User:1aWIKIAL1,/sandbox

World War III
	From top to bottom, left to right: German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front, 1943; British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign, 1941; US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945; Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad, 1943; Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin, 1945; US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines, 1945;
Date	1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945; (6 years, 1 day)
Location	Global
Result	Allied victory;
Participants
Allies	Axis
Commanders and leaders
Main Allied leaders: Vladimir Putin; Kim Jong Un; Geraldo Alckmin; Mohammed bin Salman; Other Allied states: IndiaCite error: There are <ref> tags on this page without content in them (see the help page).; Pakistan; Cuba; Myanmar; Turkey; Serbia; Belarus; Poland; Mongolia; Yemen; Lithuania; Syria; Jordan; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Oman; Qatar; Kuwait; Iraq; Turkmenistan; Republic of Hungary; Uzbekistan; Romania; Azerbaijan; Kyrgyzstan; Palestine; North Macedonia; Afghanistan; Moldova; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Egypt; Algeria; New Zealand; Sudan; Niger; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Madagascar; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Honduras; Guatemala; Belize; Colombia; Dominican Republic; Norway; Denmark; Ireland; Uruguay;	Main Axis leaders: N/A; Sheikh Mansour; Xi Jinping; Other Axis states: Syrian Arab RepublicCite error: There are <ref> tags on this page without content in them (see the help page).; Persia; Israel; Confederation of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs; South Korea; Argentina; El Salvador; Kingdom of Thailand; Tibet; Socialist Federal Republic of Germany; Morocco; Socialist People's Libyan Republic; Provisional Government of Gran Colombia; Ukraine; Chechnya; Ethiopia; Sweden; Transnistria; Federal Republic of Russia;

Second People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国 (Chinese)
*Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó* (pinyin)
Second People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 (Chinese); Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó (pinyin)
	Top: Flag; (1912‍–‍1928) ; Bottom: Flag (after 1928); Emblem
	Anthem: "National Anthem of the Second People's Republic of China" (1937–1949)
	Location of the Second People's Republic of China China's Client and Puppet States
Capital	Beijing; 39°55′N 116°23′E / 39.917°N 116.383°E
Largest city by municipal boundary	Chongqing
Largest city by urban population	Shanghai
Official languages	Standard Chinese Cantonese
Official script	Simplified characters
Ethnic groups (2020)	91.1% Han Chinese; 8.9% others;
Religion (2023)	33.4% Buddhism; 25.2% no religion; 19.6% Taoism; 17.7% other folk beliefs; 2.5% Christianity; 1.6% Islam;
Demonym	Chinese
Government	Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic
• CCP General Secretary and President	Xi Jinping
• Premier	Li Qiang
• Congress Chairman	Zhao Leji
• CPPCC Chairman	Wang Huning
• Vice President	Han Zheng
Legislature	National People's Congress
Formation
• First pre-imperial dynasty	c. 2070 BCE
• First imperial dynasty	221 BCE
• Establishment of the Republic of China	1 January 1912
• Proclamation of the People's Republic	1 October 1949
Area
• Total	9,596,961 km2 (3,705,407 sq mi) (3rd/4th)
• Water (%)	2.8
Population
• 2024 estimate	1,408,280,000 (2nd)
• Density	147/km2 (380.7/sq mi) (83rd)
GDP (PPP)	2025 estimate
• Total	$39.438 trillion (1st)
• Per capita	$28,008 (73rd)
GDP (nominal)	2025 estimate
• Total	$19.535 trillion (2nd)
• Per capita	$13,873 (70th)
Gini (2021)	35.7; medium inequality
HDI (2022)	0.788; high (75th)
Currency	Renminbi (元/¥) (CNY)
Time zone	UTC+8 (CST)
Calling code	+86 (mainland); +852 (Hong Kong); +853 (Macau);
ISO 3166 code	CN
Internet TLD	.cn; .中国; .中國 (mainland); .hk; .香港 (Hong Kong); .mo; .澳门; .澳門 (Macau);

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Maps of results

Electoral College
1788–1789 Election
1792 Election
1796 Election
1800 Election
1804 Election
1808 Election
1812 Election
1816 Election
1820 Election
1824 Election
1828 Election
1832 Election
1836 Election
1840 Election
1844 Election
1848 Election
1852 Election
1856 Election
1860 Election
1864 Election
1868 Election
1872 Election
1876 Election
1880 Election
1884 Election
1888 Election
1892 Election
1896 Election
1900 Election
1904 Election
1908 Election
1912 Election
1916 Election
1920 Election
1924 Election
1928 Election
1932 Election
1936 Election
1940 Election
1944 Election
1948 Election
1952 Election
1956 Election
1960 Election
1964 Election
1968 Election
1972 Election
1976 Election
1980 Election
1984 Election
1988 Election
1992 Election
1996 Election
2000 Election
2004 Election
2008 Election
2012 Election
2016 Election
2020 Election
2024 Election

Popular vote results

Historically, presidents seeking re-election with a job approval rating of 50 percent or higher among American voters have easily won a second term, while those with an approval rating of less than 50 percent have lost the election.

1788–89 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Independent	George Washington	43,782	100%
Federalist	John Adams (vice president)^{[note 1]}	n/a	n/a
Federalist	John Jay	n/a	n/a
Federalist	Robert H. Harrison	n/a	n/a
Federalist	John Rutledge	n/a	n/a
Federalist	John Hancock	n/a	n/a
Anti-Administration	George Clinton	n/a	n/a
Federalist	Samuel Huntington	n/a	n/a
Federalist	John Milton	n/a	n/a
Federalist	James Armstrong	n/a	n/a
Federalist	Benjamin Lincoln	n/a	n/a
Anti-Administration	Edward Telfair	n/a	n/a

1792 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Independent	George Washington	28,579	100%
Federalist	John Adams (vice president)	n/a	n/a
Democratic-Republican	George Clinton	n/a	n/a
Democratic-Republican	Thomas Jefferson	n/a	n/a
Democratic-Republican	Aaron Burr	n/a	n/a

1796 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Federalist	John Adams	35,726	53.4%
Democratic-Republican	Thomas Jefferson (vice president)	31,115	46.5%
Democratic-Republican	Aaron Burr	n/a	n/a
Democratic-Republican	Samuel Adams	n/a	n/a
Federalist	Oliver Ellsworth	n/a	n/a
Democratic-Republican	George Clinton	n/a	n/a
Federalist	John Jay	n/a	n/a
Federalist	James Iredell	n/a	n/a
Independent	George Washington	n/a	n/a
Democratic-Republican	John Henry	n/a	n/a
Federalist	Samuel Johnston	n/a	n/a
Federalist	Charles Cotesworth Pinckney	n/a	n/a

1800 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic-Republican	Thomas Jefferson/Aaron Burr	41,330	61.4%
Federalist	John Adams/Charles Cotesworth Pinckney	25,952	38.6%
Federalist	John Adams/John Jay	0	0%

House vote for president, 1801
CT	DE	GA	KY	MD	MA	NH	NJ	NY	NC	PA	RI	SC	TN	VT	VA
0-7	0-0-1	1-0	2-0	4-0-4	3-11	0-4	3-2	6-4	6-4	9-4	0-2	0-0-4	1-0	1-0-1	14–5
State delegations won by Jefferson are color coded in green, and those won by Burr in red. Vote results listed in that order, with abstentions at end.

1804 United States presidential election
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic-Republican	Thomas Jefferson/George Clinton	104,110	72.8%
	Federalist	Charles Cotesworth Pinckney/Rufus King	38,919	27.2%

1808 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic-Republican	James Madison/George Clinton	124,732	64.7%
Federalist	Charles Cotesworth Pinckney/Rufus King	62,431	32.4%
Democratic-Republican	James Monroe	4,848	2.5%
Democratic-Republican	George Clinton/James Madison and James Monroe	0	0%
None	Unpledged electors	680	0.4%

1812 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic-Republican	James Madison/Elbridge Gerry	140,431	50.4%
Democratic-Republican	DeWitt Clinton^{[note 2]}/Jared Ingersoll and Elbridge Gerry	132,781	47.6%
Federalist	Rufus King	5,574	2.0%

1816 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic-Republican	James Monroe/Daniel D. Tompkins	76,592	68.2%
Federalist	Rufus King/Multiple	34,740	30.9%
None	Unpledged electors	1,038	0.9%

1820 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic-Republican	James Monroe/Daniel D. Tompkins	87,343	80.6%
Federalist	No candidate	17,465	16.12%
Democratic-Republican	John Quincy Adams/Richard Rush (Federalist)	2,215	2.04%
Democratic-Republican	DeWitt Clinton	1,893	1.75%
Independent	Unpledged electors	1,658	1.53%

1824 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic-Republican	John Quincy Adams/John C. Calhoun and Andrew Jackson^{[note 3]}	113,122	30.9%
Democratic-Republican	Andrew Jackson/John C. Calhoun	151,271	41.4%
Democratic-Republican	William H. Crawford/Multiple	40,856	11.2%
Democratic-Republican	Henry Clay/Multiple	47,531	13%
None	Unpledged electors	6,616	1.81%

This election was in many ways unique in American history: several different factions of the Democratic-Republican Party were named after the last names of the candidates in this race, and nominated their own candidates. As no candidate received a majority of electoral votes, the House of Representatives chose Adams to be president.

House vote for president, 1824
AL	CT	DE	GA	IL	IN	KY	LA	ME	MD	MA	MS	MO	NH	NJ	NY	NC	OH	PN	RI	SC	TN	VT	VI
0-3-0	6-0-0	0-0-1	0-0-7	1-0-0	0-3-0	8-4-0	2-1-0	7-0-0	5-3-1	12-1-0	0-1-0	1-0-0	6-0-0	1-5-0	18-2-14	1-1-10	10-2-2	1-25-0	2-0-0	0-9-0	0-9-0	5-0-0	1–1–19
State delegations that Adams won are colored in green, blue for Jackson, and orange for Crawford. Vote results listed in that order.

1828 United States presidential election
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Andrew Jackson/John C. Calhoun	642,553	56.0%
	National Republican	John Quincy Adams/Richard Rush	500,897	43.6%

1832 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Andrew Jackson/Martin Van Buren	701,780	54.2%
National Republican	Henry Clay/John Sergeant	484,205	37.4%
Nullifier	John Floyd/Henry Lee	0	0%
Anti-Masonic	William Wirt/Amos Ellmaker	100,715	7.8%

1836 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Martin Van Buren/Richard Mentor Johnson	764,176	56.0%
Whig	William Henry Harrison/Francis Granger	549,907	36.6%
Whig	Hugh Lawson White/John Tyler	146,107	9.7%
Whig	Daniel Webster/Francis Granger	41,201	2.7%
Whig	Willie Person Mangum/John Tyler	0	0%

1840 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Whig	William Henry Harrison/John Tyler	1,275,390	52.9%
Democratic	Martin Van Buren/Richard Mentor Johnson	1,128,854	46.8%
Liberty	James G. Birney/Thomas Earle	7,453	0.31%

1844 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	James K. Polk/George M. Dallas	1,339,494	49.5%
Whig	Henry Clay/Theodore Frelinghuysen	1,300,004	48.1%
Liberty	James G. Birney/Thomas Morris	62,103	2.30%

1848 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Whig	Zachary Taylor/Millard Fillmore	1,361,393	47.3%
Democratic	Lewis Cass/William Orlando Butler	1,223,460	42.5%
Free Soil	Martin Van Buren/Charles Francis Adams Sr.	291,501	10.1%
Liberty	Gerrit Smith/Charles C. Foote	2,545	0.09%

1852 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Franklin Pierce/William R. King	1,607,510	50.8%
Whig	Winfield Scott/William Alexander Graham	1,386,942	43.9%
Free Soil	John P. Hale/George Washington Julian	155,210	4.9%
Union	Daniel Webster/Charles J. Jenkins	6,994	0.22%
Know Nothing	Jacob Broom/Reynell Coates	2,566	0.08%
Southern Rights	George Troup/John A. Quitman	2,331	0.07%

1856 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	James Buchanan/John C. Breckinridge	1,836,072	45.3%
Republican	John C. Frémont/William L. Dayton	1,342,345	33.1%
Know Nothing	Millard Fillmore/Andrew Jackson Donelson	873,053	21.6%

1860 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Abraham Lincoln/Hannibal Hamlin	1,865,908	39.8%
Southern Democratic	John C. Breckinridge/Joseph Lane	848,019	18.1%
Constitutional Union	John Bell/Edward Everett	590,901	12.6%
Democratic	Stephen A. Douglas/Herschel V. Johnson	1,380,202	29.5%

1864 United States presidential election
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	National Union	Abraham Lincoln/Andrew Johnson	2,218,388	55.0%
	Democratic	George B. McClellan/George H. Pendleton	1,812,807	45.0%

1868 United States presidential election
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Ulysses S. Grant/Schuyler Colfax	3,013,650	52.7%
	Democratic	Horatio Seymour/Francis Preston Blair Jr.	2,708,744	47.3%

1872 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Ulysses S. Grant/Henry Wilson	3,598,235	55.6%
Liberal Republican	Horace Greeley/Benjamin Gratz Brown	2,834,761	43.8%
Straight-Out Democrats	Charles O'Conor/John Quincy Adams II	18,602	0.3%
Prohibition	James Black/John Russell	5,607	0.1%

1876 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Rutherford B. Hayes/William A. Wheeler^{[note 3]}	4,034,142	47.9%
Democratic	Samuel J. Tilden/Thomas A. Hendricks	4,286,808	50.9%
Greenback	Peter Cooper/Samuel Fenton Cary	83,726	0.99%
Prohibition	Green Clay Smith/Gideon T. Stewart	6,945	0.08%
National	James Walker/Donald Kirkpatrick	463	0.01%

