bok

See also: Bok, bök, bók, and bøk

Languages (26)

Translingual • English

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Afrikaans • Cebuano • Choctaw • Czech • Dutch • Kashubian • Lower Sorbian • Maranao • Marshallese • Middle English • Middle Low German • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Polish • Old Saxon • Old Swedish • Polish • Sarawak Malay • Serbo-Croatian • Silesian • Swedish • Tagalog • Turkish • Volapük

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Page categories

Translingual

Symbol

bok

1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Bonjo.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Bonjo terms

English

Pronunciation

• (General American) IPA^(key): /bɑk/
• (Received Pronunciation, General South African) IPA^(key): /bɒk/
• Rhymes: -ɒk

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

Etymology 1

From Afrikaans bok. Doublet of buck. Compare German Bock (“willingness, desire”).

Adjective

bok

1. (South Africa, slang) Keen or willing.

   "Do you want to go to the movies?" "Ja, I'm bok."

Etymology 2

Imitative

Interjection

bok

1. The clucking sound of a chicken.

   Alternative form: bawk

   • 2000, William S Pollack, Todd Shuster, Real boys' voices:

     And he says, "Chicken! Bok bok bok bok!" One time I got up and put the controller down and we started fighting.

   • 2004, Andrew Bennett, Nicholas Royle, An introduction to literature, criticism and theory:

     So the librarian gives the chicken a book. The chicken goes away, but comes back the next day, goes up to the librarian's desk and says: 'Bok, bok!'

Verb

bok (third-person singular simple present boks, present participle bokking, simple past and past participle bokked)

1. To make the clucking sound of a chicken.

See also

• bok-bok
• bok choy

Anagrams

• KBO, OKB, kob

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch bok (“buck, male goat”), from Middle Dutch boc, from Old Dutch buc, from Proto-Germanic *bukkaz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bɔk/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

bok (plural bokke, diminutive bokkie)

1. goat
2. antelope, buck

   Synonym: wildsbok

3. (slang) lover (term of affection)

   Synonym: bokkie

4. (gymnastics) vaulting horse
5. blunder

Derived terms

• boerbok
• gemsbok
• kafferbok
• reebok
• sitbok
• springbok
• takbok
• waterbok
• wildsbok

Descendants

• → Xhosa: ibhokhwe

Adjective

bok (attributive bokke, comparative bokker, superlative bokste)

1. keen, willing

Cebuano

Etymology

From Philippine English bok, from bunk, shortened from bunkmate.

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: bok

Noun

bok

1. one's batchmate or classmate in the Philippine Military Academy

Choctaw

Etymology

Attested as bayuk in the 17th century.

Noun

bōk (alienable)

1. creek, stream
2. river

   Synonym: hʋcha

Declension

possessive (alienable)	singular	paucal	plural
first-person ("my, our")	a̱bōk	pi̱bōk	hapi̱bōk
second-person ("thy, your")	chi̱bōk	hachi̱bōk
third-person ("his, her, its, their")	i̱bōk

	absolute	nominative	accusative	oblique
neutral	bōk	bōkat	bōka̱	bōkak
contrastive	bōkakō	bōkakōsh	bōkako̱	bōkakakō
		bōkato	bōkano
focus	bōkō			bōkakō
		bōkōsh	bōko̱

-ma "that, there"	-pa "this, here"	-kia "also, too"	-ba "only"	-ōk "but"	-akhī pejorative
bōkma	bōkpa	bōk(ak)kia	bōkba	bōkōk	bōkakhī

Derived terms

• bokushi

Descendants

• → Cajun French: bogue
  • → English: bogue

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech bok, from Proto-Slavic *bokъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈbok]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

bok m inan (diminutive boček or bůček)

1. side
2. flank
3. (anatomy) hip

Declension

Declension of bok (velar masculine inanimate)

	singular	plural
nominative	bok	boky
genitive	boku	boků
dative	boku	bokům
accusative	bok	boky
vocative	boku	boky
locative	boku	bocích
instrumental	bokem	boky

Related terms

adjectives

• boční
• bokový

nouns

• bokovka
• úbočí
• vbok

verbs

• odbočit
• vybočit
• zabočit

Further reading

• “bok”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “bok”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “bok”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2026

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bɔk/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: bok
• Rhymes: -ɔk

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch boc, from Old Dutch buc, from Proto-West Germanic *bukk, from Proto-Germanic *bukkaz.

