Voiceless bilabial plosive
| Voiceless bilabial plosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| p | |||
| IPA number | 101 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | p | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0070 | ||
| X-SAMPA | p | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
A voiceless bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "p" sound in "spit". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨p⟩.
Features
[edit source]
Features of a voiceless bilabial plosive:
* Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.
* Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
* Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
* It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
*Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the median–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
* Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
[edit source]Research has shown that incidental learning positively impacts the acquisition of the /p/ sound for Arabic speakers and other EFL learners.[1][2] This is particularly interesting given that the stop /p/ is missing from about 10% of languages that have a /b/. (See voiced velar stop for another such gap.) This is an areal feature of the circum-Saharan zone (Africa north of the equator plus the Arabian Peninsula). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language, or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern.[2] It is found in other areas as well; for example, Fijian, Onge, and many Papuan languages have /b/ but no /p/.
Nonetheless, the /p/ sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain /p/, and some distinguish more than one variety. Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between the aspirated /pʰ/ and the plain /p/ (also transcribed as [p˭] in extensions to the IPA).
Examples
[edit source]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | Аԥсны/Aṕsny | [apʰsˈnɨ] | 'Abkhazia' | ||
| Adyghe | паӏо / پائۆ / paio | ⓘ | 'hat' | ||
| Arabic | Algerian | پاپيش/pāpīš | [paːpiːʃ] | 'beautiful girls' | |
| Hejazi | بول/پول/pōl | [po̞ːl] | 'Paul' | Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as ⟨ب⟩ by many speakers. | |
| Egyptian | كبش/kabš | [kɛpʃ] | 'ram' | Allophone of [b] before unvoiced consonants. Also used in loanwords. | |
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | պապիկ/papik | ⓘ | 'grandpa' | Contrasts with aspirated form |
| Assyrian | ܦܬܐ pata | [pata] | 'face' | ||
| Basque | harrapatu | [(h)arapatu] | 'to catch' | ||
| Bengali | পথ | [pɔtʰ] | 'road' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Breton | penn | [pen] | 'head' | ||
| Catalan[4] | por | [ˈpɔ(ɾ)] | 'fear' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chuvash | путене/putene | [put̬ʲɛ'nɛ] | 'quail' | ||
| Czech | pes | [pɛs] | 'dog' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[5] | bog | [ˈpɔ̽wˀ] | 'book' | Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨b̥⟩ or ⟨b⟩. It may be partially voiced [b] in the intervocalic position.[6][7] It contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨pʰ⟩ or ⟨p⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch[8] | plicht | [plɪxt] | 'duty' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | pack | [pʰæk] | 'pack' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | tempo | [ˈtempo] | 'time' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Filipino | pato | [paˈto] | 'duck' | ||
| Finnish | pappa | [ˈpɑpːɑ] | 'grandpa' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French[9] | pomme | [pɔm] | 'apple' | See French phonology | |
| Gan Chinese | Nanchangnese | 把戲 | [pa˨˩ ɕi˩] | 'magic' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanchangnese phonology |
| German | Pack | [pʰak] | 'pile' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | πόδι / pódi | [ˈpo̞ði] | 'leg' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | પગ/pag | [pəɡ] | 'foot' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hakka Chinese | Meizhounese | 河壩 / ho² ba⁴ | [ho˩ pa˥] | 'river' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Meizhounese phonology |
| Hebrew | פּקיד/pakid | [pakid] | 'clerk' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | Urdu | پل/pal | [pəl] | 'moment' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology |
| Hindi | पल / pal | ||||
| Hmong | White Hmong | 𖬒𖬶𖬪𖬵 / pov | [po˨˦] | 'to throw' | |
| Hungarian | pápa | [ˈpaːpɒ] | 'pope' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[10] | papà | [paˈpa] | 'dad' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[11] | ポスト / posuto | [posɯto] | 'mailbox' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | пэ / پە / pė | ⓘ | 'nose' | ||
| Khmer | ពន្យល់ / pônyól | [pɔnjɔl] | 'to explain' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Korean | 빛 / bit | [pit̚] | 'light' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish | Northern | پۆر / por | [ˈpʰoːɾ] | 'hair' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Central | پیرۆزە / píroze | [pʰiːɾoːzæ] | 'lammergeier' | ||
| Southern | پۊنگه / pûûnga | [pʰʉːŋa] | 'pennyroyal' | ||
| Lakota | púza | [ˈpʊza] | 'dry' | ||
| Lithuanian | pastatas | [ˈpaːstɐtɐs] | 'building' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[12] | bëlleg | [ˈpələɕ] | 'cheap' | Less often voiced [b]. It is usually transcribed /b/, and contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /p/.[12] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian | пее/pee | [pɛː] | 'sing' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | panas | [pänäs] | 'hot' | Often unreleased in syllable codas so /p/ is read as [p̚] instead in lembap [ləmbap̚] 'damp'. See Malay phonology | |
| Malayalam | പത്ത്/pathu | [pɐt̪ːɨ] | 'ten' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| Maltese | aptit | [apˈtit] | 'appetite' | ||
| Mandarin | Dungan | бонцу | [pɑŋ˨˦ t͡sʰou˨˦] | 'to assist' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Dungan phonology |