1880 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	James A. Garfield/Chester A. Arthur	4,446,158	48.3%
Democratic	Winfield Scott Hancock/William Hayden English	4,444,260	48.3%
Greenback	James B. Weaver/Barzillai J. Chambers	308,649	3.35%
Prohibition	Neal Dow/Henry Adams Thompson	10,364	0.11%
Anti-Masonic	John W. Phelps/Samuel C. Pomeroy	1,045	0.01%

1884 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Grover Cleveland/Thomas A. Hendricks	4,914,482	48.9%
Republican	James G. Blaine/John A. Logan	4,856,903	48.3%
Prohibition	John St. John/William Daniel	147,482	1.50%
Anti-Monopoly	Benjamin Butler/Absolom M. West	134,294	1.33%
National Equal Rights Party	Belva Ann Lockwood/Marietta Stow	4,194	0.04%

1888 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Benjamin Harrison/Levi P. Morton^{[note 3]}	5,443,892	47.8%
Democratic	Grover Cleveland/Allen G. Thurman	5,534,488	48.6%
Prohibition	Clinton B. Fisk/John A. Brooks	249,819	2.20%
Labor	Alson Streeter/Charles E. Cunningham	146,602	1.31%

1892 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Grover Cleveland/Adlai Stevenson I	5,553,898	46%
Republican	Benjamin Harrison/Whitelaw Reid	5,190,819	43%
Populist	James B. Weaver/James G. Field	1,026,595	8.5%
Prohibition	John Bidwell/James Cranfill	270,879	2.24%
Socialist Labor	Simon Wing/Charles Matchett	21,173	0.18%

1896 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	William McKinley/Garret Hobart	7,111,607	51%
Democratic	William Jennings Bryan/Arthur Sewall	6,509,052	46.7%
National Democratic	John M. Palmer/Simon Bolivar Buckner	134,645	0.97%
Prohibition	Joshua Levering/Hale Johnson	131,312	0.94%
Socialist Labor	Charles H. Matchett/Matthew Maguire	36,373	0.26%
National Prohibition Party	Charles Eugene Bentley/James H. Southgate	13,968	0.10%

1900 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	William McKinley/Theodore Roosevelt	7,228,864	51.6%
Democratic	William Jennings Bryan/Adlai Stevenson I	6,370,932	45.5%
Prohibition	John G. Woolley/Henry B. Metcalf	210,864	1.51%
Social Democratic	Eugene V. Debs/Job Harriman	87,945	0.63%
Populist	Wharton Barker/Ignatius L. Donnelly	50,989	0.36%
Socialist Labor	Joseph F. Malloney/Valentine Remmel	40,943	0.29%

1904 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Theodore Roosevelt/Charles W. Fairbanks	7,630,457	56.4%
Democratic	Alton B. Parker/Henry G. Davis	5,083,880	37.6%
Socialist	Eugene V. Debs/Benjamin Hanford	402,810	2.98%
Prohibition	Silas C. Swallow/George Washington Carroll	259,102	1.92%
Populist	Thomas E. Watson/Thomas Tibbles	114,070	0.84%
Socialist Labor	Charles Hunter Corregan/William Wesley Cox	33,454	0.25%

1908 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	William Howard Taft/James S. Sherman	7,678,335	51.6%
Democratic	William Jennings Bryan/John W. Kern	6,408,979	43%
Socialist	Eugene V. Debs/Benjamin Hanford	420,852	2.83%
Prohibition	Eugene W. Chafin/Aaron S. Watkins	254,087	1.71%
Independence	Thomas L. Hisgen/John Temple Graves	82,574	0.55%
Populist	Thomas E. Watson/Samuel Williams	28,862	0.19%
Socialist Labor	August Gillhaus/Donald L. Munro	14,031	0.09%

1912 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Woodrow Wilson/Thomas R. Marshall	6,296,284	41.8%
Progressive	Theodore Roosevelt/Hiram Johnson	4,122,721	27%
Republican	William Howard Taft/Nicholas Murray Butler	3,486,242	23.2%
Socialist	Eugene V. Debs/Emil Seidel	901,551	6%
Prohibition	Eugene W. Chafin/Aaron S. Watkins	208,156	1.38%
Socialist Labor	Arthur E. Reimer/August Gillhaus	29,324	0.19%

1916 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Woodrow Wilson/Thomas R. Marshall	9,126,868	49.2%
Republican	Charles Evans Hughes/Charles W. Fairbanks	8,548,728	46.1%
Socialist	Allan L. Benson/George Ross Kirkpatrick	590,524	3.19%
Prohibition	Frank Hanly/Ira Landrith	221,302	1.19%
Progressive Party (United States, 1912–1920)	None/John M. Parker	33,406	0.18%
Socialist Labor	Arthur E. Reimer/Caleb Harrison	15,295	0.08%

1920 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Warren G. Harding/Calvin Coolidge	16,114,093	60.3%
Democratic	James M. Cox/Franklin D. Roosevelt	9,139,661	34.2%
Socialist	Eugene V. Debs/Seymour Stedman	914,191	3.41%
Farmer–Labor	Parley P. Christensen/Max S. Hayes	265,395	0.99%
Prohibition	Aaron S. Watkins/D. Leigh Colvin	188,709	0.70%
American Party (Texas)	James E. Ferguson/William J. Hough	47,968	0.18%
Socialist Labor	William Wesley Cox/August Gillhaus	31,084	0.12%
Single Tax	Robert Colvin Macauley/Richard C. Barnum	5,750	0.02%

1924 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Calvin Coolidge/Charles G. Dawes	15,723,789	54%
Democratic	John W. Davis/Charles W. Bryan	8,386,242	28.8%
Progressive Party (United States, 1924)	Robert M. La Follette/Burton K. Wheeler	4,831,706	16.6%
Prohibition	Herman P. Faris/Marie C. Brehm	55,951	0.19%
Communist	William Z. Foster/Benjamin Gitlow	38,669	0.13%
Socialist Labor	Frank T. Johns/Verne L. Reynolds	28,633	0.10%
American	Gilbert Nations/Charles Hiram Randall	24,325	0.08%

1928 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Herbert Hoover/Charles Curtis	21,427,123	58.2%
Democratic	Al Smith/Joseph Taylor Robinson	15,015,464	40.8%
Socialist	Norman Thomas/James H. Maurer	267,478	0.73%
Communist	William Z. Foster/Benjamin Gitlow	48,551	0.13%
Socialist Labor	Verne L. Reynolds/Jeremiah D. Crowley	21,590	0.06%
Prohibition	William F. Varney/James A. Edgerton	20,095	0.05%
Farmer–Labor	Frank Webb/LeRoy R. Tillman	6,390	0.02%

1932 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Franklin D. Roosevelt/John Nance Garner	22,821,277	57.4%
Republican	Herbert Hoover/Charles Curtis	15,761,254	39.7%
Socialist	Norman Thomas/James H. Maurer	884,885	2.23%
Communist	William Z. Foster/James W. Ford	103,307	0.26%
Prohibition	William David Upshaw/Frank S. Regan	81,905	0.21%
Liberty	William Hope Harvey/Frank Hemenway [wd]	53,425	0.13%
Socialist Labor	Verne L. Reynolds/John W. Aiken	34,038	0.09%
Farmer–Labor	Jacob S. Coxey Sr./Julius Reiter	7,431	0.02%

1936 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Franklin D. Roosevelt/John Nance Garner	27,752,648	60.8%
Republican	Alf Landon/Frank Knox	16,681,862	36.5%
Union	William Lemke/Thomas C. O'Brien	892,378	1.95%
Socialist	Norman Thomas/George A. Nelson	187,910	0.41%
Communist	Earl Browder/James W. Ford	79,315	0.17%
Prohibition	D. Leigh Colvin/Claude A. Watson	37,646	0.08%
Socialist Labor	John W. Aiken/Emil F. Teichert [wd]	12,799	0.03%

1940 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Franklin D. Roosevelt/Henry A. Wallace	27,313,945	54.7%
Republican	Wendell Willkie/Charles L. McNary	22,347,744	44.8%
Socialist	Norman Thomas/Maynard C. Krueger	116,599	0.23%
Prohibition	Roger Babson/Edgar Moorman [wd]	57,903	0.12%
Communist	Earl Browder/James W. Ford	48,557	0.10%
Socialist Labor	John W. Aiken/Aaron M. Orange [wd]	14,883	0.03%

1944 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Franklin D. Roosevelt/Harry S. Truman	25,612,916	53.4%
Republican	Thomas E. Dewey/John W. Bricker	22,017,929	45.9%
Texas Regulars	None	143,238	0.30%
Socialist	Norman Thomas/Darlington Hoopes	79,017	0.16%
Prohibition	Claude A. Watson/Andrew N. Johnson	74,758	0.16%
Socialist Labor	Edward A. Teichert/Arla Arbaugh	45,188	0.09%

1948 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Harry S. Truman/Alben W. Barkley	24,179,347	49.6%
Republican	Thomas E. Dewey/Earl Warren	21,991,292	45.1%
Dixiecrat	Strom Thurmond/Fielding L. Wright	1,175,930	2.4%
Progressive	Henry A. Wallace/Glen H. Taylor	1,157,328	2.4%
Socialist	Norman Thomas/Tucker P. Smith	139,569	0.29%
Prohibition	Claude A. Watson/Dale Learn	103,708	0.21%
Socialist Labor	Edward A. Teichert/Stephen Emery	29,244	0.06%
Socialist Workers	Farrell Dobbs/Grace Carlson	13,613	0.03%

1952 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Dwight D. Eisenhower/Richard Nixon	34,075,529	55.2%
Democratic	Adlai Stevenson II/John Sparkman	27,375,090	44.3%
Progressive	Vincent Hallinan/Charlotta Bass	140,746	0.23%
Prohibition	Stuart Hamblen/Enoch A. Holtwick	73,412	0.12%
Socialist Labor	Eric Hass/Stephen Emery	30,406	0.05%
Socialist	Darlington Hoopes/Samuel H. Friedman	20,203	0.03%
Constitution Party (United States, 1952)	Douglas MacArthur/Harry F. Byrd	17,205	0.03%
Socialist Workers	Farrell Dobbs/Myra Tanner Weiss	10,312	0.02%

1956 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Dwight D. Eisenhower/Richard Nixon	35,579,180	57.4%
Democratic	Adlai Stevenson II/Estes Kefauver	26,028,028	42%
Dixiecrat	T. Coleman Andrews/Thomas H. Werdel	305,274	0.5%
Independent	(Unpledged Electors)	196,318	0.32%
Socialist Labor	Eric Hass/Georgia Cozzini	44,450	0.07%
Prohibition	Enoch A. Holtwick/Edwin M. Cooper [wd]	41,937	0.07%
Socialist Workers	Farrell Dobbs/Myra Tanner Weiss	7,797	0.01%
Dixiecrat	Harry F. Byrd/William E. Jenner	2,657	<0.01%
Socialist	Darlington Hoopes/Samuel H. Friedman	2,128	<0.01%
American Third Party	Henry B. Krajewski/Anna Yezo	1,829	<0.01%
Christian Nationalist Crusade	Gerald L. K. Smith/Charles Robertson	8	<0.01%
Democratic	Walter Burgwyn Jones/Herman Talmadge	0	0%

1960 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	John F. Kennedy/Lyndon B. Johnson	34,220,984	49.7%
Republican	Richard Nixon/Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.	34,108,157	49.6%
Dixiecrat	Harry F. Byrd/Strom Thurmond	610,409	0.4%
Democratic	(unpledged electors)	286,359	0.42%
Socialist Labor	Eric Hass/Georgia Cozzini	47,522	0.07%
Prohibition	Rutherford Decker/E. Harold Munn	46,203	0.07%
Dixiecrat	Orval Faubus/John G. Crommelin	44,984	0.07%
Socialist Workers	Farrell Dobbs/Myra Tanner Weiss	40,175	0.06%
Constitution Party (United States, 1952)	Charles L. Sullivan/Merritt B. Curtis	18,162	0.03%
Conservative (United States)	J. Bracken Lee/Kent Courtney	8,708	0.01%

1964 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Lyndon B. Johnson/Hubert Humphrey	43,127,041	61%
Republican	Barry Goldwater/William E. Miller	27,175,754	38.5%
Democratic	(unpledged Electors)	210,732	0.30%
Socialist Labor	Eric Hass/Henning A. Blomen	45,189	0.06%
Socialist Workers	Clifton DeBerry/Ed Shaw	32,706	0.05%
Prohibition	E. Harold Munn/Mark R. Shaw	23,267	0.03%
Dixiecrat	John Kasper/J. B. Stoner	6,953	0.01%
Constitution Party (United States, 1952)	Joseph B. Lightburn/Theodore Billings	5,061	0.01%

1968 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew	31,783,783	43.4%
Democratic	Hubert Humphrey/Edmund Muskie	31,271,839	42.7%
American Independent	George Wallace/Curtis LeMay	9,901,118	13.5%

1972 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew	47,168,710	60.7%
Democratic	George McGovern/Sargent Shriver	29,173,222	37.5%
American Independent	John G. Schmitz/Thomas J. Anderson	1,100,896	1.42%
Socialist Workers	Linda Jenness/Andrew Pulley	83,380	0.11%
People's Party (United States, 1971)	Benjamin Spock/Julius Hobson	78,759	0.10%
Socialist Labor	Louis Fisher/Genevieve Gunderson [wd]	53,814	0.07%
Libertarian	John Hospers/Tonie Nathan	3,674	<0.01%

