
Vietnamese: ông chủ (vi), thủ trưởng (vi)
Záparo: akamínu

person in charge

Albanian: shef (sq) m
Aleut: tukux̂
Apache:
Western Apache: nantʼán
Arabic: رَئِيس m (raʔīs), رَئِيسَة f (raʔīsa), مُدِير m (mudīr), مُدِيرَة f (mudīra)
Asturian: xefe m
Baluchi: سروک (sarok)
Belarusian: нача́льнiк m (načálʹnik), нача́льнiца f (načálʹnica), шэф m (šef)
Bulgarian: шеф (bg) m (šef), ше́фка f (šéfka), работода́тел (bg) m (rabotodátel), работода́телка f (rabotodátelka), нача́лник (bg) m (načálnik), нача́лница f (načálnica), нача́лничка f (načálnička)
Catalan: patró (ca) m, cap (ca) m
Chichewa: bwana
Chinese:
Cantonese: 老細 / 老世 / 老细 (lou⁵ sai³), 老闆 / 老板 (lou⁵ baan²), 波士 (yue) (bo¹ si^6-2)

Hokkien: 頭家 / 头家 (zh-min-nan) (thâu-ke)

Mandarin: 老闆 / 老板 (zh) (lǎobǎn), 主管 (zh) (zhǔguǎn)
Crimean Tatar: baş
Czech: šéf (cs) m, šéfka (cs) f
Danish: chef (da) c
Dutch: baas (nl) m, bazin (nl) f, chef (nl) m
Esperanto: ĉefo (eo), ĉefulo
Estonian: ülemus, boss (et)
Finnish: johtaja (fi), (informal) pomo (fi)
French: patron (fr) m, chef (fr) m
Friulian: cap m
Galician: xefe (gl) m, xefa f
Georgian: , უფროსი (uprosi), ხელმძღვანელი (xelmʒɣvaneli), ბოსი (ka) (bosi), შეფი (ka) (šepi)
German: Chef (de) m, Chefin (de) f
Greek: αφεντικό (el) n (afentikó)
Hebrew: בּוֹס (he) m (bós), בּוֹסִית f (bósit)
Hindi: मालिक (hi) m (mālik)
Hungarian: főnök (hu)
Icelandic: stjóri m
Indonesian: bos (id)
Ingrian: päämees, päänikka
Interlingua: chef
Irish: bas m
Italian: capo (it) m, padrone (it) m
Japanese: 上司 (ja) (じょうし, jōshi), 長 (ja) (ちょう, chō), ボス (ja) (bosu)
Jarai: khua
Khmer: ចៅហ្វាយ (km) (caw vaay), ចាងហ្វាង (caang vaang)
K'iche': rajaw
Korean: 상사(上司) (sangsa), 보스 (ko) (boseu)
Lao: ເຈົ້ານາຍ (chao nāi)
Latin: dominus (la) m, domina (la), ipsimus m, ipsima f
Latvian: šefs m, vadītājs (lv) m, vadītāja f
Lithuanian: vadõvas m, vadovė f, šefas m, viršininkas m, viršininkė f
Macedonian: раководител m (rakovoditel), раководителка f (rakovoditelka)
Malay: bos (ms)
Manx: ard-er m, ard-ghooinney m
Māori: pāhi
Navajo: bóhólníhígíí
Norwegian:
Bokmål: sjef (no) m
Occitan: cap (oc) m, capa (oc) f, patron (oc) m
Ojibwe: ogimaa
Persian:
Iranian Persian: مُدیر (modir), کارْفَرْما (kârfarmâ)
Plautdietsch: Bauss m
Polish: szef (pl) m, szefowa (pl) f, naczelnik (pl) m, naczelniczka f
Portuguese: chefe (pt) m or f
Romanian: șef (ro) m, șefă (ro) f
Romansh: schef m, scheffa f
Russian: шеф (ru) m (šef), босс (ru) m (boss), нача́льник (ru) m (načálʹnik), нача́льница (ru) f (načálʹnica)
Scottish Gaelic: ceannard m
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: (informal) га̏зда m

