Dental and alveolar ejective stops
 | This article needs more citations. (September 2014) |
| Alveolar ejective stop | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| tʼ | |||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | tť | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+0165 | ||
| X-SAMPA | t_> | ||
| |||
| Dental ejective stop | |
|---|---|
| t̪ʼ | |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | t̪ť |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+032A U+0165 |
| X-SAMPA | t_d_> |
Alveolar and dental ejective stops are consonantal sounds, usually described as voiceless, that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ejectives are indicated with a "modifier letter apostrophe" ⟨ʼ⟩,[1] as in this article. A reversed apostrophe is sometimes used to represent light aspiration, as in Armenian linguistics ⟨p‘ t‘ k‘⟩; this usage is obsolete in the IPA. In other transcription traditions, the apostrophe represents palatalization: ⟨pʼ⟩ = IPA ⟨pʲ⟩. In some Americanist traditions, an apostrophe indicates weak ejection and an exclamation mark strong ejection: ⟨k̓ , k!⟩. In the IPA, the distinction might be written ⟨kʼ, kʼʼ⟩, but it seems that no language distinguishes degrees of ejection.
In alphabets using the Latin script, an IPA-like apostrophe for ejective consonants is common. However, there are other conventions. In Hausa, the hooked letter ƙ is used for /kʼ/. In Zulu and Xhosa, whose ejection is variable between speakers, plain consonant letters are used: p t k ts tsh kr for /pʼ tʼ kʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kxʼ/. In some conventions for Haida and Hadza, double letters are used: tt kk qq ttl tts for /tʼ kʼ qʼ tɬʼ tsʼ/ (Haida) and zz jj dl gg for /tsʼ tʃʼ cʎ̥˔ʼ kxʼ/ (Hadza). In Oromo, one of the Ethopian languages that have this consonant, it is written with the letter x.
Features
[edit]Features of an alveolar ejective stop:
* Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.
- There are four specific variants of [tʼ]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
* Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
* It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
* It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
* The airstream mechanism is ejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping the glottis upward.
Occurrence
[edit]Dental or denti-alveolar
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dahalo[2] | [t̪ʼat̪t̪a] | 'hair' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar ejective.[3] | |
| Trumai | [example needed] | Contrasts with alveolar ejective. | ||
Alveolar
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | ятӀэ / i͡atḣė / یاطە | ⓘ | 'dirt' | ||
| Amharic | ጥጃ/ṭəǧǧa/t'ejah/tehǧa | [tʼɨd͡ʒːa] | 'calf' | ||
| Armenian | Yerevan dialect[4] | տասը/t'asë | [ˈtʼɑsə] | 'ten' | Corresponds to tenuis [t⁼] in other Eastern dialects |
| Chechen | тӏай / thay / طای | [tʼəj] | 'bridge' | ||
| Dahalo[2] | [t̺ʼirimalle] | 'spider' | Apical, contrasts with laminal denti-alveolar ejective.[3] | ||
| Ganza[5]: 95 | [tʼóɗó] | 'black' | |||
| Georgian | ტიტა/t'it'a | [ˈtʼitʼä] | 'tulip' | ||
| Haida | qqayttas | [qʼajtʼas] | 'basket' | ||
| Kabardian | тӀы / ţə / طە | ⓘ | 'ram' | ||
| Kawésqar | tǽrkse | [tʼǽɾkse] | 'spicy' | ||
| Khwarshi | тӀая/t'aja | [tʼaja] | 'to drop' | ||
| Lushootseed | t̕əbt̕əb | [tʼəb.tʼəb] | 'winter wren' | ||
| Mingrelian | ტყები/t'q'ɛbi | [ˈtʼqʼɛbi] | 'leather' | ||
| Navajo | yáʼátʼééh | [jáʔátʼɛ́ːh] or [jáʔátʼéːh] | 'greetings' or 'hello' | literally 'it is good'[6] | |
| Nez Perce | tʼeyíitʼeyii | [tʼæˈjiːtʼæjiː] | 'flat' | ||
| Oromo | xarapheezzaa | [t'arap'ezza] | table | ||
| Ossetian | Iron | стъалы/sthaly | [ˈstʼäɫɪ̈] | 'star' | |
| Quechua | tʼanta | [tʼæntæ] | 'bread' | ||
| Svan | ტჷნ/tʼən | [tʼən] | 'body' | ||
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ↑ "The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart | International Phonetic Association". www.internationalphoneticassociation.org. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
- 1 2 Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 27.
- 1 2 Maddieson et al. (1993), pp. 27–28.
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:17–18)
- ↑ Smolders, Joshua (2016). "A Phonology of Ganza" (pdf). Linguistic Discovery. 14 (1): 86–144. doi:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.470. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
- ↑ "What does "Yá'át'ééh" mean? (Navajo Greeting)". YouTube. December 30, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
References
[edit]- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (1993), "Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65