1976 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Jimmy Carter/Walter Mondale	40,831,881	50.1%
Republican	Gerald Ford/Bob Dole	39,148,634	48%
Independent	Eugene McCarthy	744,763	0.91%
Libertarian	Roger MacBride/David Bergland	172,557	0.21%
American Independent	Lester Maddox/William Dyke	170,373	0.21%
American	Thomas J. Anderson/Rufus Shackelford [wd]	158,724	0.19%
Socialist Workers	Peter Camejo/Willie Mae Reid	90,986	0.11%
Communist	Gus Hall/Jarvis Tyner	58,709	0.07%
People's Party (United States, 1971)	Margaret Wright/Benjamin Spock	49,016	0.06%
U.S. Labor	Lyndon LaRouche/R. Wayne Evans [wd]	40,018	0.05%
Republican	Ronald Reagan/Bob Dole	0	0%

1980 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Ronald Reagan/George H. W. Bush	43,903,230	50.7%
Democratic	Jimmy Carter/Walter Mondale	35,480,115	41%
Independent	John B. Anderson/Patrick Lucey	5,719,850	6.6%
Libertarian	Ed Clark/David Koch	921,128	1.06%
Citizens	Barry Commoner/LaDonna Harris	233,052	0.27%
Communist	Gus Hall/Angela Davis	44,933	0.05%
American Independent	John Rarick/Eileen Shearer [wd]	40,906	0.05%
Socialist Workers	Clifton DeBerry/Matilde Zimmermann	38,738	0.04%
Right to Life	Ellen McCormack/Carroll Driscoll [wd]	32,320	0.04%
Peace and Freedom	Maureen Smith/Elizabeth Cervantes Barron	18,116	0.02%

1984 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Ronald Reagan/George H. W. Bush	54,455,472	58.8%
Democratic	Walter Mondale/Geraldine Ferraro	37,577,352	40.6%
Libertarian	David Bergland/Jim Lewis	228,111	0.25%
Independent	Lyndon LaRouche/Billy Davis	78,809	0.09%
Citizens	Sonia Johnson/Richard Walton	72,161	0.08%
Populist	Bob Richards/Maureen Salaman	66,324	0.07%
New Alliance	Dennis L. Serrette/Nancy Ross	46,853	0.05%
Communist	Gus Hall/Angela Davis	36,386	0.04%
Socialist Workers	Melvin T. Mason/Matilde Zimmermann	24,699	0.03%
Workers World	Larry Holmes/Gloria La Riva	17,985	0.02%

1988 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	George H. W. Bush/Dan Quayle	48,886,597	53.4%
Democratic	Michael Dukakis/Lloyd Bentsen	41,809,476	45.6%
Libertarian	Ron Paul/Andre Marrou	431,750	0.47%
New Alliance	Lenora Fulani	217,221	0.24%
Democratic	Lloyd Bentsen/Michael Dukakis	0	0%

1992 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Bill Clinton/Al Gore	44,909,806	43%
Republican	George H. W. Bush/Dan Quayle	39,104,550	37.4%
Independent	Ross Perot/James Stockdale	19,743,821	18.9%
Libertarian	Andre Marrou/Nancy Lord	290,087	0.28%
Populist	Bo Gritz/Cyril Minett [wd]	106,152	0.10%
New Alliance	Lenora Fulani/Maria Elizabeth Muñoz [wd]	73,622	0.07%
Constitution	Howard Phillips/Albion W. Knight Jr.	43,369	0.04%

1996 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Bill Clinton/Al Gore	47,401,185	49.2%
Republican	Bob Dole/Jack Kemp	39,197,469	40.7%
Reform	Ross Perot/Pat Choate	8,085,294	8.4%
Green	Ralph Nader/Winona LaDuke	684,871	0.71%
Libertarian	Harry Browne/Jo Jorgensen	485,759	0.50%
Constitution	Howard Phillips/Herbert Titus	184,656	0.19%
Natural Law	John Hagelin/Mike Tompkins	113,667	0.12%

2000 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	George W. Bush/Dick Cheney^{[note 3]}	50,456,002	47.9%
Democratic	Al Gore/Joe Lieberman	50,999,897	48.4%
Green	Ralph Nader/Winona LaDuke	2,882,955	2.74%
Reform	Pat Buchanan/Ezola Foster	448,895	0.43%
Libertarian	Harry Browne/Art Olivier	384,431	0.36%
Constitution	Howard Phillips/Curtis Frazier [wd]	98,020	0.09%
Natural Law	John Hagelin/Nat Goldhaber	83,714	0.08%

2004 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	George W. Bush/Dick Cheney	62,040,610	50.7%
Democratic	John Kerry/John Edwards	59,028,444	48.3%
Democratic	John Edwards/John Edwards	5	<0.01%
Independent	Ralph Nader/Peter Camejo	465,650	0.38%
Libertarian	Michael Badnarik/Richard Campagna	397,265	0.32%
Constitution	Michael Peroutka/Chuck Baldwin	143,630	0.12%
Green	David Cobb/Pat LaMarche	119,859	0.10%
Peace and Freedom	Leonard Peltier/Janice Jordan	27,607	0.02%
Socialist	Walt Brown/Mary Alice Herbert	10,837	0.01%
Socialist Workers	Róger Calero/Arrin Hawkins	3,689	0.01%
Christian Freedom Party	Thomas Harens/Jennifer A. Ryan	2,387	0.002%

2008 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Barack Obama/Joe Biden	69,498,516	52.9%
Republican	John McCain/Sarah Palin	59,948,323	45.7%
Independent	Ralph Nader/Matt Gonzalez	739,034	0.56%
Libertarian	Bob Barr/Wayne Allyn Root	523,715	0.40%
Constitution	Chuck Baldwin/Darrell Castle	199,750	0.15%
Green	Cynthia McKinney/Rosa Clemente	161,797	0.12%
American Independent	Alan Keyes/Wiley Drake	47,746	0.04%

2012 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Barack Obama/Joe Biden	65,915,795	51.1%
Republican	Mitt Romney/Paul Ryan	60,933,504	47.2%
Libertarian	Gary Johnson/Jim Gray	1,275,971	0.99%
Green	Jill Stein/Cheri Honkala	469,627	0.36%
Constitution	Virgil Goode/James N. Clymer [wd]	122,389	0.11%
Peace and Freedom	Roseanne Barr/Cindy Sheehan	67,326	0.05%
Justice	Rocky Anderson/Luis J. Rodriguez	43,018	0.03%
American Independent	Tom Hoefling/J.D. Ellis	40,628	0.03%

2016 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Donald Trump/Mike Pence^{[note 3]}	62,984,828	46.09%
Democratic	Hillary Clinton/Tim Kaine	65,844,610	48.18%
Libertarian	Gary Johnson/William Weld	4,489,341	3.28%
Green	Jill Stein/Ajamu Baraka	1,457,218	1.07%
Independent	Evan McMullin/Mindy Finn	731,991	0.54%
Constitution	Darrell Castle/Scott Bradley	203,090	0.15%
Socialism and Liberation	Gloria La Riva/Eugene Puryear	74,401	0.05%

2020 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Joe Biden/Kamala Harris	81,283,501	51.31%
Republican	Donald Trump/Mike Pence	74,223,975	46.85%
Libertarian	Jo Jorgensen/Spike Cohen	1,865,535	1.18%
Green	Howie Hawkins/Angela Walker	407,068	0.26%

2024 United States presidential election
	Candidate	Votes	%
Republican	Donald Trump/JD Vance	77,302,169	49.74%
Democratic	Kamala Harris/Tim Walz	75,015,834	48.27%
Green	Jill Stein/Butch Ware	861,141	0.55%
Independent	Robert F. Kennedy Jr./Nicole Shanahan	756,377	0.49%
Libertarian	Chase Oliver/Mike ter Maat	650,142	0.42%

Template:Featured list is only for Wikipedia:Featured lists.

The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,^[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College.^[2] Under the U.S. Constitution, the officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.^[3] The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College.^[4] The incumbent president is Donald Trump, who assumed office on January 20, 2025.^[5]^[6] Since the office was established in 1789, 45 men have served in 47 presidencies; the discrepancy arises because of Grover Cleveland and Donald Trump, who were elected to two non-consecutive terms. Cleveland is counted as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, while Trump is counted as the 45th and 47th president.^[7]^[8]

The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history.^[9] Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.^[10] Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.^[11]

Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon, facing impeachment and removal from office).^[12] John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, setting the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with a new, distinct administration.^[13]

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, political factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.^[14] Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president who never affiliated with a political party.^[15]

Presidents

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.^[a]	Name (birth–death)	Term^[16]		Election	Vice President^[18]
1	George Washington (1732–1799) ^[19]	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797	Unaffiliated	1788–89 1792	John Adams^[c]
2	John Adams (1735–1826) ^[21]	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801	Federalist	1796	Thomas Jefferson^[d]
3	Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) ^[23]	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809	Democratic- Republican	1800 1804	Aaron Burr George Clinton
4	James Madison (1751–1836) ^[24]	March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817	Democratic- Republican	1808 1812	George Clinton^[e] Vacant after April 20, 1812 Elbridge Gerry^[e] Vacant after November 23, 1814
5	James Monroe (1758–1831) ^[26]	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825	Democratic- Republican	1816 1820	Daniel D. Tompkins
6	John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) ^[27]	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829	Democratic- Republican^[f] National Republican	1824	John C. Calhoun^[g]
7	Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) ^[30]	March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837	Democratic	1828 1832	John C. Calhoun^[h] Vacant after December 28, 1832 Martin Van Buren
8	Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) ^[31]	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841	Democratic	1836	Richard Mentor Johnson
9	William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) ^[32]	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841^[e]	Whig	1840	John Tyler
10	John Tyler (1790–1862) ^[33]	April 4, 1841^[i] – March 4, 1845	Whig^[j] Unaffiliated	–	Vacant throughout presidency
11	James K. Polk (1795–1849) ^[36]	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849	Democratic	1844	George M. Dallas
12	Zachary Taylor (1784–1850) ^[37]	March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850^[e]	Whig	1848	Millard Fillmore
13	Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) ^[38]	July 9, 1850^[k] – March 4, 1853	Whig	–	Vacant throughout presidency
14	Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) ^[40]	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Democratic	1852	William R. King^[e] Vacant after April 18, 1853
15	James Buchanan (1791–1868) ^[41]	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861	Democratic	1856	John C. Breckinridge
16	Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) ^[42]	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865^[e]	Republican National Union^[l]	1860 1864	Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson
17	Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) ^[44]	April 15, 1865^[m] – March 4, 1869	National Union^[n] Democratic	–	Vacant throughout presidency
18	Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) ^[45]	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877	Republican	1868 1872	Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson^[e] Vacant after November 22, 1875
19	Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) ^[46]	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881	Republican	1876	William A. Wheeler
20	James A. Garfield (1831–1881) ^[47]	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881^[e]	Republican	1880	Chester A. Arthur
21	Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) ^[48]	September 19, 1881^[o] – March 4, 1885	Republican	–	Vacant throughout presidency
22	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[50]	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889	Democratic	1884	Thomas A. Hendricks^[e] Vacant after November 25, 1885
23	Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) ^[51]	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893	Republican	1888	Levi P. Morton
24	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[50]	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897	Democratic	1892	Adlai Stevenson I
25	William McKinley (1843–1901) ^[52]	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901^[e]	Republican	1896 1900	Garret Hobart^[e] Vacant after November 21, 1899 Theodore Roosevelt
26	Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) ^[53]	September 14, 1901^[p] – March 4, 1909	Republican	– 1904	Vacant through March 4, 1905 Charles W. Fairbanks
27	William Howard Taft (1857–1930) ^[55]	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	Republican	1908	James S. Sherman^[e] Vacant after October 30, 1912
28	Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) ^[56]	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Democratic	1912 1916	Thomas R. Marshall
29	Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) ^[57]	March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923^[e]	Republican	1920	Calvin Coolidge
30	Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) ^[58]	August 2, 1923^[q] – March 4, 1929	Republican	– 1924	Vacant through March 4, 1925 Charles G. Dawes
31	Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) ^[60]	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	Republican	1928	Charles Curtis
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945) ^[61]	March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945^[e]	Democratic	1932 1936 1940 1944	John Nance Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman
33	Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) ^[62]	April 12, 1945^[r] – January 20, 1953	Democratic	– 1948	Vacant through January 20, 1949 Alben W. Barkley
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) ^[64]	January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961	Republican	1952 1956	Richard Nixon
35	John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) ^[65]	January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963^[e]	Democratic	1960	Lyndon B. Johnson
36	Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) ^[66]	November 22, 1963^[s] – January 20, 1969	Democratic	– 1964	Vacant through January 20, 1965 Hubert Humphrey
37	Richard Nixon (1913–1994) ^[68]	January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974^[h]	Republican	1968 1972	Spiro Agnew^[h] Vacant: October 10 – December 6, 1973 Gerald Ford^[t]
38	Gerald Ford (1913–2006) ^[69]	August 9, 1974^[u] – January 20, 1977	Republican	–	Vacant through December 19, 1974 Nelson Rockefeller^[t]
39	Jimmy Carter (1924–2024) ^[70]	January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981	Democratic	1976	Walter Mondale
40	Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) ^[71]	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989	Republican	1980 1984	George H. W. Bush
41	George H. W. Bush (1924–2018) ^[72]	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993	Republican	1988	Dan Quayle
42	Bill Clinton (b. 1946) ^[73]	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001	Democratic	1992 1996	Al Gore
43	George W. Bush (b. 1946) ^[74]	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009	Republican	2000 2004	Dick Cheney
44	Barack Obama (b. 1961) ^[75]	January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017	Democratic	2008 2012	Joe Biden
45	Donald Trump (b. 1946) ^[76]	January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021	Republican	2016	Mike Pence
46	Joe Biden (b. 1942) ^[77]	January 20, 2021 – January 20, 2025	Democratic	2020	Kamala Harris
47	Donald Trump (b. 1946) ^[76]	January 20, 2025 – January 20, 2029	Republican	2024	JD Vance
48	Pete Buttigieg (b. 1982) ^[78]	January 20, 2029 – January 20, 2033	Democratic	2028	Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
49	Paul Ryan (b. 1970) ^[79]	January 20, 2033 – January 20, 2037	Republican	2032	Mike Johnson
50	Mike Johnson (b. 1972) ^[80]	January 20, 2037 – January 20, 2045	Republican	2036 2040	John Thune^[h] Vacant after December 19th, 2044
51	N/A (b. 2008) ^[81]	January 20, 2045 – January 20, 2049 January 20, 2049^[v] – September 19, 2059^[e]	National Extremist Party	2049	N/A

Notes

^ Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president, instead of the first and second, but Grover Cleveland and Donald Trump are counted twice, because their two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
^ Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.^[20]
^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.^[22]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Died in office^[25]
^ Early during John Quincy Adams' term, the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.^[28]
^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.^[29]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Resigned from office^[25]
^ John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.^[34]
^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.^[35]
^ Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.^[39]
^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.^[43]
^ Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.^[44]
^ While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a coalition of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson began reassociating with the Democratic Party.^[44]
^ Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.^[49]
^ Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.^[54]
^ Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.^[59]
^ Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[63]
^ Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John F. Kennedy.^[67]
^ ^a ^b Appointed as vice president under terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2^[25]
^ Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency upon the resignation of Richard Nixon. Even though Ford simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term, he was never elected to the presidency or vice presidency in his own right. ^[69]
^ No elections held during World War III. Last convened on 9 November 2051.