Latin: (informal) gȁzda (sh) m
Slovak: šéf m, šéfka f
Slovene: šef m, šefica f
Spanish: jefe (es) m, jefa (es) f
Swahili: bwana (sw)
Swedish: chef (sv) c
Tajik: сардор (sardor), мудир (tg) (mudir)
Thai: เจ้านาย (th) (jâo-naai), นาย (th) (naai)
Turkish: patron (tr), amir (tr), müdür (tr), şef (tr)
Ottoman Turkish: رئیس (reʼis), قوجه (koca)
Ukrainian: нача́льник (uk) m (načálʹnyk), нача́льниця f (načálʹnycja), шеф m (šef)
Urdu: مالِک m (mālik)
Uzbek: rahbar (uz), boshliq (uz), sardor (uz)
Vietnamese: sếp
Záparo: akamínu

leader, head of an organised team

Bulgarian: ръководи́тел (bg) m (răkovodítel), ръководи́телка m (răkovodítelka)
Catalan: cap (ca) m or f, patró (ca) m
Chinese:
Mandarin: (colloquial) 頭兒 / 头儿 (zh) (tóur), 領導 / 领导 (zh) (lǐngdǎo), 領隊 / 领队 (zh) (lǐngduì)
Esperanto: mastro (eo)
Finnish: pomo (fi), johtaja (fi)
French: chef (fr) m, patron (fr) m
Georgian: ხელმძღვანელი (xelmʒɣvaneli)
Greek: αρχηγός (el) m or f (archigós)
Latin: dominus (la) m
Macedonian: раководител m (rakovoditel), раководителка f (rakovoditelka)
Manx: ard-er m, ard-ghooinney m
Ojibwe: ogimaa
Russian: руководи́тель (ru) m (rukovodítelʹ), руководи́тельница (ru) f (rukovodítelʹnica)
Scottish Gaelic: ceannard m
Spanish: (South America) capo (es) m
Thai: หัวหน้า (th) (hǔua-nâa), บอส (th) (bɔ́ɔt)
Turkish: patron (tr)
Ottoman Turkish: رئیس (reʼis), قوجه (koca)

head of a political party

Apache:
Western Apache: nantʼán
Bulgarian: ли́дер (bg) m (líder), водител m (voditel)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 大佬 (zh) (dàlǎo)
Crimean Tatar: baş
Finnish: johtaja (fi)
Georgian: ლიდერი (lideri)
Greek: αρχηγός (el) m or f (archigós)
Latin: dominus (la)
Macedonian: лидер m (lider)
Portuguese: líder (pt) m or f
Russian: ли́дер (ru) m (líder), вождь (ru) m (voždʹ)
Scottish Gaelic: ceannard m
Thai: หัวหน้า (th) (hǔua-nâa)

term of address to a man

Bulgarian: (vocative) шефе (šefe)
French: patron (fr) m, chef (fr) m
Latin: dominus (la) m
Macedonian: (vocative) шефе (šefe)
Polish: szef (pl) m
Portuguese: chefe (pt) m
Russian: шеф (ru) m (šef), отец (ru) m (otec)

enemy in video game

Bulgarian: бос (bg) m (bos)
Chinese:
Cantonese: 大佬 (daai⁶ lou²)

Mandarin: 頭目 / 头目 (zh) (tóumù), 關底 / 关底, 老怪, boss (zh)
Dutch: baas (nl) m, eindbaas m
Esperanto: estro (eo)
Finnish: pomovastus, loppuvastus (fi), vastus (fi) (in a game without other kinds of enemies)
French: boss (fr) c
German: Boss (de) m, Endgegner (de) m
Hungarian: fő ellenség
Italian: boss (it) m
Japanese: ボス (ja) (bosu)
Khmer: មេ (km) (mee)
Korean: 보스 (ko) (boseu)
Macedonian: кралица f (kralica)
Norwegian:
Bokmål: boss m
Polish: boss (pl) m
Portuguese: (Brazil) chefe (pt) m, (Brazil) chefão (pt) m, guardião (pt) m
Romanian: (informal) boss (ro) m
Russian: босс (ru) m (boss)
Spanish: jefe (es) m
Swedish: boss (sv) c
Thai: บอส (th) (bɔ́ɔt)
Vietnamese: trùm (vi)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

Thai: ^{(please verify)} หัวหน้า (th) (hǔua-nâa)
Southern Thai: ^{(please verify)} นายหัว
Turkish: ^{(please verify)} ağa (tr)

Verb

boss (third-person singular simple present bosses, present participle bossing, simple past and past participle bossed)