Noun

bok m (plural bokken, diminutive bokje n)

1. male goat, billy

   Synonym: geitenbok

2. buck, horse or pony; strong contraption on legs, resembling a mount
   1. (gymnastics) vaulting horse
   2. sawbuck

      Synonym: zaagbok

   3. a crane on legs
3. box, perch (driver's seat on a carriage)
4. (printing) job case, type case
5. (derogatory) churl, grouch
6. (derogatory) oaf, bumpkin

Derived terms

• bokken
• bokkenbaard
• bokkenpruik
• bokkensprong
• bokkig
• boksbaard
• bokshoorn
• bontebok
• geitenbok
• gemsbok
• grijsbok
• hertenbok
• opbokken
• reebok
• schachtbok
• Spaanse bok
• springbok
• zaagbok
• zondebok

Descendants

• Afrikaans: bok
  • → Xhosa: ibhokhwe
• → English: Bok
• Negerhollands: bok
• Sranan Tongo: boko, bokoboko
  • Aukan: boko boko

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

bok

1. inflection of bokken:
   1. first-person singular present indicative
   2. (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
   3. imperative

Etymology 3

Proposed etymologies include Lokono bo-kia (“emphatic 'you'”), Lokono Lokono (“people, Arawak”), Portuguese botoque (“lip plate”), Portuguese bugre (“derogatory term for an Amerindian”). Compare English buck (“a black or Native American man”).

Noun

bok m (plural bokken, diminutive bokje n, feminine bokkin)

1. (Suriname, obsolete) Amerindian person
   • 1907, F.P. Penard, A.P. Penard, De menschetende aanbidders der zonneslang [The man-eating worshippers of the sun snake]‎^[1], Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde, pages 49-50:

     Dat echter een afgerichte negerslaaf beter te gebruiken was dan 50 Bokken klinkt wel wat ongelooflijk, in aanmerking genomen, dat thans nog algemeen onder de negers het verhaal de ronde doet, dat de weggeloopen slaven veel banger waren voor de Indianen dan voor de blanken of negersoldaten. Inderdaad in Demerara waren het de Bokken, die daar de vorming van onafhankelijk negerstaten belet hebben.

     However, that a trained Negro slave was more useful than fifty Amerindians sounds somewhat incredible, considering that even now the story is widely told among Negroes that runaway slaves were much more afraid of Indians than whites or Negro soldiers. Indeed, in Demerara, it were the Amerindians who prevented the formation of independent Negro nations.

Derived terms

• bokkendorp
• bokkengrond
• bokkenhout
• bokkenkatoen
• bokkennoot
• bokkenruilder
• bokraaf

Descendants

• Berbice Creole Dutch: boko
• → Guyanese Creole English: buck
• → Trinidadian Creole English: buck

Etymology 4

Borrowed from Caribbean Javanese mbok.

Noun

bok f (uncountable, no diminutive)

1. (Suriname, dated) Form of address for a Javanese woman

Kashubian

Etymology

Etymology tree

German Bockbor.

Kashubian bok

Borrowed from German Bock.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbɔk/
• Rhymes: -ɔk
• Syllabification: bok

Noun

bok m animal

1. buck, he-goat

   Synonym: kòzeł

Further reading

• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011), “kozioł”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[2]

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *bokъ. Cognate with Upper Sorbian bok, Polish bok, Czech bok, Russian бок (bok), and Serbo-Croatian bȍk.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bɔk/
• Homophones: bog, Bog

Noun

bok m inan

1. side (bounding straight edge of an object; flat surface of an object; left or right half; surface of a sheet of paper)
2. page (one side of a leaf of a book)
3. (chiefly in the dual) breast (organs on the front of a woman’s chest, which contain the mammary glands)

   Synonym: prědk

Declension

Declension of bok

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	bok	boka	boki
Genitive	boka	bokowu	bokow
Dative	bokoju	bokoma	bokam
Accusative	bok	boka	boki
Instrumental	bokom	bokoma	bokami
Locative	boku	bokoma	bokach

• Alternative locative singular: boce

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “bok”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999), “bok”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Maranao

Etymology

From buhok, compare Tagalog buhok.

Noun

bok

1. head hair

Marshallese

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• (phonetics) IPA^(key): [pˠokʷ]
• (phonemic) IPA^(key): /pˠekʷ/
• Bender phonemes: {bȩkʷ}

Noun

bok (inalienable bokū) (alienable, pathology)

1. blister

   Ebok peiū kōn an to aō jabōļ.