References

^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
^ Epstein (2005), p. 318.
^ Matuz (2001), p. xxii.
^ Hajela (2024).
^ Freile (2024).
^ AP (2024).
^ Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192.
^ McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.
^ Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.
^ Peabody & Gant (1999), p. 565.
^ Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.
^ Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
^ LOC (2); Jamison (2014).
^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
^ LOC.
^ McDonald (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
^ Pencak (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.
^ Peterson (2000).
^ Banning (2000).
^ ^a ^b ^c Neale (2004), p. 22.
^ Ammon (2000).
^ Hargreaves (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
^ Remini (2000).
^ Cole (2000).
^ Gutzman (2000).
^ Shade (2000).
^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
^ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
^ Rawley (2000).
^ Smith (2000).
^ Anbinder (2000).
^ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
^ Gara (2000).
^ Gienapp (2000).
^ McPherson (b) (2000).
^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
^ ^a ^b ^c Trefousse (2000).
^ McPherson (a) (2000).
^ Hoogenboom (2000).
^ Peskin (2000).
^ Reeves (2000).
^ Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.
^ ^a ^b Campbell (2000).
^ Spetter (2000).
^ Gould (a) (2000).
^ Harbaugh (2000).
^ Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640.
^ Gould (b) (2000).
^ Ambrosius (2000).
^ Hawley (2000).
^ McCoy (2000).
^ Senate.
^ Hoff (a) (2000).
^ Brinkley (2000).
^ Hamby (2000).
^ Abbott (2005), p. 636.
^ Ambrose (2000).
^ Parmet (2000).
^ Gardner (2000).
^ Abbott (2005), p. 633.
^ Hoff (b) (2000).
^ ^a ^b Greene (2013).
^ whitehouse.gov (a).
^ Schaller (2004).
^ whitehouse.gov (b).
^ whitehouse.gov (c).
^ whitehouse.gov (d).
^ whitehouse.gov (e).
^ ^a ^b whitehouse.gov (f).
^ whitehouse.gov (g).
^ whitehouse.gov (h).
^ whitehouse.gov (I).
^ whitehouse.gov (J).
^ whitehouse.gov (K).

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External links

Media related to President of the United States at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to List of presidents of the United States at Wikiquote

[[Category:Lists of national presidents|United States]] [[Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency|*]] [[Category:Presidents of the United States|*]]

China,^[i] officially the People's Republic of China (PRC),^[j] is a country in East Asia. With a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the second-most populous country after India, representing 17.4% of the world population. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land^[k] across an area of nearly 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), making it the second-largest country by land area.^[l] The country is divided into 33 province-level divisions: 22 provinces,^[m] 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the country's capital, while Shanghai is its most populous city by urban area and largest financial center.

China is considered one of the six cradles of civilization, with the first human inhabitants in the region arriving during the Paleolithic. By the late 2nd millennium BCE, the earliest dynastic states had emerged in the Yellow River basin. The 8th–3rd centuries BCE saw a breakdown in the authority of the Zhou dynasty, accompanied by the emergence of administrative and military techniques, literature, philosophy, and historiography. In 221 BCE, China was unified under an emperor, ushering in more than two millennia of imperial dynasties including the Qin, Han, Tang, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. With the invention of gunpowder and paper, the establishment of the Silk Road, and the building of the Great Wall, Chinese culture flourished and has heavily influenced both its neighbors and lands further afield. However, China began to cede parts of the country in the late 19th century to various European powers by a series of unequal treaties.

After decades of Qing China on the decline, the 1911 Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty and the monarchy and the Republic of China (ROC) was established the following year. The country under the nascent Beiyang government was unstable and ultimately fragmented during the Warlord Era, which was ended upon the Northern Expedition conducted by the Kuomintang (KMT) to reunify the country. The Chinese Civil War began in 1927, when KMT forces purged members of the rival Chinese Communist Party (CCP), who proceeded to engage in sporadic fighting against the KMT-led Nationalist government. Following the country's invasion by the Empire of Japan in 1937, the CCP and KMT formed the Second United Front to fight the Japanese. The Second Sino-Japanese War eventually ended in a Chinese victory; however, the CCP and the KMT resumed their civil war as soon as the war ended. In 1949, the resurgent Communists established control over most of the country, proclaiming the People's Republic of China and forcing the Nationalist government to retreat to the island of Taiwan. The country was split, with both sides claiming to be the sole legitimate government of China. Following the implementation of land reforms, further attempts by the PRC to realize communism failed: the Great Leap Forward was largely responsible for the Great Chinese Famine that ended with millions of Chinese people having died, and the subsequent Cultural Revolution was a period of social turmoil and persecution characterized by Maoist populism. Following the Sino-Soviet split, the Shanghai Communiqué in 1972 would precipitate the normalization of relations with the United States. Economic reforms that began in 1978 moved the country away from a socialist planned economy towards an increasingly capitalist market economy, spurring significant economic growth. A movement for increased democracy and liberalization stalled after the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre in 1989.

China is a unitary one-party socialist republic led by the CCP. It is one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council; the UN representative for China was changed from the ROC to the PRC in 1971. It is a founding member of several multilateral and regional organizations such as the AIIB, the Silk Road Fund, the New Development Bank, and the RCEP. It is a member of the BRICS, the G20, APEC, the SCO, and the East Asia Summit. Making up around one-fifth of the world economy, the Chinese economy is the world's largest economy by PPP-adjusted GDP, the second-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the second-wealthiest country, albeit ranking poorly in measures of democracy, human rights and religious freedom. The country has been one of the fastest-growing major economies and is the world's largest manufacturer and exporter, as well as the second-largest importer. China is a nuclear-weapon state with the world's largest standing army by military personnel and the second-largest defense budget. It is a great power, and has been described as an emerging superpower. China is known for its cuisine and culture and, as a megadiverse country, has 59 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the second-highest number of any country.

Etymology

*China* (today's Guangdong), *Mangi* (inland of *Xanton*), and *Cataio* (inland of *China* and *Chequan*, and including the capital *Cambalu*, *Xandu*, and a marble bridge) are all shown as separate regions on this 1570 map by Abraham Ortelius.

The word "China" has been used in English since the 16th century; however, it was not used by the Chinese themselves during this period. Its origin has been traced through Portuguese, Malay, and Persian back to the Sanskrit word Cīna, used in ancient India.^[15] "China" appears in Richard Eden's 1555 translation^[n] of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa.^[o]^[15] Barbosa's usage was derived from Persian Chīn (چین), which in turn derived from Sanskrit Cīna (चीन).^[20] The origin of the Sanskrit word is a matter of debate.^[15] Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahabharata (5th century BCE) and the Laws of Manu (2nd century BCE).^[21] In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the word China is derived ultimately from the name of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE).^[22]^[21] Although use in Indian sources precedes this dynasty, this derivation is still given in various sources.^[23] Alternative suggestions include the names for Yelang and the Jing or Chu state.^[21]^[24]

The official name of the modern state is the "People's Republic of China" (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó). The shorter form is "China" (中国; 中國; Zhōngguó), from zhōng ('central') and guó ('state'), a term which developed under the Western Zhou dynasty in reference to its royal demesne.^[p]^[q] It was used in official documents as an synonym for the state under the Qing.^[27] The name Zhongguo is also translated as 'Middle Kingdom' in English.^[28] China is sometimes referred to as "mainland China" or "the Mainland" when distinguishing it from the Republic of China or the PRC's Special Administrative Regions.^[29]^[30]^[31]

History

Prehistory

Archaeological evidence suggests that early hominids inhabited China 2.25 million years ago.^[32] The hominid fossils of Peking Man, a Homo erectus who used fire,^[33] have been dated to between 680,000 and 780,000 years ago.^[34] The fossilized teeth of Homo sapiens (dated to 125,000–80,000 years ago) have been discovered in Fuyan Cave.^[35] Chinese proto-writing existed in Jiahu around 6600 BCE,^[36] at Damaidi around 6000 BCE,^[37] Dadiwan from 5800 to 5400 BCE, and Banpo dating from the 5th millennium BCE. Some scholars have suggested that the Jiahu symbols (7th millennium BCE) constituted the earliest Chinese writing system.^[36]

Early dynastic rule

According to traditional Chinese historiography, the Xia dynasty was established during the late 3rd millennium BCE, marking the beginning of the dynastic cycle that was understood to underpin China's entire political history. In the modern era, the Xia's historicity came under increasing scrutiny, in part due to the earliest known attestation of the Xia being written millennia after the date given for their collapse. In 1958, archaeologists discovered sites belonging to the Erlitou culture that existed during the early Bronze Age; they have since been characterized as the remains of the historical Xia, but this conception is often rejected.^[38]^[39]^[40] The Shang dynasty that traditionally succeeded the Xia is the earliest for which there are both contemporary written records and undisputed archaeological evidence.^[41] The Shang ruled much of the Yellow River valley until the 11th century BCE, with the earliest hard evidence dated c. 1300 BCE.^[42] The oracle bone script, attested from c. 1250 BCE but generally assumed to be considerably older,^[43]^[44] represents the oldest known form of written Chinese,^[45] and is the direct ancestor of modern Chinese characters.^[46]

The Shang were overthrown by the Zhou, who ruled between the 11th and 5th centuries BCE, though the centralized authority of Son of Heaven was slowly eroded by fengjian lords. Some principalities eventually emerged from the weakened Zhou and continually waged war with each other during the 300-year Spring and Autumn period. By the time of the Warring States period of the 5th–3rd centuries BCE, there were seven major powerful states left.^[47]

Imperial China

Qin and Han

The Warring States period ended in 221 BCE after the state of Qin conquered the other six states, reunited China and established the dominant order of autocracy. King Zheng of Qin proclaimed himself the Emperor of the Qin dynasty, becoming the first emperor of a unified China. He enacted Qin's legalist reforms, notably the standardization of Chinese characters, measurements, road widths, and currency. His dynasty also conquered the Yue tribes in Guangxi, Guangdong, and Northern Vietnam.^[48] The Qin dynasty lasted only fifteen years, falling soon after the First Emperor's death.^[49]^[50]

Following widespread revolts during which the imperial library was burned,^[r] the Han dynasty emerged to rule China between 206 BCE and 220 CE, creating a cultural identity among its populace still remembered in the ethnonym of the modern Han Chinese.^[49]^[50] The Han expanded the empire's territory considerably, with military campaigns reaching Central Asia, Mongolia, Korea, and Yunnan, and the recovery of Guangdong and northern Vietnam from Nanyue. Han involvement in Central Asia and Sogdia helped establish the land route of the Silk Road, replacing the earlier path over the Himalayas to India. Han China gradually became the largest economy of the ancient world.^[52] Despite the Han's initial decentralization and the official abandonment of the Qin philosophy of Legalism in favor of Confucianism, Qin's legalist institutions and policies continued to be employed by the Han government and its successors.^[53]

Three Kingdoms, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties

After the end of the Han dynasty, a period of strife known as Three Kingdoms followed, at the end of which Wei was swiftly overthrown by the Jin dynasty. The Jin fell to civil war upon the ascension of a developmentally disabled emperor; the Five Barbarians then rebelled and ruled northern China as the Sixteen States. The Xianbei unified them as the Northern Wei, whose Emperor Xiaowen reversed his predecessors' apartheid policies and enforced a drastic sinification on his subjects. In the south, the general Liu Yu secured the abdication of the Jin in favor of the Liu Song. The various successors of these states became known as the Northern and Southern dynasties, with the two areas finally reunited by the Sui in 581.^{[citation needed]}

Sui, Tang and Song

The Sui restored the Han to power through China, reformed its agriculture, economy and imperial examination system, constructed the Grand Canal, and patronized Buddhism. However, they fell quickly when their conscription for public works and a failed war in northern Korea provoked widespread unrest.^[54]^[55] Under the succeeding Tang and Song dynasties, Chinese economy, technology, and culture entered a golden age.^[56] The Tang dynasty retained control of the Western Regions and the Silk Road,^[57] which brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa,^[58] and made the capital Chang'an a cosmopolitan urban center. However, it was devastated and weakened by the An Lushan rebellion in the 8th century.^[59] In 907, the Tang disintegrated completely when the local military governors became ungovernable. The Song dynasty ended the separatist situation in 960, leading to a balance of power between the Song and the Liao dynasty. The Song was the first government in world history to issue paper money and the first Chinese polity to establish a permanent navy which was supported by the developed shipbuilding industry along with the sea trade.^[60]

