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Voiceless velar plosive

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Voiceless velar plosive
k
IPA number109
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)k
Unicode (hex)U+006B
X-SAMPAk
Braille⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)

A voiceless velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "k" sound in "skip". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k⟩.

A [k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Many languages also have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [k]. Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar plosive, e.g. North Azerbaijani, Tahitian, and Mongolian.

Some languages have a voiceless pre-velar or post-palatal plosive, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical palatal plosive. See Voiceless palatal plosive § Post-palatal for more information.

Conversely, some languages have a voiceless post-velar plosive,[1] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypical uvular plosive.

Features

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Sagittal section of a voiceless velar plosive

Features of a voiceless velar stop:

* Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.

* Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.

* Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.

* It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.

* It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

* Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.

Occurrence

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LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Abkhazақалақь/ak̇halak̇h'[ˈakalakʲ]'the city'See Abkhaz phonology
AdygheTemirgoyпскэн/pskėn[pskan]'to cough' Dialectal; corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in other dialects.
Ahtnagistaann[kɪstʰɐːn]'six'
Aleut[2]kiikax̂[kiːkaχ]'cranberry bush'
ArabicModern Standard[3]ك‍‍تب/kataba[ˈkatabɐ]'he wrote'See Arabic phonology
ArmenianEasternկատու / katu[kɑtu]ⓘ'cat'
Assameseকম/kom[kɔm]'less'
Assyrianܟܬܒ̣ܐ ctava[ktava]'book'Used in most varieties, with the exception of the Urmia and Nochiya dialects
where it corresponds to [t͡ʃ].
Basquekatu[kat̪u]'cat'
Bengaliকম/kom[kɔm]'less'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarianкак/kak[kak]'how'See Bulgarian phonology
Cantonese 家/gā [kaː˥]ⓘ 'home' See Cantonese phonology
Catalan[4]cors[ˈkɔɾs]'hearts'See Catalan phonology
Chuvashкукка[ku'kːɑ]'mother's brother'
Czechkost[kost]'bone'See Czech phonology
DanishStandard[5]gås[ˈkɔ̽ːs]'goose'Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɡ̊⟩ or ⟨ɡ⟩. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʰ⟩ or ⟨k⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch[6]koning[ˈkoːnɪŋ]ⓘ'king'See Dutch phonology
Esperantorakonto[raˈkonto]'tale'See Esperanto phonology
Estoniankõik[kɤik]'all'See Estonian phonology
Filipinokuto[ˈkuto]'lice'
Finnishkakku[kɑkːu]'cake'See Finnish phonology
French[7]coup[ku]ⓘ'hit'See French phonology
Greekκαλόγερος / kalógeros[kaˈlo̞ʝe̞ro̞s̠]'monk'See Modern Greek phonology
Gujaratiકાંદો/kaṃde[kɑːnd̪oː]'onion'See Gujarati phonology
Hebrew Modernכִּנּוֹר / kinór[kinˈor]ⓘ'violin'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Samaritan ࠃࠓࠊ / derek [derek] 'path'
Hiligaynonkadlaw[kad̪law]'laugh'
Hindustaniकाम / ک‍‍ام[kɑːm]ⓘ'work'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hokkien 歌/koa [kua˧˨] 'song' See Hokkien phonology
Hmong White Hmong𖬀𖬶 / keeb[kẽ˦]'origin', 'beginning', or 'male name'
Hungarianakkor[ɒkkor]'then'See Hungarian phonology
Ibaloi Koma 'rubber'
Italian[8]casa[ˈkäːzä]ⓘ'house'See Italian phonology
Japanese[9]鞄 / kaban[kabaɴ]'handbag'See Japanese phonology
Kagayanen[10]kalag[kað̞aɡ]'spirit'
Khmerកម្ពុជា / kâmpŭchéa[kampuciːə]'Cambodia'See Khmer phonology
Korean감자 / kamja[kamdʑa]'potato'See Korean phonology
Lakotakimímela[kɪˈmɪmela]'butterfly'
Luxembourgish[11]geess[ˈkeːs]'goat'Less often voiced [ɡ]. It is usually transcribed in IPA as ⟨ɡ⟩, and it contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed ⟨k⟩.[11] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonianкој[kɔj]ⓘ'who'See Macedonian phonology
Marathiकवच[kəʋət͡s]'armour'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Malaykaki[käki]'leg'Unreleased in syllable codas in some words, See Malay phonology
Malayalamകഥ/katha[kət̪ʰə]ⓘ'story'See Malayalam phonology
Mandarin 高/gāo [kɑʊ˥]ⓘ 'high'See Mandarin phonology
Nepaliकेरा[keɾä]'banana'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
Norwegiankake[kɑːkə]'cake'See Norwegian phonology
Odiaକାମ/kāma[kämɔ]'work'Contrasts with aspirated form.
Pashtoكال/kal[kɑl]'year'
Persian کارد/kārd [kɑrd] 'knife'
Polish[12]buk[ˈbuk]ⓘ'beech tree'See Polish phonology
Portuguese[13]corpo[ˈkoɾpu]ⓘ'body'See Portuguese phonology
Punjabiਕਰ /کر / kar[kəɾ]'do'Contrasts with aspirated form.
Romanian[14]când[ˈkɨnd]'when'See Romanian phonology
Russian[15]короткий/korotkij[kɐˈrotkʲɪj]ⓘ'short'See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[16]кост / kost[kȏːs̪t̪]'bone'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovakkosť[kɔ̝sc]'bone'See Slovak phonology
Slovene kost [ˈkôːs̪t̪] 'bone' Aspirated before close vowels. See Slovene phonology
Spanish[17]casa[ˈkäsä]ⓘ'house'See Spanish phonology
Swedishko[ˈkʰuː]'cow'See Swedish phonology
Sylhetiꠇꠤꠔꠣ/kita[kɪt̪à]'what'
Tamilகல்[kəl]ⓘ'rock'See Tamil phonology
Teluguకాకి/kāki[kāki]'crow'Contrasts with aspirated form.
Thai ไก่/kị̀ [kaj˨˩] 'chicken' Contrasts with an aspirated form.
Tibetan ཀརྨ་/karma [kaː˥˥ma˩˧] 'action'
Toki Pona kulupu [kulupu]ⓘ 'group' Sometimes aspirated.
Ubykhкауар/kawar [kawar] 'slat'Found mostly in loanwords. See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian[18]колесо/koleso[ˈkɔɫɛsɔ]ⓘ'wheel'See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese[19]cam[kam]'orange'See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisiankeal[kɪəl]'calf'See West Frisian phonology
Yiꇰ / ge[kɤ˧]'foolish'Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
ZapotecTilquiapan[20]canza[kanza]'walking'

