Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-jaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɑz/
• Rhymes: -ɑz

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *-yós (agent suffix).

Suffix

*-jaz m

1. -er, agent suffix

Usage notes

• Following a short stem, which consists of a short vowel followed by a single consonant, the suffix remains *-jaz, but following a long stem, which has either a long vowel or diphthong, or a short vowel followed by several consonants it becomes *-ijaz. This phenomenon is called Sievers's law.

Inflection

Declension of *-jaz (masculine ja-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	*-jaz	*-jōz, *-jōs
vocative	*-i	*-jōz, *-jōs
accusative	*-ją	*-janz
genitive	*-jas, *-is	*-jǫ̂
dative	*-jai	*-jamaz
instrumental	*-jō	*-jamiz

Alternative forms

• *-az (when not being attached to class 1 weak verbs)

Descendants

• Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ)
  • Old Norse: -ir

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-yós. Cognate with Latin -ius, Ancient Greek -ιος (-ios), Sanskrit -य (-ya).

Suffix

*-jaz

1. Nominal suffix denoting origin or descent.

Inflection

Declension of *-jaz (masculine ja-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	*-jaz	*-jōz, *-jōs
vocative	*-i	*-jōz, *-jōs
accusative	*-ją	*-janz
genitive	*-jas, *-is	*-jǫ̂
dative	*-jai	*-jamaz
instrumental	*-jō	*-jamiz

Derived terms

Category Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-jaz (origin) not found

Descendants

• Proto-Norse: -ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ)

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

*-jaz

1. -ed, forms adjectives from nouns

   ‎*ainaz (“one”) + ‎*handuz (“hand”) + ‎*-jaz → ‎*ainahandijaz (“one-handed”)

Inflection

Declension of *-jaz (ja-stem)

Strong declension
	singular				plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-jaz	*-jō	*-ją, -atō		*-jai	*-jôz	*-jō
accusative	*-janǭ	*-jǭ	*-ją, -atō		*-janz	*-jōz	*-jō
genitive	*-jas, -is	*-jaizōz	*-jas, -is		*-jaizǫ̂	*-jaizǫ̂	*-jaizǫ̂
dative	*-jammai	*-jaizōi	*-jammai		*-jaimaz	*-jaimaz	*-jaimaz
instrumental	*-janō	*-jaizō	*-janō		*-jaimiz	*-jaimiz	*-jaimiz
Weak declension
	singular				plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-jô	*-jǭ	*-jô		*-janiz	*-jōniz	*-jōnō
accusative	*-janų	*-jōnų	*-jô		*-janunz	*-jōnunz	*-jōnō
genitive	*-iniz	*-jōniz	*-iniz		*-janǫ̂	*-jōnǫ̂	*-janǫ̂
dative	*-ini	*-jōni	*-ini		*-jammaz	*-jōmaz	*-jammaz
instrumental	*-inē	*-jōnē	*-inē		*-jammiz	*-jōmiz	*-jammiz

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-jaz (-ed)

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/abahandijaz

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ainahandijaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *-ī
• Proto-Norse: -ᛁᛉ (-iʀ)
  • Old Norse: -r (with i-umlaut of preceding root)