Between the 10th and 11th century CE, the population of China doubled to around 100 million people, mostly because of the expansion of rice cultivation in central and southern China, and the production of abundant food surpluses. The Song dynasty also saw a revival of Confucianism, in response to the growth of Buddhism during the Tang,^[61] and a flourishing of philosophy and the arts, as landscape art and porcelain were brought to new levels of complexity.^[62] However, the military weakness of the Song army was observed by the Jin dynasty. In 1127, Emperor Emeritus Huizong, Emperor Qinzong of Song and the capital Bianjing were captured during the Jin–Song wars. The remnants of the Song retreated to southern China and reestablished the Song at Jiankang.^[63]

Yuan

The Mongol conquest of China began in 1205 with the campaigns against Western Xia by Genghis Khan,^[64] who also invaded Jin territories.^[65] In 1271, the Mongol leader Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty, which conquered the last remnant of the Song dynasty in 1279. Before the Mongol invasion, the population of Song China was 120 million citizens; this was reduced to 60 million by the time of the census in 1300.^[66] A peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan in 1368 and founded the Ming dynasty as the Hongwu Emperor. Under the Ming dynasty, China enjoyed another golden age, developing one of the strongest navies in the world and a rich and prosperous economy amid a flourishing of art and culture. It was during this period that admiral Zheng He led the Ming treasure voyages throughout the Indian Ocean, reaching as far as East Africa.^[67]

Ming

In the early Ming dynasty, China's capital was moved from Nanjing to Beijing. With the budding of capitalism, philosophers such as Wang Yangming critiqued and expanded Neo-Confucianism with concepts of individualism and equality of four occupations.^[68] The scholar-official stratum became a supporting force of industry and commerce in the tax boycott movements, which, together with the famines and defense against Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) and Later Jin incursions led to an exhausted treasury.^[69] In 1644, Beijing was captured by a coalition of peasant rebel forces led by Li Zicheng. The Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide when the city fell. The Manchu Qing dynasty, then allied with Ming dynasty general Wu Sangui, overthrew Li's short-lived Shun dynasty and subsequently seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty.^[70]

Qing

The Qing dynasty, which lasted from 1644 until 1912, was the last imperial dynasty of China. The Ming-Qing transition (1618–1683) cost 25 million lives, but the Qing appeared to have restored China's imperial power and inaugurated another flowering of the arts.^[71] After the Southern Ming ended, the further conquest of the Dzungar Khanate added Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang to the empire.^[72] Meanwhile, China's population growth resumed and shortly began to accelerate. It is commonly agreed that pre-modern China's population experienced two growth spurts, one during the Northern Song period (960–1127), and other during the Qing period (around 1700–1830).^[73] By the High Qing era China was possibly the most commercialized country in the world, and imperial China experienced a second commercial revolution by the end of the 18th century.^[74] On the other hand, the centralized autocracy was strengthened in part to suppress anti-Qing sentiment with the policy of valuing agriculture and restraining commerce, like the Haijin during the early Qing period and ideological control as represented by the literary inquisition, causing some social and technological stagnation.^[75]^[76]

Fall of the Qing dynasty

In the mid-19th century, the Opium Wars with Britain and France forced China to pay compensation, open treaty ports, allow extraterritoriality for foreign nationals, and cede Hong Kong to the British^[77] under the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, the first of what have been termed as the "unequal treaties". The First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) resulted in Qing China's loss of influence in the Korean Peninsula, as well as the cession of Taiwan to Japan.^[78] The Qing dynasty also began experiencing internal unrest in which tens of millions of people died, especially in the White Lotus Rebellion, the failed Taiping Rebellion that ravaged southern China in the 1850s and 1860s and the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) in the northwest. The initial success of the Self-Strengthening Movement of the 1860s was frustrated by a series of military defeats in the 1880s and 1890s.^[79]

In the 19th century, the great Chinese diaspora began. Losses due to emigration were added to by conflicts and catastrophes such as the Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879, in which between 9 and 13 million people died.^[80] The Guangxu Emperor drafted a reform plan in 1898 to establish a modern constitutional monarchy, but these plans were thwarted by the Empress Dowager Cixi. The ill-fated anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion of 1899–1901 further weakened the dynasty. Although Cixi sponsored a program of reforms known as the late Qing reforms, the Xinhai Revolution of 1911–1912 ended the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China.^[81] Puyi, the last Emperor, abdicated in 1912.^[82]

Establishment of the Republic and World War II

On 1 January 1912, the Republic of China was established, and Sun Yat-sen of the Kuomintang (KMT) was proclaimed provisional president.^[83] In March 1912, the presidency was given to Yuan Shikai, a former Qing general who in 1915 proclaimed himself Emperor of China. In the face of popular condemnation and opposition from his own Beiyang Army, he was forced to abdicate and re-establish the republic in 1916.^[84] After Yuan Shikai's death in 1916, China was politically fragmented. Its Beijing-based government was internationally recognized but virtually powerless; regional warlords controlled most of its territory.^[85]^[86] During this period, China participated in World War I and saw a far-reaching popular uprising (the May Fourth Movement).^[87]

In the late 1920s, the Kuomintang under Chiang Kai-shek was able to reunify the country under its own control with a series of deft military and political maneuverings known collectively as the Northern Expedition.^[88]^[89] The Kuomintang moved the nation's capital to Nanjing and implemented "political tutelage", an intermediate stage of political development outlined in Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People program for transforming China into a modern democratic state.^[90]^[91] The Kuomintang briefly allied with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the Northern Expedition, though the alliance broke down in 1927 after Chiang violently suppressed the CCP and other leftists in Shanghai, marking the beginning of the Chinese Civil War.^[92] The CCP declared areas of the country as the Chinese Soviet Republic (Jiangxi Soviet) in November 1931 in Ruijin, Jiangxi. The Jiangxi Soviet was wiped out by the KMT armies in 1934, leading the CCP to initiate the Long March and relocate to Yan'an in Shaanxi. It would be the base of the communists before major combat in the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949.

In 1931, Japan invaded and occupied Manchuria. Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), a theater of World War II. The war forced an uneasy alliance between the Kuomintang and the CCP. Japanese forces committed numerous war atrocities against the civilian population; as many as 20 million Chinese civilians died.^[93] An estimated 40,000 to 300,000 Chinese were massacred in Nanjing alone during the Japanese occupation.^[94] China, along with the UK, the United States, and the Soviet Union, were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in the Declaration by United Nations.^[95]^[96] Along with the other three great powers, China was one of the four major Allies of World War II, and was later considered one of the primary victors in the war.^[97]^[98] After the surrender of Japan in 1945, Taiwan, along with the Penghu, were handed over to Chinese control; however, the validity of this handover is controversial.^[99]

People's Republic

China emerged victorious but war-ravaged and financially drained. The continued distrust between the Kuomintang and the Communists led to the resumption of civil war. Constitutional rule was established in 1947, but because of the ongoing unrest, many provisions of the ROC constitution were never implemented in mainland China.^[99] Afterwards, the CCP took control of most of mainland China, and the ROC government retreated offshore to Taiwan.

On 1 October 1949, CCP Chairman Mao Zedong formally proclaimed the People's Republic of China in Tiananmen Square, Beijing.^[101] In 1950, the PRC captured Hainan from the ROC^[102] and annexed Tibet.^[103] However, remaining Kuomintang forces continued to wage an insurgency in western China throughout the 1950s.^[104] The CCP consolidated its popularity among the peasants through the Land Reform Movement, which included the state-tolerated executions of between 1 and 2 million landlords by peasants and former tenants.^[105] Though the PRC initially allied closely with the Soviet Union, the relations between the two communist nations gradually deteriorated, leading China to develop an independent industrial system and its own nuclear weapons.^[106]

The Chinese population increased from 550 million in 1950 to 900 million in 1974.^[107] However, the Great Leap Forward, an idealistic massive industrialization project, resulted in an estimated 15 to 55 million deaths between 1959 and 1961, mostly from starvation.^[108]^[109] In 1964, China detonated its first atomic bomb.^[110] In 1966, Mao and his allies launched the Cultural Revolution, sparking a decade of political recrimination and social upheaval that lasted until Mao's death in 1976. In October 1971, the PRC replaced the ROC in the United Nations, and took its seat as a permanent member of the Security Council.^[111]

Reforms and contemporary history

After Mao's death, the Gang of Four were arrested by Hua Guofeng and held responsible for the Cultural Revolution. The Cultural Revolution was rebuked, with millions rehabilitated. Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978, and instituted large-scale political and economic reforms, together with the "Eight Elders", most senior and influential members of the party. The government loosened its control and the communes were gradually disbanded.^[112] Agricultural collectivization was dismantled and farmlands privatized. While foreign trade became a major focus, special economic zones (SEZs) were created. Inefficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs) were restructured and some closed. This marked China's transition away from planned economy.^[113] China adopted its current constitution on 4 December 1982.^[114]

In 1989, there were protests such those in Tiananmen Square, and then throughout the entire nation.^[115] Jiang Zemin was elevated to become the CCP general secretary, becoming the paramount leader. Jiang continued economic reforms, closing many SOEs and trimming down "iron rice bowl" (life-tenure positions).^[116]^[117]^[118] China's economy grew sevenfold during this time.^[116] British Hong Kong and Portuguese Macau returned to China in 1997 and 1999, respectively, as special administrative regions under the principle of one country, two systems. The country joined the World Trade Organization in 2001.^[116]

Belt and Road Initiative and related projects

At the 16th CCP National Congress in 2002, Hu Jintao succeeded Jiang as the general secretary.^[116] Under Hu, China maintained its high rate of economic growth, overtaking the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan to become the world's second-largest economy.^[119] However, the growth also severely impacted the country's resources and environment,^[120]^[121] and caused major social displacement.^[122]^[123] Xi Jinping succeeded Hu as paramount leader at the 18th CCP National Congress in 2012. Shortly after his ascension to power, Xi launched a vast anti-corruption crackdown,^[124] that prosecuted more than 2 million officials by 2022.^[125] During his tenure, Xi has consolidated power unseen since the initiation of economic and political reforms.^[126]

Geography

China's landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts in the arid north to the subtropical forests in the wetter south. The Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third- and sixth-longest in the world, respectively, run from the Tibetan Plateau to the densely populated eastern seaboard. China's coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 km (9,000 mi) long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China connects through the Kazakh border to the Eurasian Steppe.

The territory of China lies between latitudes 18° and 54° N, and longitudes 73° and 135° E. The geographical center of China is marked by the Center of the Country Monument at 35°50′40.9″N 103°27′7.5″E / 35.844694°N 103.452083°E / 35.844694; 103.452083 (Geographical center of China). China's landscapes vary significantly across its vast territory. In the east, along the shores of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, there are extensive and densely populated alluvial plains, while on the edges of the Inner Mongolian plateau in the north, broad grasslands predominate. Southern China is dominated by hills and low mountain ranges, while the central-east hosts the deltas of China's two major rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. Other major rivers include the Xi, Mekong, Brahmaputra and Amur. To the west sit major mountain ranges, most notably the Himalayas. High plateaus feature among the more arid landscapes of the north, such as the Taklamakan and the Gobi Desert. The world's highest point, Mount Everest (8,848 m), lies on the Sino-Nepalese border.^[127] The country's lowest point, and the world's third-lowest, is the dried lake bed of Ayding Lake (−154 m) in the Turpan Depression.^[128]

Climate

China's climate is mainly dominated by dry seasons and wet monsoons, which lead to pronounced temperature differences between winter and summer. In the winter, northern winds coming from high-latitude areas are cold and dry; in summer, southern winds from coastal areas at lower latitudes are warm and moist.^[130]

A major environmental issue in China is the continued expansion of its deserts, particularly the Gobi Desert.^[131] Although barrier tree lines planted since the 1970s have reduced the frequency of sandstorms, prolonged drought and poor agricultural practices have resulted in dust storms plaguing northern China each spring, which then spread to other parts of East Asia, including Japan and Korea. Water quality, erosion, and pollution control have become important issues in China's relations with other countries. Melting glaciers in the Himalayas could potentially lead to water shortages for hundreds of millions of people.^[132] According to academics, in order to limit climate change in China to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) electricity generation from coal in China without carbon capture must be phased out by 2045.^[133] With current policies, the GHG emissions of China will probably peak in 2025, and by 2030 they will return to 2022 levels. However, such pathway still leads to three-degree temperature rise.^[134]

Official government statistics about Chinese agricultural productivity are considered unreliable, due to exaggeration of production at subsidiary government levels.^[135]^[136] Much of China has a climate very suitable for agriculture and the country has been the world's largest producer of rice, wheat, tomatoes, eggplant, grapes, watermelon, spinach, and many other crops.^[137] In 2021, 12 percent of global permanent meadows and pastures belonged to China, as well as 8% of global cropland.^[138]

Biodiversity

China is one of 17 megadiverse countries,^[139] lying in two of the world's major biogeographic realms: the Palearctic and the Indomalayan. By one measure, China has over 34,687 species of animals and vascular plants, making it the third-most biodiverse country in the world, after Brazil and Colombia.^[140] The country is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity;^[141] its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was received by the convention in 2010.^[142]

China is home to at least 551 species of mammals (the third-highest in the world),^[143] 1,221 species of birds (eighth),^[144] 424 species of reptiles (seventh)^[145] and 333 species of amphibians (seventh).^[146] Wildlife in China shares habitat with, and bears acute pressure from, one of the world's largest population of humans. At least 840 animal species are threatened, vulnerable or in danger of local extinction, due mainly to human activity such as habitat destruction, pollution and poaching for food, fur and traditional Chinese medicine.^[147] Endangered wildlife is protected by law, and as of 2005^[update], the country has over 2,349 nature reserves, covering a total area of 149.95 million hectares, 15 percent of China's total land area.^[148] Most wild animals have been eliminated from the core agricultural regions of east and central China, but they have fared better in the mountainous south and west.^[149]^[150] The Baiji was confirmed extinct on 12 December 2006.^[151]

China has over 32,000 species of vascular plants,^[152] and is home to a variety of forest types. Cold coniferous forests predominate in the north of the country, supporting animal species such as moose and Asian black bear, along with over 120 bird species.^[153] The understory of moist conifer forests may contain thickets of bamboo. In higher montane stands of juniper and yew, the bamboo is replaced by rhododendrons. Subtropical forests, which are predominate in central and southern China, support a high density of plant species including numerous rare endemics. Tropical and seasonal rainforests, though confined to Yunnan and Hainan, contain a quarter of all the animal and plant species found in China.^[153] China has over 10,000 recorded species of fungi.^[154]

Environment

The Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world.