Aspirated

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LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArmenianEastern[21]քաղաք/ k'aġak'/k'aghak[kʰɑˈʁɑkʰ]'town'Contrasts with unaspirated form.
Cantonese橋/桥/kìuh[kʰi:u˨˩]'bridge'
Englishkiss[kʰɪs]ⓘ'kiss'See English phonology
Georgian[22]ქვა/kva[kʰva]'stone'
GermanKäfig[ˈkʰɛːfɪç]ⓘ'cage'See Standard German phonology
Hokkien 區/区/khu [kʰu˧˨] 'district'
Mandarin考/kǎo[kʰɑʊ˨˩˦]'roast' (v.)
Turkishkulak[kʰuɫäk]ⓘ'ear'See Turkish phonology
Welsh calon [kʰalɔn] 'heart' See Welsh phonology

Palatalized

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LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AdygheShapsugкьэт/k′ėt[kʲat]ⓘ'chicken'
Japanese企画/kikaku[kʲikakɯ]'project'See Japanese phonology
Russianкислый/kislyj[ˈkʲisɫɨj]ⓘ'sour'See Russian phonology

See also

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Notes

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  1. ↑ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
  2. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  3. ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  4. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  5. ↑ Basbøll (2005:61)
  6. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  7. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  8. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  9. ↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  10. ↑ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  11. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
  12. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  13. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  14. ↑ DEX Online:
  15. ↑ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
  16. ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  17. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  18. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  19. ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  20. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  21. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  22. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.

References

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  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296, S2CID 38504322
  • Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
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