   I have a blister on my hand from shovelling so long.

2. chicken pox

   Ear bok(e) ilo iiō eo ļọk.

   He had chicken pox last year.

Verb

bok (causative kōbok, distributive boke or bokboke) (intransitive, pathology)

1. to have blisters or chicken pox

   Eboke ānbwinnin.

   His body is covered with pox.

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• (phonetics) IPA^(key): [pˠokʷ]
• (phonemic) IPA^(key): /pˠekʷ/
• Bender phonemes: {bȩkʷ}

Noun

bok (inalienable boku or bowū or bukwō) (alienable, anatomy)

1. bladder

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• (phonetics) IPA^(key): [pˠokʷ]
• (phonemic) IPA^(key): /pˠekʷ/
• Bender phonemes: {bȩkʷ}

Noun

bok (inalienable bokū) (alienable)

1. warping (of wood)
2. saturation with water

Verb

bok (causative intransitive kōbok, causative transitive kōboke) (intransitive)

1. to be warped (of wood)

   Ebok bwiļāwut e.

   This plywood is warped.

2. to be saturated with water

   Ebok būreej ņe.

   The biscuit is saturated with water.

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• (phonetics) IPA^(key): [pˠokʷ]
• (phonemic) IPA^(key): /pˠekʷ/
• Bender phonemes: {bȩkʷ}

Noun

bok (alienable)

1. a heated contest, climax (in games or competitions)

   Kwōjako jān an bok keem eo.

   You missed the part when the contest reached a climax.

Etymology 5

Borrowed from English book.

Pronunciation

• (phonetics) IPA^(key): [pˠokʷ]
• (phonemic) IPA^(key): /pˠekʷ/
• Bender phonemes: {bȩkʷ}

Noun

bok (construct bokin) (alienable)

1. book

Verb

bok (transitive boke) (intransitive)

1. to book, to reserve

   Kwōn boke ļadik eņ nejū.

   Book my boy [for the event].

Etymology 6

From Proto-Micronesian *pʷeki. Compare Gilbertese bokaboka (“mud, mire”), Kosraean puhk (“sand”), fohk (“dirt, soil, ground”) and possibly Nauruan ebaubo (“mud, mire”). Doublet of bike.

Pronunciation

• (phonetics) IPA^(key): [pˠɔkʷ]
• (phonemic) IPA^(key): /pˠɛkʷ/
• Bender phonemes: {bekʷ}

Noun

bok (inalienable boka, construct bokwan or bokwā) (alienable, geology)

1. sand

   Bok in ia ņe ke eļap an mouj?

   Where is the sand from as it's really white?

2. sandspit
3. sandbar (usually not covered even at high tide)

Verb

bok (transitive boke, distributive bokboke, causative transitive kabokboke) (intransitive, geology)

1. to cover with sand, to sand

   Eṃōj an ļadik eo boke kidu eo.

   The boy has already put sand on the dog.

2. (distributive) to be sandy

   Ebokboke iaarin Majuro.

   The lagoon side of Majuro is sandy.

Derived terms

• bok aidik (“heat rash, measles”)
• bok ajaj (“coarse sand”)
• bok allōn̄ (“sand disks”)
• bokbok (“sandy”)
• bokkwelep (“coarse sand”)
• bokkwidik (“fine sand”)
• bokļap (“smallpox”)
• bokom̧ņa (“stony islet without trees”)

References

• Abo, Takaji; Bender Byron W.; Capelle, Alfred; DeBrum, Tony (2009–), “bok”, in Marshallese–English Online Dictionary‎^[3]
• Nik Willson (2014), Naan‎^[4], Majuro, Marshall Islands, page 936

Middle English

Alternative forms

• boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke

Etymology

From Old English bōc, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *bōk, from Proto-Germanic *bōks.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /boːk/

Noun

bok (plural bokes)

1. A document, especially if extensive and composed of bound pages:
   • c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎^[5], published c. 1410, Apocalips 10:10, folio 120, verso, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

     ⁊ I took þe book of þe aũgels hond ⁊ deuourıde ıt .· ⁊ ıt was ĩ my mouþ as ſwete as hony / ⁊ whãne I hadde deuorıde ıt .· my wombe was bıttır […]

     And I took the document from the angel's hand and consumed it; it seemed sweet like honey in my mouth, but when I'd eaten it, my stomach felt bitter.