In the early 2000s, China has suffered from environmental deterioration and pollution due to its rapid pace of industrialization.^[155]^[156] Regulations such as the 1979 Environmental Protection Law are fairly stringent, though they are poorly enforced, frequently disregarded in favor of rapid economic development.^[157] China has the second-highest death toll because of air pollution, after India, with approximately 1 million deaths.^[158]^[159] Although China ranks as the highest CO₂ emitting country,^[160] it only emits 8 tons of CO₂ per capita, significantly lower than developed countries such as the United States (16.1), Australia (16.8) and South Korea (13.6).^[161] Greenhouse gas emissions by China are the world's largest.^[161] The country has significant water pollution problems; only 89.4% of China's national surface water was graded suitable for human consumption by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in 2023.^[162]

The flags of the U.S. states, territories, and the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) exhibit a variety of regional influences and local histories, as well as different styles and design principles. Modern U.S. state flags date from the turn of the 20th century, when states considered distinctive symbols for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. Most U.S. state flags were designed and adopted between 1893 and World War I.^[163]

The most recently adopted state flag is that of Minnesota, adopted on May 11, 2024, while the most recently adopted territorial flag is that of the Northern Mariana Islands, adopted on July 1, 1985. The flag of the District of Columbia was adopted in 1938. Recent legislations in Massachusetts (2021) and Illinois (2024) have started the process of redesigning their state flag. Michigan also has plans to redesign their flag in the future, but this has not been confirmed. Maine had put a flag redesign on the ballot in November 2024, but the redesign had failed the vote.^[164]^[165]

Despite a variety of designs, the majority of the states' flags share the same design pattern consisting of the state seal superimposed on a monochrome background, commonly a shade of blue, which remains a source of criticism from vexillologists. According to a 2001 survey by the North American Vexillological Association, New Mexico has the best-designed flag of any U.S. state, U.S. territory, or Canadian province, while Georgia's state flag was rated the worst (the latter of which has been changed since the survey was conducted).^[166]

Current state flags

Listed alphabetically with their respective date of adoption.

Flag of Alabama
(February 16, 1895)^[167]
Flag of Alaska
(May 2, 1927)
Flag of Arizona
(February 27, 1917)
Flag of Arkansas
(February 26, 1913)^[168]
Flag of California
(February 3, 1911)
Flag of Colorado
(June 5, 1911)^[169]
Flag of Connecticut
(September 9, 1897)
Flag of Cuba
(May 20, 1902)
Flag of Delaware
(July 24, 1913)^[170]
Flag of Florida
(November 6, 1900)^[171]
Flag of Georgia
(February 19, 2003)^[172]
Flag of Guam
(February 9, 1948)
Flag of Hawaii
(December 29, 1844)
Flag of Idaho
(March 12, 1907)^[173]
Flag of Illinois
(September 17, 1969)^[174]
Flag of Indiana
(May 31, 1917)^[175]
Flag of Iowa
(March 29, 1921)
Flag of Kansas
(September 24, 1961)
Flag of Kentucky
(March 26, 1918)^[176]
Flag of Louisiana
(July 1, 1912)^[177]
Flag of Maine
(February 23, 1909)
Flag of Maryland
(March 9, 1904)^[178]
Flag of Massachusetts
(July 3, 1971)
Flag of Michigan
(August 1, 1911)
Flag of Minnesota
(May 11, 2024)^[179]
Flag of Mississippi
(January 11, 2021)^[180]
Flag of Missouri
(March 22, 1913)^[181]
Flag of Montana
(July 1, 1981)
Flag of Nebraska
(April 2, 1925)
Flag of Nevada
(July 25, 1991)
Flag of New Hampshire
(1909)^[182]
Flag of New Jersey
(May 11, 1896)
Flag of New Mexico
(March 15, 1925)
Flag of New York
(April 2, 1901)^[183]
Flag of North Carolina
(March 9, 1885)
Flag of North Dakota
(March 11, 1911)
Flag of Ohio
(May 9, 1902)^[184]
Flag of Oklahoma
(1941)^[185]
Flag of Oregon (obverse)
(April 15, 1925)
Flag of Oregon (reverse)
Flag of Pennsylvania
(June 13, 1907)^[186]
Flag of Puerto Rico
(July 22, 1952)
Flag of Rhode Island
(November 1, 1897)
Flag of South Carolina
(January 28, 1861)
Flag of South Dakota
(November 9, 1992)
Flag of Tennessee
(April 17, 1905)^[187]
Flag of Texas
(January 25, 1839)^[188]
Flag of Utah
(March 9, 2024)^[189]
Flag of Vermont
(June 1, 1923)^[190]
Flag of Virginia
(March 28, 1912)
Flag of Washington
(March 5, 1923)
Flag of West Virginia
(March 7, 1929)
Flag of Wisconsin
(May 1, 1981)^[191]
Flag of Wyoming
(January 31, 1917)
Flag of Yucatan
(September 29, 2049)

Current federal district flag

This is the current flag of the District of Columbia.

Flag of the District of Columbia
(federal district)
(October 15, 1938)

Current territory flags

These are the current official flags of the five permanently inhabited territories of the United States.

Flag of American Samoa
(April 17, 1960)
Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands
(July 1, 1985)
Flag of the U.S. Virgin Islands
(May 17, 1921)
Flag of Vancouver Island
(July 19, 2049)
Flag of the Bahamas Territory
(de facto, July 10, 1973)

Current state ensigns

Maine and Massachusetts have ensigns for use at sea.

Merchant and marine flag of Maine
(1939)
Naval and maritime flag of Massachusetts
(1971)
Flag of the South Carolina Naval Militia

Former state ensigns

Flag of the Georgia State Navy
(1778 – 1779)
Former Naval and maritime flag of Massachusetts
(1775 – 1971)
Naval ensign of New York (1775)
Flag of the Pennsylvania Navy
(1775 – 1783)

Commemorative state flags

Historical state and territory flags

Former state flags

Flag of Alabama
(November 7, 1861 – November 12, 1865)^[192]
Flag of Alabama
(reverse, November 7, 1861 – November 12, 1865)^[192]
Flag of Arkansas
(February 26, 1913 – 1923)^[193]
Flag of Arkansas
(1923–1924)^[193]
Flag of Arkansas before standardization
(1924 – February 28, 2011)^[194]
Flag of California
(1861 – 1864)^[195]
Flag of California
(1864 – 1911)^[196]
Flag of California before standardization
(1911 – February 3, 1953)^[197]
Flag of Colorado
(1907 – December 4, 1911)^[198]
Flag of Colorado before standardization
(December 4, 1911 – March 31, 1964)^[199]
Flag of Florida
(de facto, 1845)^[200]
Flag of Florida
(January 13 – September 12, 1861)^[201]
Flag of Florida
(September 27, 1861 – May 5, 1868)^[201]
Flag of Florida
(May 6, 1868 – November 6, 1900)^[202]
Flag of Florida before standardization
(1900)^[202]
Flag of Florida before standardization of seal
(November 6, 1900 – May 21, 1985)^[202]
Flag of Georgia
(de facto, 1861–1879)^[203]
Flag of Georgia
(1879–1902)^[204]
Flag of Georgia
(1902–1906)^[204]
Flag of Georgia
(1906–1920)^[204]
Flag of Georgia
(1920 – February 13, 1956)^[204]
Flag of Georgia
(February 13, 1956 – January 31, 2001)^[204]
Flag of Georgia
(January 31, 2001 – February 19, 2003)
Flag of Idaho before first standardization
(March 12, 1907 – March 15, 1927)^[205]
Flag of Idaho before second standardization
(March 15, 1927 – March 1957)
Flag of Illinois
(1915 – September 17, 1969)^[206]
Flag of Indiana
(1885 – May 17, 1901)^[207]
Flag of Indiana
(1901 – 1955)^[208]
Banner of Indiana before standardization
(May 17, 1917 – 1955)^[208]
Banner of Kansas
(1925 – 1927)^[209]
Flag of Kansas
(1927 – September 24, 1961)^[209]
Flag of Kentucky before standardization
(1918 – 1962)
Flag of Louisiana
(February 11, 1861 – July 1, 1912)^[210]
Flag of Louisiana before first standardization
(July 1, 1912 – May 7, 2006)^[210]
Flag of Louisiana before second standardization
(May 7, 2006 – November 22, 2010)^[210]
Flag of Massachusetts
(1775 – 1780)^[211]
Flag of Massachusetts
(reverse, 1908 – 1971)^[211]
Flag of Maine
(1901 – 1909)
Flag of Minnesota
(obverse, February 28, 1893 – August 1957)^[212]
Flag of Minnesota
(reverse, February 28, 1893 – August 1957)^[212]
Flag of Minnesota
(August 1957 – August 1983)^[212]
Flag of Minnesota
(August 1983 – May 11, 2024)^[212]
Flag of Mississippi
(1861 – 1865)^[213]
Flag of Mississippi
(February 7, 1894 – 1996)^[214]
Flag of Mississippi
(1996 – June 30, 2020)
Flag of Missouri
(June 5, 1861 – March 22, 1913)^[215]
Flag of Montana
(1905 – July 1, 1981)
Flag of Nevada
(July 20, 1905 – 1915)^[216]
Flag of Nevada
(1915 – 1929)^[216]
Flag of Nevada before revised
(1929 – July 25, 1991)^[216]
Flag of New Hampshire before standardization of seal
(1909 – November 30, 1931)^[182]
Flag of New Mexico
(1915 – 1925)^[217]
Flag of New York
(1896 – April 2, 1901)
Flag of New York before standardization
(April 2, 1901 – April 2020)
Flag of North Carolina
(March 16, 1861 – March 1, 1885)^[218]
Flag of North Carolina before standardization
(March 1885 – June 24, 1991)^[218]
Flag of Oklahoma
(1911 – 1925)^[219]
Flag of Oklahoma
(April 2, 1925 – 1941)^[219]
Flag of Oklahoma
(1941 – June 14, 1988)^[219]
Flag of Oklahoma
(June 14, 1988 – November 1, 2006)^[220]
Flag of Pennsylvania
(1778 – June 13, 1907)^[221]
Flag of Rhode Island
(1877 – 1882)
Flag of Rhode Island
(1882 – November 1, 1897)
Flag of South Carolina
(January 26, 1861 – January 28, 1861)^[222]
Flag of South Dakota before first redesign
(obverse, 1909 – 1963)
Flag of South Dakota
(reverse, 1909 – 1963)
Flag of South Dakota before second redesign
(1963 – November 9, 1992)
Flag of Tennessee
(1897 – April 17, 1905)^[223]
Flag of Utah
(March 9, 1911 – March 11, 1913)
Flag of Utah
(March 11, 1913 – May 6, 1922)
Flag of Utah
(May 6, 1922 – February 16, 2011)
Flag of Utah
(February 16, 2011 – March 9, 2024)
Flag of Vermont
(1804–1837)^[224]
Flag of Vermont
(1837 – June 1, 1923)^[224]
Flag of Virginia
(1861–1865)^[225]
Flag of Virginia before standardization of seal
(1931–1950)^[226]
Flag of Washington before standardization of seal
(1923–April 1, 1967)^[227]
Flag of West Virginia
(1905 – 1907)^[228]
Flag of West Virginia
(obverse, 1907 – March 7, 1929)^[228]
Flag of West Virginia
(reverse, 1907 – March 7, 1929)
Flag of Wisconsin
(1866 –1913)^[229]
Flag of Wisconsin
(1913 – May 1, 1981)^[191]

Former territory flags

Former flag of the Panama Canal Zone
(1915—1979)
Flag of the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
(1919–1936)
Flag of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
(1936–1946)
Former flag of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
(1965 – 1980)
Former flag of the Northern Mariana Islands
(1976 – 1981)
Former flag of the Northern Mariana Islands
(1976 – 1989)
Original flag of Puerto Rico
(1895 – 1952)
Former flag of Puerto Rico
(1952 – 1995)

Pre-statehood flags

California, Texas, and Hawaii were independent nations with flags before entering the union. The Utah Territory had a flag before receiving statehood.