| Nanjingnese | 半大子 | [pɑŋ˦ tɑ˦ tsz̩] | 'teenager' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nanjingnese phonology | |
| Sichuanese | 不算事 / bu² suan⁴ si⁴ | [pu˨˩ suan˨˩˧ sz̩˨˩˧] | 'ineffective' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Sichuanese phonology | |
| Standard | 爆炸 / bàozhà | ⓘ | 'to explode' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Chinese phonology | |
| Xi'annese | 迸 | [pəŋ˦] | 'mattock' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Xi'annese phonology | |
| Marathi | पाऊस/paa'uus/pā'ūs | [pɑːˈuːs] | 'rain' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Min Chinese | Hokkien | 咖啡 / ko-pi | [ko˨ pi˦] | 'coffee' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hokkien phonology |
| Teochew | 僻 / piah4 | [pʰiaʔ˨] | 'remote' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Teochew phonology | |
| Fuzhounese | 白撞 / băh-dâung | [paʔ˨˩ lɑuŋ˨˦˨] | 'trespasser' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Fuzhounese phonology | |
| Mutsun | po·čor | [poːt͡ʃor] | 'a sore' | ||
| Nepali | पिता/pitā | [pit̪ä] | 'father' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | pappa | [pɑpːɑ] | 'dad' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Odia | ପଥର/pathara | [pɔʈʰɔrɔ] | 'stone' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Pashto | پانير/pa'nir | [pɑˈnir] | 'cheese' | ||
| Persian | پول/pul | [pul] | 'money' | ||
| Pirahã | pibaóí | [ˈpìbàóí̯] | 'otter' | ||
| Polish[13] | pas | ⓘ | 'belt' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[14] | pai | [paj] | 'father' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਪੱਤਾ/ پتا / pattā | [pət̪ːäː] | 'leaf' | ||
| Romanian | pas | [pas] | 'step' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[15] | плод/plod | [pɫot̪] | 'fruit' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Most dialects | Alba | [al̪ˠapə] | 'Scotland' | Often transcribed as /b̥/. See Scottish Gaelic phonology |
| Serbo-Croatian[16] | пиће / piće | [pǐːt͡ɕě] | 'drink' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | pes | [pɛ̝s] | 'dog' | ||
| Slovene | pes | [pə̂s̪] | 'dog' | See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish[17] | peso | [ˈpe̞so̞] | 'weight' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | pombe / پٗونْبٖ | [ˈpoᵐbɛ] | 'beer' | ||
| Swedish | apa | [ˈɑːˌpa] | 'monkey' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Telugu | పని | [pani] | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form in old Telugu. However aspirated form is almost always pronounced as voiceless labiodental fricative in modern Telugu. | |
| Thai | แป้ง/paeng | [pɛ̂ːŋ] | 'powder' | See Thai phonology | |
| Toki Pona | pilin | [pilin] | 'feeling' | ||
| Tsez | пу/pu | [pʰu] | 'side' | Contrasts with ejective form. | |
| Turkish | kap | [ˈkʰɑp] | 'pot' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[18] | павук/pavuk | [pɐˈβ̞uk] | 'spider' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese[19] | nhíp | [ɲip˧ˀ˥] | 'tweezers' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | siop | [ʃɔp] | 'shop' | See Welsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | panne | [ˈpɔnə] | 'pan' | ||
| Wu Chinese | Shanghainese | 司必靈 / sy-piq-lin | [sz̩˧ pi̯ɪʔ˦ lin˨] | 'spring' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Shanghainese phonology |
| Suzhounese | 標緻 / piau¹-tsyu⁵ | [pi̯æ˥ tsz̩ʷ˨˩] | 'pretty' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Suzhounese phonology | |
| Wenzhounese | 眼淚八汁 / nga⁴-lei⁶-po⁷-tsai⁷ | [ŋa lei̯ po˥˧ tsai̯˩˨] | 'tear' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Wenzhounese phonology | |
| Yi | ꀠ / ba | [pa˧] | 'exchange' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |
| Yue Chinese | Cantonese | 豬頭丙 / zyu¹ tau⁴ bing² | [t͡ʃyː˥ tʰɐu̯˨˩ pɪŋ˧˥] | 'blockhead' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology |
| Taishanese | 白 | [pak̚˧˩] | 'white' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Taishanese phonology | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | panik | [panik] | 'daughter' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[20] | pan | [paŋ] | 'bread' | |
See also
[edit source]Notes
[edit source]- ↑ "Impact of Watching Cartoons on Pronunciation of a Child in an EFL Setting: A Comparative Study with Problematic Sounds of EFL Learners – AWEJ". Retrieved 2024-05-30.
- 1 2 Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Alsaraireh, Mohammad Yousef; Alhendi, Hiba (2022-10-01). "The impact of incidental learning on the acquisition of the sound /p/ by Arabic-speaking EFL learners". ExELL. 10 (1): 51–65. doi:10.2478/exell-2022-0010.
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:17)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:61)
- ↑ Goblirsch (2018), pp. 134–5, citing Fischer-Jørgensen (1952) and Abrahams (1949, pp. 116–21, 228–30).
- ↑ Puggaard-Rode, Horslund & Jørgensen (2022).
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:103)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ Padgett (2003:42)
- ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ↑ Merrill (2008:108)
References
[edit source]- Abrahams, Henrik (1949), Études phonétiques sur les tendances évolutives des occlusives germaniques, Aarhus University Press
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fischer-Jørgensen, Eli (1952), "Om stemtheds assimilation", in Bach, H.; et al. (eds.), Festskrift til L. L. Hammerich, Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gad, pp. 116–129
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Goblirsch, Kurt (2018), Gemination, Lenition, and Vowel Lengthening: On the History of Quantity in Germanic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-03450-1
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
- Puggaard-Rode, Rasmus; Horslund, Camilla Søballe; Jørgensen, Henrik (2022), "The rarity of intervocalic voicing of stops in Danish spontaneous speech", Laboratory Phonology, 13 (1), doi:10.16995/labphon.6449, hdl:1887/3304670
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