   1. A notebook; a document kept empty for spontaneous use.
   2. A legal or governmental record or register.
   3. An account book or ledger; a financial record.
2. A book; an extended written work:
   • c. 1180, Orͬm, “[Preface]”, in Orͬmulum (Bodleian MS. Junius 1), Bourne Abbey, Lincolnshire, folio 9, recto; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 10 January 2019:

     Þiſſ boc ıſſ nẽ̃nedd. orͬmulũ⹎ forͬþı ꝥ orͬm ıtt ƿrohhte⹎ ⁊ ıtt ıſſ ƿrohͪt off quaþþrıꟑan. off ꟑoddſpellbokeſſ foƿƿre.

     This book is called the "Ormulum" since Orm made it. It's made out of a quadriga; out of the four Gospels […]

   1. A volume or fascicle of a larger work.
   2. A particular book (especially the Bible)
      • c. 1378-9, [William Langland], “[Prologue]”, in [Piers Plowman, A Treatise on Sin] (W, B-text), London, published c. 1400, →OCLC, folio 2, verso; republished as Thorlac Turville-Petre, Hoyt N. Duggan, editors, Cambridge, Trinity College, MS B.15.17 (The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive; 2), SEENET, 2014, →ISBN:

        I ꝑrceyued of þe power. þat Peter hadde to kepe / To bynden and vnbynden. as þe book telleþ

        I comprehended the power that Peter had to maintain: / to lock and unlock, as the [Good] Book says […]

3. (figuratively) Knowledge, ethics or a source of them.

Related terms

• bochous
• bocstaff
• landbok

Descendants

• English: book (see there for further descendants)

  Geordie: buik, beuk, byuk

• Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck
• Yola: buke

References

• “bọ̄k, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Middle Low German

Alternative forms

• buk

Etymology

From Old Saxon bōk, from Proto-West Germanic *bōk, from Proto-Germanic *bōks.

Pronunciation

• Stem vowel: ô¹
  • (originally) IPA^(key): /boːk/

Noun

bôk n

1. book
2. beechnut

Descendants

• Low German:

  Dutch Low Saxon: book

  German Low German: Book

• Plautdietsch: Buak

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /buːk/

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

Inherited from Danish bog with native Norwegian -k, from Old Norse bók (“book”), from Proto-Germanic *bōks (“letter”), which see. Often thought to be related with etymology 2 below.

Noun

bok f or m (definite singular boka or boken, indefinite plural bøker, definite plural bøkene)

1. book

Usage notes

• One of the nouns whose feminine form is predominant in formal writing.

Derived terms

• abc-bok
• barnebok
• bokelsker
• bokhandel
• bokhandler
• bokholder
• bokhylle
• boklansering
• bokmerke
• dagbok
• glosebok
• guidebok
• kokebok
• lommebok
• lydbok
• lærebok
• notatbok
• notisbok
• ordbok
• referansebok
• rekordbok
• salmebok
• sangbok
• skrivebok
• årbok

Etymology 2

Probably from dialectal Norwegian. Alternatively from Danish bog (“beechnut”), for which Norwegian says bøkenøtt.

Noun

bok f or m (definite singular boka or boken, indefinite plural boker, definite plural bokene)

1. alternative form of bøk (“beech”)

References

• “bok” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “bok” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Alternative forms

• bók (Setesdal, dialects)

Etymology

From Old Norse bók, from Proto-Germanic *bōks. Akin to English book, German Low German Book.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /buːk/, [bu̞ːk]

Noun

bok f (definite singular boka, indefinite plural bøker, definite plural bøkene)

1. book

Derived terms

• barnebok
• bokavl
• bokhandel
• bokhylle
• boklansering
• bokmerke
• dagbok
• glosebok
• guidebok
• kokebok
• ljodbok
• lommebok
• lydbok
• lærebok
• notatbok
• notisbok
• ordbok
• referansebok
• rekordbok
• salmebok
• skrivebok
• songbok
• årbok

References

• “bok” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *bokъ

Old Polish bok

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bokъ. First attested in the 13th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /bɔk/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /bɔk/

Noun

bok m inan (related adjective bokowy)

1. (anatomy, attested in Masovia, Lesser Poland, Silesia, Greater Poland) side, flank (neither the front nor the back; lateral part of a person or animal)
   • 1937 [Second half of the 15th century], Józef Birkenmajer, editor, Bogarodzica dziewica. Analiza tekstu, treści i formy‎^[6], number C, Warsaw:

     Czyebye dla, czlowyecze, dal bog przeklocz szobye bok, racze, nodze obye

     [Ciebie dla, człowiecze, dał Bog przekłóć sobie bok, ręce, nodze obie]

   • c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 73v:

     Latus […] a lateo lates eyn seyt bok

     [Latus […] a lateo lates eyn seyt bok]

2. side, flank (neither the front nor the back of an object)
   • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎^{scan transliteration, transcription}, numbers 47, 2, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament]:

     Zacladana iest weselim wszelika zema gora Syon: boky polnoczi, masto crola welikego (fundatur exultatione universae terrae mons Sion: latera aquilonis, civitas regis magni)

     [Zakładana jest wiesielim wszelikiej ziemie gora Syjon, boki północy, miasto króla wielikiego (fundatur exultatione universae terrae mons Sion: latera aquilonis, civitas regis magni)]

Derived terms

verbs

• boczyć impf

Descendants

• Polish: bok
• Silesian: bok

References

• Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “bok”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
• Mańczak, Witold (2017), “bok”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
• Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “bok”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
• Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965), “bok”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “bok”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
• Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “bok”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

• buok

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *bōk, from Proto-Germanic *bōks, whence also Old English bōc, Old Frisian bōk, Old High German buoh, Old Norse bók.

Noun

bōk f or n

1. book

Declension

bōk (feminine i-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	bōk	bōki
accusative	bōk	bōki
genitive	bōki	bōkiō
dative	bōki	bōkium
instrumental	—	—

bōk (neuter a-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	bōk	bōk
accusative	bōk	bōk
genitive	bōkes	bōkō
dative	bōke	bōkun
instrumental	—	—

Descendants

• Middle Low German: bôk, buk
  • Low German:

    Dutch Low Saxon: book

    German Low German: Book

  • Plautdietsch: Buak

Old Swedish

Alternative forms

• ᛒᚮᚴ (Runic)

Etymology

From Old Norse bók, from Proto-Germanic *bōks.

Noun

bōk f

1. book

Declension

Declension of bōk (consonant stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	bōk	bōkin, bōkren bōkerin, bōkeren bōkern	bø̄ker	bø̄krina, bø̄krinar, bø̄krena, bø̄krenar
accusative	bōk	bōkina, bōkena	bø̄ker	bø̄krina, bø̄krinar, bø̄krena, bø̄krenar
dative	bōk	bōkinni, bōkinne	bōkum, bōkom	bōkumin, bōkomen
genitive	bōka, bōkar	bōkinna, bōkinnar	bōka	bōkanna

Descendants

• Swedish: bok
• → Finnish: pyökki

Polish

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈbɔk/

• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈbɔk/
• (Lesser Poland):
  • (Kielce) IPA^(key): [ˈbɔk]

• Audio 1:

  (file)

• Audio 2:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔk
• Syllabification: bok
• Homophones: Bock, Bok

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *bokъ

Old Polish bok

Polish bok

Inherited from Old Polish bok.

Noun

bok m inan (related adjective boczny)

1. (anatomy) side, flank (neither the front nor the back; lateral part of a person, animal)
   1. (Middle Polish) physical or emotional closeness to someone
2. side, flank (neither the front nor the back; lateral part of an object)

   Synonym: strona

3. side (place in space located to the right or left of some central reference point)
4. (geometry) side (segment connecting two vertices of a polygon)
5. side (place out of the way)

   Synonyms: strona, ustronie

6. (obsolete, mining) shaft wall
7. (Middle Polish, collective, metonomically) man; human community; group
8. (Middle Polish) side; Further details are uncertain.
   • 1528, J. Murmelius, Dictionarius‎^[7], page 60:

     Latus Bok

     [Latus Bok]

Declension

Declension of bok

	singular	plural
nominative	bok	boki
genitive	boku	boków
dative	bokowi	bokom
accusative	bok	boki
instrumental	bokiem	bokami
locative	boku	bokach
vocative	boku	boki

Derived terms

adverbs

• bokami
• bokiem
• na bok
• na boku
• pod boki
• pod bokiem
• z boku

interjections

• żarty na bok

nouns

• boczek
• boczniak
• bocznica
• obibok
• pobocze
• skok w bok
• ubocze

prepositions

• obok
• przy boku
• u boku

verbs

• boczyć impf
• zboczyć pf, zbaczać impf

verbs

• mieć na boku impf
• odłożyć na bok pf, odkładać na bok impf
• podeprzeć się pod boki pf, podpierać się pod boki impf
• popatrzeć z boku pf, patrzeć z boku impf
• skakać na boki impf
• stać z boku impf
• stanąć z boku pf, stawać z boku impf
• wyjść bokiem pf, wychodzić bokiem impf
• zrywać boki impf

Derived terms

adjectives

• poboczny
• zboczony

adverbs

• bocznie
• pobocznie

nouns

• zboczeniec

verbs

• zboczyć pf, zbaczać impf

Etymology 2

See bąk.