(transitive) To exercise authoritative control over; to tell (someone) what to do, often repeatedly.
Synonyms: lord over, boss around
- 1931, Robert L. May, Rudolph, The Red-Nosed Reindeer, Montgomery Ward (publisher):
  By YOU last night’s journey was actually bossed / Without you, I’m certain, we’d all have been lost.
- 1932, Lorine Pruette, The Parent and the Happy Child, page 76:
  His sisters bossed him and spoiled him. All their lives he was to go on being their little brother, who could do no wrong, because he was the baby; [...]
- 1967, Pelham Grenville Wodehouse, The purloined paperweight, page 90:
  She bossed him, and he's never gotten over it. She still orders him around, and instead of telling her to go soak her head, he just says 'Yes, ma'am' as weak as a newborn jellyfish [...]
- 1980, Jean Toomer, The wayward and the seeking: a collection of writings by Jean Toomer, page 40:
  For if, on the one hand, I bossed him and showed him what to do and how to do it, [...]
- 2021 June 14, Scott Mullen, “Scotland 0-2 Czech Republic”, in BBC Sport‎^[3]:
  Clarke was undoubtedly made to change things and for spells, the Czechs bossed the game. Scotland's midfield was nullified, Dykes struggled to hold the ball up while, barring a small handful of forays by Robertson, there was a distinct lack of width from the Scots.

Derived terms

Translations

to exercise authority over (someone)

Bulgarian: разпореждам се (razporeždam se)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 督責 / 督责 (zh) (dūzé)
Danish: koste, hundse
Finnish: pomottaa (fi), komennella (fi)
Italian: comandare (it)
Russian: ука́зывать (ru) impf (ukázyvatʹ), распоряжа́ться (ru) impf (rasporjažátʹsja), кома́ндовать (ru) impf (komándovatʹ)
Spanish: dirigir (es), mandar (es), (United States) bosear
Swedish: bossa

Adjective

boss (comparative bosser, superlative bossest)

(slang, US, Canada, Liverpool) Of excellent quality, first-rate.
That is a boss Zefron poster.
- 1966 February 17, Dennis Whitcomb, “Zombo” (7:35 from the start), in The Munsters, season 2, episode 22:
  Boy 2: He's the neatest looking guy on TV!
  Boy 3: I'll say!
  Boy 1: He sure is!
  Boy 3: Boy, the way he talks is really boss!

Etymology 2

From Middle English bos, bose, boce, from Old French boce (“lump, bulge, protuberance, knot”), from Frankish *bottja, from Proto-Germanic *bautaną (“to hit, strike, beat”). Doublet of beat; see there for more.

Noun

boss (plural bosses)

A lump, protuberance, or swelling in an animal, person or object.
Coordinate term: tuberosity
1. (geology) A lump-like mass of rock, especially one projecting through a stratum of different rock.
2. A convex protuberance in hammered work, especially the rounded projection in the centre of a shield.
4. (mechanics) A protrusion; frequently a cylinder of material that extends beyond a hole.
  Coordinate terms: ear, eye
  - 1846, editorial staff, “Maudslay's Improvements in propelling Machinery”, in Scientific American (1), volume 2, number 13, page 100:
    To the upper part of the frame a chain is attached, and if the screw shaft be drawn back out of the boss, the square frame may be hove up by carrying the chain to a winch—the sliding block maintaining the frame in the perpendicular position.
  - 1985, Cormac McCarthy, chapter IV, in Blood Meridian […] , →OCLC:
    The seargent […] screwing a bipod into the threaded boss on the underside of the barrel would kill these animals […]
5. (architecture) A knob or projection, usually at the intersection of ribs in a vault.
6. (architecture) A roughly cut stone set in place for later carving.
(archery) A target block, made of foam but historically made of hay bales, to which a target face is attached.
A wooden vessel for the mortar used in tiling or masonry, hung by a hook from the laths, or from the rounds of a ladder.
- 1842, Peter Nicholson, The Mechanic's Companion:
  Boss, a short trough for holding water, when tiling the roof
A head or reservoir of water.