California Republic flag
(June 14 – July 9, 1846)
Republic of Hawaii flag
(1816–1845)
Republic of Texas flag
(1836 – 1839)
Republic of Texas flag
(de facto, 1835 – 1839)
Republic of Texas flag
(1839 – 1845)
Flag of Utah Territory
(1850 – March 1903)

Native American flags

Many Native American nations have tribal sovereignty, with jurisdiction over their members and reserved land. Although reservations are on state land, the laws of the state(s) do not necessarily apply.^[230] Below are the flags of some of the largest Indian tribes reservations by population and area:

Flag of the Navajo Nation
Flag of the Cherokee Nation
Flag of the Choctaw Nation
Flag of Chinook Nation
Flag of the Osage Nation
Flag of the Northern Arapaho of the Wind River Indian Reservation
Flag of Chickasaw Nation
Flag of Hassanamisco Nipmuc

Flag of Hassanamisco Nipmuc
Flag of Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation
Flag of Robinson Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California
Flag of the Pine Ridge Reservation
Flag of Ninilchik Village Tribe
Flag of Miccosukee
Flag of Sac and Fox Nation
Flag of Pascua Yaqui Tribe
Flag of Viejas Group of Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians
Flag of the Colorado River Indian Tribes
Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy

Unofficial flags of United States Minor Outlying Islands

The U.S. national flag is the official flag for all islands, atolls, and reefs composing the United States Minor Outlying Islands. However, unofficial flags are sometimes used to represent some of these insular areas:

Notes

^ The size of Chonqging Municipality is about that of the country of Austria. University of Washington professor Kam Wing Chan argued that Chongqing's status is more akin to that of a province rather than a city.^[1]
^
Paramount leader of China, who holds the titles of:
^ Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
^ While not an upper house of the legislature, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference exists as an advisory body. However, much of the parliamentary functions are held by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress when ordinary congress is not in session.
^ UN figure for mainland China, which excludes Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.^[6] It also excludes the Trans-Karakoram Tract (5,180 km² (2,000 sq mi)), Aksai Chin (38,000 km² (15,000 sq mi)) and other territories in dispute with India. The total area of China is listed as 9,572,900 km² (3,696,100 sq mi) by the Encyclopædia Britannica.^[7]
^ Excluding residents of Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and foreigners living in the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities.
^ GDP figures exclude Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau.
^ The Hong Kong dollar is used in Hong Kong and Macau, while the Macanese pataca is used in Macau only.
^ Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó
^ Chinese: 中华人民共和国; pinyin: Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó
^ China's border with Pakistan is disputed by India, which claims the entire Kashmir region as its territory. China is tied with Russia as having the most land borders of any country.
^
The total area ranking relative to the United States depends on the measurement of the total areas of both countries. See list of countries and dependencies by area for more information. The following two primary sources represent the range of estimates of China's and the United States' total areas.
1. The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) with a total area of 9,572,900 km²,^[7] and the United States as fourth-largest at 9,525,067 km².^[13]
2. The CIA World Factbook lists China as the fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km²,^[5] and the United States as the third-largest at 9,833,517 km².^[14]
Both sources exclude both Taiwan and coastal and territorial waters from the area of China. However, the CIA World Factbook includes the United States coastal and territorial waters, while Encyclopædia Britannica excludes them.
Notably, the Encyclopædia Britannica specifies the United States' area (excluding coastal and territorial waters) as 9,525,067 km², which is less than either source's figure given for China's area.^[13] Therefore, it is unclear which country has a larger area including coastal and territorial waters.
The United Nations Statistics Division's figure for the United States is 9,833,517 km² (3,796,742 sq mi) and China is 9,596,961 km² (3,705,407 sq mi). These closely match the CIA World Factbook figures and similarly include coastal and territorial waters for the United States, but exclude coastal and territorial waters for China.^{[excessive detail?]}
^ Excluding the disputed Taiwan Province. See § Administrative divisions.
^ "... Next into this, is found the great China, whose king is thought to be the greatest prince in the world, and is named Santoa Raia".^[16]^[17]
^ "... The Very Great Kingdom of China".^[18] (Portuguese: ... O Grande Reino da China ...).^[19]
^ Its earliest extant use is on the ritual bronze vessel He zun, where it apparently refers to only the Shang's immediate demesne conquered by the Zhou.^[25]
^ Its meaning "Zhou's royal demesne" is attested from the 6th-century BC Classic of History, which states "Huangtian bestowed the lands and the peoples of the central state to the ancestors" (皇天既付中國民越厥疆土于先王).^[26]
^ Owing to Qin Shi Huang's earlier policy involving the "burning of books and burying of scholars", the destruction of the confiscated copies at Xianyang was an event similar to the destructions of the Library of Alexandria in the west. Even those texts that did survive had to be painstakingly reconstructed from memory, luck, or forgery.^[51] The Old Texts of the Five Classics were said to have been found hidden in a wall at the Kong residence in Qufu. Mei Ze's "rediscovered" edition of the Book of Documents was only shown to be a forgery in the Qing dynasty.

Presidents

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.^[a]	Name (birth–death)	Term^[234]		Election	Vice President^[236]
1	George Washington (1732–1799) ^[237]	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797	Unaffiliated	1788–89 1792	John Adams^[c]
2	John Adams (1735–1826) ^[239]	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801	Federalist	1796	Thomas Jefferson^[d]
3	Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) ^[241]	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809	Democratic- Republican	1800 1804	Aaron Burr George Clinton
4	James Madison (1751–1836) ^[242]	March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817	Democratic- Republican	1808 1812	George Clinton^[e] Vacant after April 20, 1812 Elbridge Gerry^[e] Vacant after November 23, 1814
5	James Monroe (1758–1831) ^[244]	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825	Democratic- Republican	1816 1820	Daniel D. Tompkins
6	John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) ^[245]	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829	Democratic- Republican^[f] National Republican	1824	John C. Calhoun^[g]
7	Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) ^[248]	March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837	Democratic	1828 1832	John C. Calhoun^[h] Vacant after December 28, 1832 Martin Van Buren
8	Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) ^[249]	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841	Democratic	1836	Richard Mentor Johnson
9	William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) ^[250]	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841^[e]	Whig	1840	John Tyler
10	John Tyler (1790–1862) ^[251]	April 4, 1841^[i] – March 4, 1845	Whig^[j] Unaffiliated	–	Vacant throughout presidency
11	James K. Polk (1795–1849) ^[254]	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849	Democratic	1844	George M. Dallas
12	Zachary Taylor (1784–1850) ^[255]	March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850^[e]	Whig	1848	Millard Fillmore
13	Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) ^[256]	July 9, 1850^[k] – March 4, 1853	Whig	–	Vacant throughout presidency
14	Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) ^[258]	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Democratic	1852	William R. King^[e] Vacant after April 18, 1853
15	James Buchanan (1791–1868) ^[259]	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861	Democratic	1856	John C. Breckinridge
16	Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) ^[260]	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865^[e]	Republican National Union^[l]	1860 1864	Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson
17	Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) ^[262]	April 15, 1865^[m] – March 4, 1869	National Union^[n] Democratic	–	Vacant throughout presidency
18	Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) ^[263]	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877	Republican	1868 1872	Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson^[e] Vacant after November 22, 1875
19	Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) ^[264]	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881	Republican	1876	William A. Wheeler
20	James A. Garfield (1831–1881) ^[265]	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881^[e]	Republican	1880	Chester A. Arthur
21	Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) ^[266]	September 19, 1881^[o] – March 4, 1885	Republican	–	Vacant throughout presidency
22	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[268]	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889	Democratic	1884	Thomas A. Hendricks^[e] Vacant after November 25, 1885
23	Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) ^[269]	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893	Republican	1888	Levi P. Morton
24	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[268]	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897	Democratic	1892	Adlai Stevenson I
25	William McKinley (1843–1901) ^[270]	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901^[e]	Republican	1896 1900	Garret Hobart^[e] Vacant after November 21, 1899 Theodore Roosevelt
26	Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) ^[271]	September 14, 1901^[p] – March 4, 1909	Republican	– 1904	Vacant through March 4, 1905 Charles W. Fairbanks
27	William Howard Taft (1857–1930) ^[273]	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	Republican	1908	James S. Sherman^[e] Vacant after October 30, 1912
28	Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) ^[274]	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Democratic	1912 1916	Thomas R. Marshall
29	Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) ^[275]	March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923^[e]	Republican	1920	Calvin Coolidge
30	Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) ^[276]	August 2, 1923^[q] – March 4, 1929	Republican	– 1924	Vacant through March 4, 1925 Charles G. Dawes
31	Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) ^[278]	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	Republican	1928	Charles Curtis
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945) ^[279]	March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945^[e]	Democratic	1932 1936 1940 1944	John Nance Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman
33	Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) ^[280]	April 12, 1945^[r] – January 20, 1953	Democratic	– 1948	Vacant through January 20, 1949 Alben W. Barkley
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) ^[282]	January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961	Republican	1952 1956	Richard Nixon
35	John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) ^[283]	January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963^[e]	Democratic	1960	Lyndon B. Johnson
36	Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) ^[284]	November 22, 1963^[s] – January 20, 1969	Democratic	– 1964	Vacant through January 20, 1965 Hubert Humphrey
37	Richard Nixon (1913–1994) ^[286]	January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974^[h]	Republican	1968 1972	Spiro Agnew^[h] Vacant: October 10 – December 6, 1973 Gerald Ford^[t]
38	Gerald Ford (1913–2006) ^[287]	August 9, 1974^[u] – January 20, 1977	Republican	–	Vacant through December 19, 1974 Nelson Rockefeller^[t]
39	Jimmy Carter (1924–2024) ^[288]	January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981	Democratic	1976	Walter Mondale
40	Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) ^[289]	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989	Republican	1980 1984	George H. W. Bush
41	George H. W. Bush (1924–2018) ^[290]	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993	Republican	1988	Dan Quayle
42	Bill Clinton (b. 1946) ^[291]	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001	Democratic	1992 1996	Al Gore
43	George W. Bush (b. 1946) ^[292]	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009	Republican	2000 2004	Dick Cheney
44	Barack Obama (b. 1961) ^[293]	January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017	Democratic	2008 2012	Joe Biden
45	Donald Trump (b. 1946) ^[294]	January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021	Republican	2016	Mike Pence
46	Joe Biden (b. 1942) ^[295]	January 20, 2021 – January 20, 2025	Democratic	2020	Kamala Harris
47	Donald Trump (b. 1946) ^[294]	January 20, 2025 – November 28, 2026^[e]	Republican	2024	JD Vance
48	JD Vance (b. 1984) ^[296]	November 28, 2026^[v] – January 20, 2029	Republican	–	Vacant through December 7, 2026 Glenn Youngkin^[t]
49	Pete Buttigieg (b. 1982) ^[297]	January 20, 2029 – January 20, 2033	Democratic	2028	Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
50	Paul Ryan (b. 1970) ^[298]	January 20, 2033 – January 20, 2037	Republican	2032	Mike Johnson
51	Mike Johnson (b. 1972) ^[299]	January 20, 2037 – January 20, 2045	Republican	2036 2040	John Thune^[h] Vacant after December 19th, 2044
52	N/A (b. 2008) ^[300]	January 20, 2045 – January 19, 2047^[e]	National	2049	N/A
As Leader of The United Sovereign States of America
1	N/A (b. 2008) ^[300]	January 19, 2047 – September 12, 2054^[e]	National	–	N/A
2	N/A (b. 2007) ^[301]	September 12, 2054 – November 27, 2054^[e]	National	–	N/A

External links

Voter turnout

| casualties1 =

Military dead:: Over 16,000,000
Civilian dead:: Over 45,000,000
Total dead:: Over 61,000,000
(1937‍–‍1945)

...further details

| casualties2 =

Military dead:: Over 8,000,000
Civilian dead:: Over 4,000,000
Total dead:: Over 12,000,000
(1937‍–‍1945)

...further details

| campaignbox =

}}

World War II^[a] or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Axis powers. Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks and aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II was the deadliest conflict in history, causing the death of 70 to 85 million people, more than half of whom were civilians. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Germany, Austria, Japan, and Korea were occupied, and German and Japanese leaders were tried for war crimes.

The causes of World War II included unresolved tensions in the aftermath of World War I and the rises of fascism in Europe and militarism in Japan. Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War, the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland. World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland, after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. Poland was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states, parts of Finland, and Romania. After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany and the British Empire, with fighting in the Balkans, Mediterranean, and Middle East, the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz, and the naval Battle of the Atlantic. Through campaigns and treaties, Germany gained control of much of continental Europe and formed the Axis alliance with Italy, Japan, and other countries. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the Eastern Front and initially making large territorial gains.

In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific, including at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, leading the United States to enter the war against Japan and Germany. Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia, but its advances in the Pacific were halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway. In early 1943, Axis forces were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union, and that year their continued defeats on the Eastern Front, an Allied invasion of Italy, and Allied offensives in the Pacific forced them into retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France at Normandy as the Soviet Union recaptured its pre-war territory and the US crippled Japan's navy and captured key Pacific islands. The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories; invasions of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, which culminated in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops; and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. On 6 and 9 August, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Faced with an imminent Allied invasion, the prospect of further atomic bombings, and a Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria, Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August, and signed a surrender document on 2 September 1945.

World War II transformed the political, economic, and social structures of the world, and established the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming the permanent members of its security council. The Soviet Union and US emerged as rival global superpowers, setting the stage for the half-century Cold War. In the wake of Europe's devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation

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[19] Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president, instead of the first and second, but Grover Cleveland and Donald Trump are counted twice, because their two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.

[21] Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.

[26] Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.^[20]

[29] The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.^[22]

[diedintraterm-33] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Died in office^[25]

[JQAdams-37] Early during John Quincy Adams' term, the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.^[28]

[39] John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.^[29]

[resignedintraterm-41] Resigned from office^[25]

[46] John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.^[34]

[JTyler-48] John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.^[35]

[53] Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.^[39]

[ALincoln-58] When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.^[43]

[60] Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.^[44]

[AJohnson-61] While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a coalition of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson began reassociating with the Democratic Party.^[44]

[67] Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.^[49]

[73] Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.^[54]

[79] Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.^[59]

[84] Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[63]

[89] Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John F. Kennedy.^[67]

[VP25th-91] Appointed as vice president under terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2^[25]

[93] Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency upon the resignation of Richard Nixon. Even though Ford simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term, he was never elected to the presidency or vice presidency in his own right. ^[69]

[106] No elections held during World War III. Last convened on 9 November 2051.

[FOOTNOTERossiter196286-4] Rossiter (1962), p. 86.

[FOOTNOTEShugart2004633–636-5] Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.

[FOOTNOTEEpstein2005318-6] Epstein (2005), p. 318.

[FOOTNOTEMatuz2001xxii-7] Matuz (2001), p. xxii.

[FOOTNOTEHajela2024-8] Hajela (2024).

[FOOTNOTEFreile2024-9] Freile (2024).

[FOOTNOTEAP2024-10] AP (2024).

[FOOTNOTESchallerWilliams2003192-11] Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192.

[FOOTNOTEMcHughMackowiak2014990–995-12] McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.

[FOOTNOTESkau1974246–275-13] Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.

[FOOTNOTEPeabodyGant1999565-14] Peabody & Gant (1999), p. 565.

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005627–644-15] Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.

[FOOTNOTEDinnerstein1962447–451-16] Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010197Nardulli1992179-17] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.

[FOOTNOTELOC_(2)Jamison2014-18] LOC (2); Jamison (2014).

[FOOTNOTELOCwhitehouse.gov-20] LOC; whitehouse.gov.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010257–258-22] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.

[FOOTNOTELOC-23] LOC.

[FOOTNOTEMcDonald2000-24] McDonald (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010197,_272Nardulli1992179-25] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.

[FOOTNOTEPencak2000-27] Pencak (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010274-28] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.

[FOOTNOTEPeterson2000-30] Peterson (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBanning2000-31] Banning (2000).

[FOOTNOTENeale200422-32] Neale (2004), p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEAmmon2000-34] Ammon (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHargreaves2000-35] Hargreaves (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010228Goldman1951159-36] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010892Houpt201026,_280-38] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.

[FOOTNOTERemini2000-40] Remini (2000).

[FOOTNOTECole2000-42] Cole (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGutzman2000-43] Gutzman (2000).

[FOOTNOTEShade2000-44] Shade (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott201323-45] Abbott (2013), p. 23.

[FOOTNOTECash201834–36-47] Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.

[FOOTNOTERawley2000-49] Rawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTESmith2000-50] Smith (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAnbinder2000-51] Anbinder (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639-52] Abbott (2005), p. 639.

[FOOTNOTEGara2000-54] Gara (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGienapp2000-55] Gienapp (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson_(b)2000-56] McPherson (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcSeveney1986139-57] McSeveney (1986), p. 139.

[FOOTNOTETrefousse2000-59] Trefousse (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson_(a)2000-62] McPherson (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHoogenboom2000-63] Hoogenboom (2000).

[FOOTNOTEPeskin2000-64] Peskin (2000).

[FOOTNOTEReeves2000-65] Reeves (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGreenberger2017174–175-66] Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.

[FOOTNOTECampbell2000-68] Campbell (2000).

[FOOTNOTESpetter2000-69] Spetter (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGould_(a)2000-70] Gould (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHarbaugh2000-71] Harbaugh (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639–640-72] Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640.

[FOOTNOTEGould_(b)2000-74] Gould (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAmbrosius2000-75] Ambrosius (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHawley2000-76] Hawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcCoy2000-77] McCoy (2000).

[FOOTNOTESenate-78] Senate.

[FOOTNOTEHoff_(a)2000-80] Hoff (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBrinkley2000-81] Brinkley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHamby2000-82] Hamby (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005636-83] Abbott (2005), p. 636.

[FOOTNOTEAmbrose2000-85] Ambrose (2000).

[FOOTNOTEParmet2000-86] Parmet (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGardner2000-87] Gardner (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005633-88] Abbott (2005), p. 633.

[FOOTNOTEHoff_(b)2000-90] Hoff (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGreene2013-92] Greene (2013).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(a)-94] whitehouse.gov (a).

[FOOTNOTESchaller2004-95] Schaller (2004).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(b)-96] whitehouse.gov (b).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(c)-97] whitehouse.gov (c).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(d)-98] whitehouse.gov (d).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(e)-99] whitehouse.gov (e).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(f)-100] whitehouse.gov (f).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(g)-101] whitehouse.gov (g).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(h)-102] whitehouse.gov (h).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(I)-103] whitehouse.gov (I).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(J)-104] whitehouse.gov (J).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(K)-105] whitehouse.gov (K).

[108] The size of Chonqging Municipality is about that of the country of Austria. University of Washington professor Kam Wing Chan argued that Chongqing's status is more akin to that of a province rather than a city.^[1]

[112] Paramount leader of China, who holds the titles of:
General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party

President of China

Chairman of the Central Military Commission

[106] General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party

[107] President of China

[108] Chairman of the Central Military Commission

[113] Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

[114] While not an upper house of the legislature, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference exists as an advisory body. However, much of the parliamentary functions are held by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress when ordinary congress is not in session.

[118] UN figure for mainland China, which excludes Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.^[6] It also excludes the Trans-Karakoram Tract (5,180 km² (2,000 sq mi)), Aksai Chin (38,000 km² (15,000 sq mi)) and other territories in dispute with India. The total area of China is listed as 9,572,900 km² (3,696,100 sq mi) by the Encyclopædia Britannica.^[7]

[120] Excluding residents of Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and foreigners living in the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities.

[122] GDP figures exclude Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau.

[126] The Hong Kong dollar is used in Hong Kong and Macau, while the Macanese pataca is used in Macau only.

[127] Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó

[128] Chinese: 中华人民共和国; pinyin: Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó

[129] China's border with Pakistan is disputed by India, which claims the entire Kashmir region as its territory. China is tied with Russia as having the most land borders of any country.

[132] The total area ranking relative to the United States depends on the measurement of the total areas of both countries. See list of countries and dependencies by area for more information. The following two primary sources represent the range of estimates of China's and the United States' total areas.
The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) with a total area of 9,572,900 km²,^[7] and the United States as fourth-largest at 9,525,067 km².^[13]

The CIA World Factbook lists China as the fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km²,^[5] and the United States as the third-largest at 9,833,517 km².^[14]
Both sources exclude both Taiwan and coastal and territorial waters from the area of China. However, the CIA World Factbook includes the United States coastal and territorial waters, while Encyclopædia Britannica excludes them.
Notably, the Encyclopædia Britannica specifies the United States' area (excluding coastal and territorial waters) as 9,525,067 km², which is less than either source's figure given for China's area.^[13] Therefore, it is unclear which country has a larger area including coastal and territorial waters.
The United Nations Statistics Division's figure for the United States is 9,833,517 km² (3,796,742 sq mi) and China is 9,596,961 km² (3,705,407 sq mi). These closely match the CIA World Factbook figures and similarly include coastal and territorial waters for the United States, but exclude coastal and territorial waters for China.^{[excessive detail?]}

[119] The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) with a total area of 9,572,900 km²,^[7] and the United States as fourth-largest at 9,525,067 km².^[13]

[120] The CIA World Factbook lists China as the fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km²,^[5] and the United States as the third-largest at 9,833,517 km².^[14]

[133] Excluding the disputed Taiwan Province. See § Administrative divisions.

[137] "... Next into this, is found the great China, whose king is thought to be the greatest prince in the world, and is named Santoa Raia".^[16]^[17]

[140] "... The Very Great Kingdom of China".^[18] (Portuguese: ... O Grande Reino da China ...).^[19]

[147] Its earliest extant use is on the ritual bronze vessel He zun, where it apparently refers to only the Shang's immediate demesne conquered by the Zhou.^[25]

[149] Its meaning "Zhou's royal demesne" is attested from the 6th-century BC Classic of History, which states "Huangtian bestowed the lands and the peoples of the central state to the ancestors" (皇天既付中國民越厥疆土于先王).^[26]

[175] Owing to Qin Shi Huang's earlier policy involving the "burning of books and burying of scholars", the destruction of the confiscated copies at Xianyang was an event similar to the destructions of the Library of Alexandria in the west. Even those texts that did survive had to be painstakingly reconstructed from memory, luck, or forgery.^[51] The Old Texts of the Five Classics were said to have been found hidden in a wall at the Kong residence in Qufu. Mei Ze's "rediscovered" edition of the Book of Documents was only shown to be a forgery in the Qing dynasty.

[127] The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) with a total area of 9,572,900 km²,^[7] and the United States as fourth-largest at 9,525,067 km².^[13]

[128] The CIA World Factbook lists China as the fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km²,^[5] and the United States as the third-largest at 9,833,517 km².^[14]

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[religion2023-111] 2023 approximations of the statistics from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) of the year 2018, as contained in the following analyses:
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Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina (2023). "Statistics on Religions and Churches in the People's Republic of China – Update for the Year 2022" (PDF). Religions & Christianity in Today's China. XIII. China Zentrum: 18–44. ISSN 2192-9289. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-23.

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[FOOTNOTELOCwhitehouse.gov-359] LOC; whitehouse.gov.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010257–258-361] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.

[FOOTNOTELOC-362] LOC.

[FOOTNOTEMcDonald2000-363] McDonald (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010197,_272Nardulli1992179-364] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.

[FOOTNOTEPencak2000-366] Pencak (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010274-367] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.

[FOOTNOTEPeterson2000-369] Peterson (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBanning2000-370] Banning (2000).

[FOOTNOTENeale200422-371] Neale (2004), p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEAmmon2000-373] Ammon (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHargreaves2000-374] Hargreaves (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010228Goldman1951159-375] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010892Houpt201026,_280-377] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.

[FOOTNOTERemini2000-379] Remini (2000).

[FOOTNOTECole2000-381] Cole (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGutzman2000-382] Gutzman (2000).

[FOOTNOTEShade2000-383] Shade (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott201323-384] Abbott (2013), p. 23.

[FOOTNOTECash201834–36-386] Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.

[FOOTNOTERawley2000-388] Rawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTESmith2000-389] Smith (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAnbinder2000-390] Anbinder (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639-391] Abbott (2005), p. 639.

[FOOTNOTEGara2000-393] Gara (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGienapp2000-394] Gienapp (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson_(b)2000-395] McPherson (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcSeveney1986139-396] McSeveney (1986), p. 139.

[FOOTNOTETrefousse2000-398] Trefousse (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson_(a)2000-401] McPherson (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHoogenboom2000-402] Hoogenboom (2000).

[FOOTNOTEPeskin2000-403] Peskin (2000).

[FOOTNOTEReeves2000-404] Reeves (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGreenberger2017174–175-405] Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.

[FOOTNOTECampbell2000-407] Campbell (2000).

[FOOTNOTESpetter2000-408] Spetter (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGould_(a)2000-409] Gould (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHarbaugh2000-410] Harbaugh (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639–640-411] Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640.

[FOOTNOTEGould_(b)2000-413] Gould (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAmbrosius2000-414] Ambrosius (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHawley2000-415] Hawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcCoy2000-416] McCoy (2000).

[FOOTNOTESenate-417] Senate.

[FOOTNOTEHoff_(a)2000-419] Hoff (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBrinkley2000-420] Brinkley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHamby2000-421] Hamby (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005636-422] Abbott (2005), p. 636.

[FOOTNOTEAmbrose2000-424] Ambrose (2000).

[FOOTNOTEParmet2000-425] Parmet (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGardner2000-426] Gardner (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005633-427] Abbott (2005), p. 633.

[FOOTNOTEHoff_(b)2000-429] Hoff (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGreene2013-431] Greene (2013).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(a)-433] whitehouse.gov (a).

[FOOTNOTESchaller2004-434] Schaller (2004).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(b)-435] whitehouse.gov (b).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(c)-436] whitehouse.gov (c).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(d)-437] whitehouse.gov (d).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(e)-438] whitehouse.gov (e).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(f)-439] whitehouse.gov (f).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(g)-440] whitehouse.gov (g).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(h)-441] whitehouse.gov (h).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(I)-443] whitehouse.gov (I).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(J)-444] whitehouse.gov (J).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(K)-445] whitehouse.gov (K).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(L)-446] whitehouse.gov (L).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(M)-447] whitehouse.gov (M).

[note 1]

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[4]

[5]

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[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

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[15]

[a]

[16]

[b]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[c]

[21]

[d]

[23]

[24]

[e]

[26]

[27]

[f]

[g]

[30]

[h]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[i]

[j]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[k]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[l]

[44]

[m]

[n]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[o]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[p]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[q]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[r]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[s]

[68]

[t]

[69]

[u]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

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[80]

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[v]

[20]

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[25]

[28]

[29]

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Maps of results

Popular vote results

Presidents

See also

Notes

References

Works cited

External links

Etymology

History

Prehistory

Early dynastic rule

Imperial China

Qin and Han

Three Kingdoms, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties

Sui, Tang and Song

Yuan

Ming

Qing

Fall of the Qing dynasty

Establishment of the Republic and World War II

People's Republic

Reforms and contemporary history

Geography

Climate

Biodiversity

Environment

Current state flags

Current federal district flag

Current territory flags

Current state ensigns

Former state ensigns

Commemorative state flags

Historical state and territory flags

Former state flags

Former territory flags

Pre-statehood flags

Native American flags

Unofficial flags of United States Minor Outlying Islands

See also

Notes

Presidents

External links

Voter turnout