Noun

bok m animal

1. (Kielce) alternative form of bąk (“child”)

Further reading

• “bok”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[8] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “bok”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[9] (in Polish)
• Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “bok”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• Wiesław Morawski (23.10.2012), “BOK”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “bok”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “bok”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “bok”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 186
• bok in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego

Sarawak Malay

Alternative forms

• baruk

Etymology

Syncopic form of baruk

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /boʔ/

Adverb

bok

1. (syncopated) alternative form of baruk

   Ya bok nya!

   Now, that is it!

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bokъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bôːk/, /bôk/

Noun

bȏk or bȍk m inan (Cyrillic spelling бо̑к or бо̏к)

1. side (especially body part)

   bok uz bok ― side by side

2. flank

Declension

Declension of bȏk

	singular	plural
nominative	bȏk	bòkovi
genitive	bȍka	bòkōvā
dative	bȍku	bòkovima
accusative	bȏk	bòkove
vocative	bȍče	bòkovi
locative	bòku	bòkovima
instrumental	bȍkom	bòkovima

The accent shift is non-weakened: nȁ bōk.

Usage notes

• Also can occur as a.p. B in western dialects: bȍk, bòka... (Milas 1903:95 (49), ŠRHJ, Kapović 2010).
• Daničić (ARj) provides short falling in plural: bȍkovi, bȍkōvā...
• Older attestations:
  • Vrančić 1595: Book (Lumbus)
  • Micalia 1649: bók
  • Della Bella 1728: Book, ód bokka (Lato)
  • Belostenec 1740: Bòki / (D[ubrovnik]) boczi
  • Stulli 1806: Bōk, okka
• Dialectal attestations:
  • Lužnica (Ćirić): bo̍k, bo̍kovi
  • Mostar (Milas, p.95 (49)): bȍk, bòka
  • Novi Vinodolski (Беличъ, p.209): bȏk, bȍka
  • Susak (Hamm/Hraste/Guberina, p.106): b^uȏk, bŏkȁ [a.p. D?]
  • Varaždin (Lipljin): b'ok, bȏka, [Gpl] bokȏf
  • Vrgada (Jurišić): bȏk, bȍka

Etymology 2

From Bog (shortened from a greeting such as Bog s tobom, zdravobog, etc.) by devoicing of the final consonant typical in Kajkavian dialects. Attested in Zagreb colloquial usage since mid-20th century. A widespread alternative etymology proposes a fictional Austrian German greeting mein Bücken (supposedly "my bow"); the etymology is not acceptable, as the greeting is not attested in German, and the usual loanword adaptation into Croatian would yield a different phonetic form.

Alternative forms

• bog

Pronunciation

• (Zagreb) IPA^(key): /bok/

Interjection

bok (Cyrillic spelling бок)

1. (Croatia, Kajkavian) hi

   Synonyms: zdravo, pozdrav, ćao

2. (Croatia, Kajkavian) bye

   Synonyms: zbogom, zdravo, pozdrav, ćao

References

• ARj = Đuro Daničić, editor (1880–1882), “bȏk”, in Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika‎^[10] (in Serbo-Croatian), volume 1, Zagreb: JAZU, page 518
• Babić, Ivana (2019). Leksikografske dvojbe na jednome školskom primjeru. Hrvatski jezik 6/1.
• ERHJ = Matasović, Ranko, Dunja Brozović Rončević, Dubravka Ivšić Majić, Tijmen Pronk (2016), “bok”, in Matasović, Ranko, editor, Etimološki rječnik hrvatskoga jezika [Etymological dictionary of the Croatian language] (in Serbo-Croatian), volume I: A – Nj, Zagreb: Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, page 73
• Kapović, Mate (2010). Naglasak o-osnova muškoga roda u hrvatskom — povijesni razvoj. Filologija 54.
• Magner, Thomas (1966). A Zagreb Kajkavian Dialect. Penn.: Pennsylvania State University.
• Milas, Matej (1903). Današńi mostarski dijalekat. Rad JAZU 153 (60).

Silesian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *bokъ

Old Polish bok

Silesian bok

Inherited from Old Polish bok.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbɔk/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔk
• Syllabification: bok

Noun

bok m inan (related adjective boczny)

1. side, flank (neither the front nor the back; lateral part of a person, animal, or object)
   1. side curtain by a window
   2. wayside, roadside

Declension

Declension of bok

	singular	plural
nominative	bok	boki
genitive	boku	bokōw
dative	bokowi	bokōm
accusative	bok	boki
instrumental	bokym	bokami/bokōma
locative	boku	bokach
vocative	boku	boki

Further reading

• bok in dykcjonorz.eu
• bok in silling.org
• Henryk Jaroszewicz (2022), “bok”, in Zasady pisowni języka śląskiego (in Polish), Siedlce: Wydawnictwo Naukowe IKR[i]BL, page 65
• Aleksandra Wencel (2023), “bok”, in Dykcjůnôrz ślų̊sko-polski, page 70

Swedish

böcker [books]

en uppslagen bok [an open book]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /buːk/

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

From Old Swedish bōk, from Old Norse bók, from Proto-Germanic *bōks, of uncertain origin but usually connected to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵ- (“beech”) or Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”).

Noun

bok c

1. book:
   1. collection of sheets of paper
   2. a work of literature

      läsa en bok

      read a book

      skriva en bok

      write a book

      bläddra i en bok

      flip/leaf through a book, (sometimes, by implication) browse through a book

   3. a major division of a published work

Declension

Declension of bok

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	bok	boks
	definite	boken	bokens
plural	indefinite	böcker	böckers
	definite	böckerna	böckernas

Derived terms

• anteckningsbok
• barnbok
• boka
• bokanmälan
• bokantikvariat
• bokare
• bokauktion
• bokband
• bokbar
• bokbestånd
• bokbindare
• bokbinderi
• bokbindning
• bokbord
• bokbuss
• bokbål
• bokcafé
• bokcirkel
• bokfilm
• bokflod
• bokform
• bokformat
• bokföra
• bokförare
• bokföring
• bokförlag
• bokförläggare
• bokförsäljare
• bokhandel
• bokhylla
• bokhållare
• bokillustration
• bokkafé
• bokklubb
• boklig
• boklåda
• boklån
• boklärd
• bokläsare
• bokmal
• bokmarknad
• bokmoms
• bokmål
• bokmärke
• bokmässa
• bokning
• bokomslag
• bokpris
• bokpärm
• bokrea
• bokrecenssion
• bokrulle
• bokrygg
• boksamlare
• boksamling
• bokserie
• boksida
• bokskåp
• bokslukare
• bokslut
• bokstav
• bokstavera
• bokstavering
• bokstavlig
• bokstavligen
• bokstöd
• boksynt
• boktitel
• boktryck
• boktryckare
• boktryckeri
• bokutgivning
• bokutlåning
• bokvagn
• bokverk
• bokälskare
• bredvidläsningsbok
• dagbok
• dödbok
• faktabok
• flickbok
• föra bok
• handbok
• historiebok
• huvudbok
• kyrkbok
• loggbok
• läsebok
• läxbok
• ordbok
• plånbok
• pocketbok
• pojkbok
• räknebok
• sagobok
• skrivbok
• textbok
• ungdomsbok
• uppslagsbok
• vaxduksbok
• årsbok
• äventyrsbok

Etymology 2

From Old Swedish bōk, from Old Norse bók, from Proto-Germanic *bōkō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos.

Noun

bok c

1. beech (tree of the genus Fagus)

Declension

Declension of bok

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	bok	boks
	definite	boken	bokens
plural	indefinite	bokar	bokars
	definite	bokarna	bokarnas

Derived terms

• bokfanér
• bokollon
• bokskog
• bokträd

Descendants

• → English: Bok

References

• “bok”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “bok”, in Svenska Akademiens ordlista [Wordlist of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
• “bok”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)

Tagalog

Etymology

A play on English bunk, shortened from bunkmate.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈbok/ [ˈbok̚]
• Rhymes: -ok
• Syllabification: bok

Noun

bok (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜓᜃ᜔) (military slang)

1. one's batchmate or classmate in the Philippine Military Academy

See also

• mistah

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish بوق (bok, “excrement, dung, turd, shit”), from Old Anatolian Turkish پوخ (poḫ), from Proto-Turkic *bok (“dirt, dung”).
Cognate with Kazakh боқ (boq), Azerbaijani pox, Kyrgyz бок (bok), etc.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bok/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

bok (definite accusative boku, plural boklar)

1. (vulgar) shit (solid excretory product evacuated from the bowel)

   Synonyms: dışkı, (childish) kaka, thesaurus:dışkı

   Bok ye, amcık!

   Eat shit, cunt!

2. (metallurgy) slag, dross
3. (vulgar) a hard situation

   Öyle bir bokun içindeyim ki şuan.

   I'm so deep in some shit now.

Declension

Declension of bok

singular plural nominative bok boklar definite accusative boku bokları dative boka boklara locative bokta boklarda ablative boktan boklardan genitive bokun bokların Possessive forms nominative singular plural 1st singular bokum boklarım 2nd singular bokun bokların 3rd singular boku bokları 1st plural bokumuz boklarımız 2nd plural bokunuz boklarınız 3rd plural bokları bokları definite accusative singular plural 1st singular bokumu boklarımı 2nd singular bokunu boklarını 3rd singular bokunu boklarını 1st plural bokumuzu boklarımızı 2nd plural bokunuzu boklarınızı 3rd plural boklarını boklarını dative singular plural 1st singular bokuma boklarıma 2nd singular bokuna boklarına 3rd singular bokuna boklarına 1st plural bokumuza boklarımıza 2nd plural bokunuza boklarınıza 3rd plural boklarına boklarına locative singular plural 1st singular bokumda boklarımda 2nd singular bokunda boklarında 3rd singular bokunda boklarında 1st plural bokumuzda boklarımızda 2nd plural bokunuzda boklarınızda 3rd plural boklarında boklarında ablative singular plural 1st singular bokumdan boklarımdan 2nd singular bokundan boklarından 3rd singular bokundan boklarından 1st plural bokumuzdan boklarımızdan 2nd plural bokunuzdan boklarınızdan 3rd plural boklarından boklarından genitive singular plural 1st singular bokumun boklarımın 2nd singular bokunun boklarının 3rd singular bokunun boklarının 1st plural bokumuzun boklarımızın 2nd plural bokunuzun boklarınızın 3rd plural boklarının boklarının

Adjective

bok

1. (vulgar) shitty, fucking

Derived terms

• akım derken bokum demek
• aklı bokuna karışmak
• bir boka yaramamak
• bok atmak
• bok boku kenefte bulur
• bok böceği
• bok canına olsun
• bok çukuru
• bok etmek
• bok gibi
• bok götürmek
• bok karıştırmak
• bok püsür
• bok soyu
• bok üstün bok
• bok yedi başı
• bok yemek
• bok yemek düşer
• bok yemenin Arapçası
• bok yoluna gitmek
• boka batmak
• boka düşmek
• boka nispetle tezek amberdir
• boka sarmak
• boklama
• boklamak
• boklanmak
• boklaşmak
• boklu
• bokluk
• bokmanlı
• boktan
• boku bokuna
• boku çıkmak
• bokun soyu
• bokunda boncuk bulmak
• bokunu çıkarmak
• bokuyla kavga etmek
• bombok
• demir boku
• düşün düşün, boktur işin
• iki ucu boklu değnek
• karga bok yemeden
• karga ile gezen boka konar
• kazboku
• ödü bokuna karışmak
• siktirboktan
• soydur çeker, boktur kokar
• tabakhaneye bok mu yetiştiriyorsun

Further reading

• “bok”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
• Ayverdi, İlhan (2010), “bok”, in Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük, a reviewed and expanded single-volume edition, Istanbul: Kubbealtı Neşriyatı
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “bok”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

Volapük

Etymology

Borrowed from English box (boks).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bok/

Noun

bok (genitive boka, plural boks)

1. box

Declension

Declension of bok

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	bok	boks
Genitive	boka	bokas
Dative	boke	bokes
Accusative	boki	bokis
Predicative1	boku	bokus
Vocative	o bok	o boks

1. Introduced in Volapük Nulik.

Derived terms

• bokil (“little box / small box”) (diminutive)
• bokül

See also

• bog
• bök

Further reading

• “bok”, in Vödabuk (in English, Esperanto, and Volapük)