Derived terms

Translations

projection in centre of shield

Bulgarian: умбо n (umbo)
German: Buckel (de) m
Irish: mol
Italian: umbone (it) m
Latin: umbō f
Old English: randbēag m
Polish: umbo (pl) n
Portuguese: bossa (pt) f, umbo m
Spanish: umbo (es) m
Turkish:
Ottoman Turkish: گوبك (göbek)
Welsh: bogail m or f
Middle Welsh: bogel m or f

mechanics: protrusion

Bulgarian: изпъкналост (bg) f (izpăknalost), издатина (bg) f (izdatina)
Catalan: botó (ca) m
German: Bund (de) m, Kragen (de) m, Überstand m, Vorsprung (de) m, Stulp m, Sockel (de) m
Irish: mol m
Norwegian:
Bokmål: boss n, bøssing m
Russian: вы́ступ (ru) m (výstup)
Spanish: tetón (es) m, botón (es) m

architecture: knob or protrusion

Bulgarian: релеф (bg) m (relef), розетка (bg) f (rozetka)
French: clé de voûte (fr) f
German: Abhängling m, Schlußstein (de) m, Schlussstein (de) m, Knoten (de) m, Knauf (de) m, Hängezapfen m
Italian: bugna (it) f
Polish: brosza (pl) f

Verb

boss (third-person singular simple present bosses, present participle bossing, simple past and past participle bossed)

(transitive) To decorate with bosses; to emboss.

Translations

to decorate with bosses — see emboss

Etymology 3

Apparently a corruption of bast.

Noun

boss (plural bosses)

(obsolete) A hassock or small seat, especially made from a bundle of straw.
Synonyms: footrest, hassock
- 1916, James Joyce, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Macmillan Press Ltd, paperback, section 36:
  All were waiting : uncle Charles, who sat far away in the shadow of the window, Dante and Mr Casey, who sat in the easy chairs at either side of the hearth, Stephen, seated on a chair between them, his feet resting on a toasting boss.

Translations

hassock

Bulgarian: please add this translation if you can
German: Sitzkissen (de) n, Polsterhocker m, Fußstütze (de) f

Anagrams

sobs, SBOs, SOBs, BSOs, BSSO

Danish

Etymology

From American English boss, from Dutch baas.

Noun

boss c (singular definite bossen, plural indefinite bosser)

(informal) boss (leader of a company etc.)
Synonym: (more formal) chef
(video games) boss (challenging enemy in a video game)

Declension

Declension of *boss*
common gender	singular		plural
common gender	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	boss	bossen	bosser	bosserne
genitive	boss'	bossens	bossers	bossernes

French

Etymology

Borrowed from English boss.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bɔs/
Audio (France (Toulouse)): (file)
Audio (France (Vosges)): (file)
Audio (France (Somain)): (file)

Noun

boss m or f by sense (plural boss or bosses)

boss (leader)
(video games) boss (challenging enemy in a video game)

Italian

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English boss.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbɔs/
Rhymes: -ɔs
Hyphenation: bòss

Noun

boss m (invariable)

boss (leader of a business, company or criminal organization)
Synonym: capo

Maltese

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *bʰā-

Proto-Germanic *bō-?

Proto-Germanic *baswô

Proto-West Germanic *baswō

Old Dutch *baso

Middle Dutch baes

Dutch baasbor.

English bossbor.

Maltese boss

Borrowed from English boss.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bɔs/
Rhymes: -ɔs

Noun

boss m (plural bossijiet)

boss (clarification of this definition is needed)

Related terms

bbossja

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Alternative forms

bøss

Noun

boss n (definite singular bosset, uncountable)

(Bergen) garbage, rubbish, trash (leftover waste to be discarded)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English boss.

Noun

boss m (definite singular bossen, indefinite plural bosser, definite plural bossene)

(colloquial) boss, supervisor
(video games) boss (challenging enemy in a video game)

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bɔsː/

Noun

boss n (definite singular bosset, uncountable)

(Bergen, Snåsa, Gausdal, Grenland) alternative form of bos

Polish

Polish Wikipedia has an article on:

boss

Wikipedia ^pl

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English boss, from Dutch baas, from Middle Dutch baes, from Old Dutch *baso, from Proto-Germanic *baswô.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbɔs/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɔs
Syllabification: boss

Noun

boss m pers

(colloquial) boss (supervisor)
Synonyms: szef, zwierzchnik
(video games) boss (challenging enemy in a video game)

Declension

Declension of boss

	singular	plural
nominative	boss	bossowie
genitive	bossa	bossów
dative	bossowi	bossom
accusative	bossa	bossów
instrumental	bossem	bossami
locative	bossie	bossach
vocative	bossie	bossowie

Portuguese

Portuguese Wikipedia has an article on:

boss

Wikipedia ^pt

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English boss.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈbɔ(j)s/ [ˈbɔ(ɪ̯)s]
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈbɔ(j)ʃ/ [ˈbɔ(ɪ̯)ʃ]

Noun

boss m (plural boss or bosses)

(video games) boss (challenging enemy in a video game)
Synonyms: chefe, chefão

Romanian

Alternative forms

bos

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English boss.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bos/

Noun

boss m (plural boși)

boss, manager, supervisor
Synonym: șef

Declension

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	boss	bossul	boși	boșii
genitive-dative	boss	bossului	boși	boșilor
vocative	bossule		boșilor

Swedish

Etymology

Borrowed from English boss.

Noun

boss c

(colloquial) boss, supervisor; someone who oversees work
Synonym: chef
(video games) boss (challenging enemy in a video game)
Hyponyms: mellanboss, miniboss, nivåboss, slutboss

Declension

Declension of **boss**
		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	boss	boss
singular	definite	bossen	bossens
plural	indefinite	bossar	bossars
plural	definite	bossarna	bossarnas

Derived terms

Tagalog

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English boss.

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈbos/ [ˈbos]
Rhymes: -os
Syllabification: boss

Noun

boss (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜓᜐ᜔)

alternative spelling of bos

Turkish

Turkish Wikipedia has an article on:

boss

Wikipedia ^tr

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English boss.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbos/

Noun

boss (definite accusative bossu, plural bosslar)

(video games) boss (challenging enemy in a video game)
Synonym: bölüm sonu canavarı

Declension

Declension of boss

	singular	plural
nominative	boss	bosslar
definite accusative	bossu	bossları
dative	bossa	bosslara
locative	bossta	bosslarda
ablative	bosstan	bosslardan
genitive	bossun	bossların

Possessive forms
nominative
	singular	plural
1st singular	bossum	bosslarım
2nd singular	bossun	bossların
3rd singular	bossu	bossları
1st plural	bossumuz	bosslarımız
2nd plural	bossunuz	bosslarınız
3rd plural	bossları	bossları
definite accusative
	singular	plural
1st singular	bossumu	bosslarımı
2nd singular	bossunu	bosslarını
3rd singular	bossunu	bosslarını
1st plural	bossumuzu	bosslarımızı
2nd plural	bossunuzu	bosslarınızı
3rd plural	bosslarını	bosslarını
dative
	singular	plural
1st singular	bossuma	bosslarıma
2nd singular	bossuna	bosslarına
3rd singular	bossuna	bosslarına
1st plural	bossumuza	bosslarımıza
2nd plural	bossunuza	bosslarınıza
3rd plural	bosslarına	bosslarına
locative
	singular	plural
1st singular	bossumda	bosslarımda
2nd singular	bossunda	bosslarında
3rd singular	bossunda	bosslarında
1st plural	bossumuzda	bosslarımızda
2nd plural	bossunuzda	bosslarınızda
3rd plural	bosslarında	bosslarında
ablative
	singular	plural
1st singular	bossumdan	bosslarımdan
2nd singular	bossundan	bosslarından
3rd singular	bossundan	bosslarından
1st plural	bossumuzdan	bosslarımızdan
2nd plural	bossunuzdan	bosslarınızdan
3rd plural	bosslarından	bosslarından
genitive
	singular	plural
1st singular	bossumun	bosslarımın
2nd singular	bossunun	bosslarının
3rd singular	bossunun	bosslarının
1st plural	bossumuzun	bosslarımızın
2nd plural	bossunuzun	bosslarınızın
3rd plural	bosslarının	bosslarının

Predicative forms
	singular	plural
1st singular	bossum	bosslarım
2nd singular	bosssun	bosslarsın
3rd singular	boss bosstur	bosslar bosslardır
1st plural	bossuz	bosslarız
2nd plural	bosssunuz	bosslarsınız
3rd plural	bosslar	bosslardır

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Derived terms

Descendants

Translations

Verb

Derived terms

Translations

Adjective

Etymology 2

Noun

Derived terms

Translations

Verb

Translations

Etymology 3

Noun

Translations

Anagrams

Danish

Etymology

Noun

Declension

Further reading

French

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Further reading

Italian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Maltese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Related terms

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Noun

Etymology 2

Noun

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

Noun

Polish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Further reading

Portuguese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Romanian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Further reading

Swedish

Etymology

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Tagalog

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Turkish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension