Antarctic silverfish
| Antarctic silverfish | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Nototheniidae |
| Genus: | Pleuragramma Boulenger, 1902 |
| Species: | P. antarctica
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| Binomial name | |
| Pleuragramma antarctica Boulenger, 1902
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The Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica), or Antarctic herring, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to the Southern Ocean and the only truly pelagic fish in the waters near Antarctica.[2] It is a keystone species in the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean.[3]
Response to changing temperatures
[edit]While widely distributed around the Antarctic, the species appears to have largely disappeared from the western side of the northern Antarctic Peninsula, based on a 2010 research cruise funded by the National Science Foundation under the US Antarctic Program.[4] Due to climate change, the rising water temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula cause this decline in Antarctic Silverfish abundance by interfering with psychological adaptations and spawning behaviors in ice.[5] Additionally, Antarctic Silverfish mortality rates spike after only a 5°C increase in water temperature, due to the presence of antifreeze glycoproteins in their blood, a common adaptation of Nototheniidae to survive in freezing waters.[5][6]
Food Chain
[edit]The decline in Antarctic Silverfish abundance causes great disruption in the Western Antarctic Peninsula's food web. They are a high-caloric prey species to many other arctic species including larger fish, penguins, and large marine mammals, making up a significant percentage of those species diets.[7][8] Antarctic Silverfish also help with regulation of the Antarctic trophic system by feeding on a wide variety of primary producers, encouraging a shift in primary production to upper trophic levels.[7]
Taxonomy
[edit]The Antarctic silverfish was first formally described in 1902 by the Belgian-born British zoologist George Albert Boulenger with the type locality given as Victoria Land in Antarctica.[9] It is the only species in the monotypic genus Pleuagramma which was also described by Boulenger.[10] Some authorities place this taxon in the subfamily Pleuragrammatinae,[11] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not include subfamilies in the Nototheniidae.[12] The genus name is a compound of pleuro meaning "side" with a which means "without" and gramma meaning "line", an allusion to the absence of a lateral line.[13]
Description
[edit]Antarctic silverfish usually grow to about 15 cm (5.9 in) in length, with a maximum of 25 cm (9.8 in). The maximum reported weight of this species is 200 g. Antarctic silverfish have a maximum reported age of 20 years. When alive, they are pink with a silver tint, but turn silver only after death. All the fins are pale. The dorsal side is slightly darker.[2] This Antarctic marine fish is one of several in the region that produce antifreeze glycopeptides as an adaptation against the extreme cold of Antarctic waters.[14]
Reproduction and ecology
[edit]Female Antarctic Silverfish release their eggs into sea ice along the Antarctic Peninsula to await fertilization.[15] Antarctic Silverfish migrate in schools to seek out areas of high sea ice abundance; this forage determines spawning season.[5] It usually occurs between the late winter months and early spring,[15] and larvae hatching occurs around November-December.[16] Each life stage of the Antarctic Silverfish occurs at different levels of the water columns, moving deeper as they mature.[16] An exception is the move closer to surface level between the larval stage and metamorphosis occurring at 2-3 years old. The postlarvae, 8–17 mm (0.31–0.67 in) in size, feed on eggs of calanoids (Calanoida), sea snails Limacina and tintinnids (Tintinnida).[17] Juveniles feed on copepods (Copepoda), mostly on Oncaea curvata and can be found at depths of 50 to 400 m (160–1,310 ft),[2][17] while adults can be found at depths 0–728 m (0–2,388 ft).[2] As their size increases, so does the size of their prey items. The age of sexual maturation of the Antarctic Silverfish is 6+ years, adults being the most abundant over the Ross Ice Shelf.[16]
References
[edit]- ^ Gon, O.; Vacchi, M. (2010). "Pleuragramma antarcticum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010 e.T154785A4633007. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T154785A4633007.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Pleuragramma antarctica". FishBase. February 2009 version.
- ^ Bottaro M., Oliveri D., Ghigliotti L., Pisano E., Ferrando S. & Vacchi M. (2009). "Born among the ice: first morphological observations on two developmental stages of the Antarctic silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum, a key species of the Southern Ocean". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 19(2); 249-259. doi:10.1007/s11160-009-9106-5.
- ^ "Climate change may be to blame for disappearance of Antarctic silverfish". The Antarctic Sun.
- ^ a b c Corso, Andrew D.; Steinberg, Deborah K.; Stammerjohn, Sharon E.; Hilton, Eric J. (2022-02-03). "Climate drives long-term change in Antarctic Silverfish along the western Antarctic Peninsula". Communications Biology. 5 (1). doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03042-3. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8813954.
- ^ Cheng, Chi-Hing C.; Cziko, Paul A.; Evans, Clive W. (2006-07-05). "Nonhepatic origin of notothenioid antifreeze reveals pancreatic synthesis as common mechanism in polar fish freezing avoidance". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (27): 10491–10496. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603796103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1502485.
- ^ a b "The Ecological Importance of Antarctic Silverfish". Docslib. Retrieved 2026-04-29.
- ^ Cecilia O'Leary (2016). "The many faced monster of a rapidly changing Antarctic ecosystem and its influence on Antarctic silverfish". Habiata Section. American Fisheries Society.
- ^ Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Pleuragramma". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- ^ Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Nototheniidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- ^ H.H. Dewitt; P.C. Heemstra; and O. Gon (1990). "Nototheniidae Notothens". In O. Gon and P.C. Heemstra (eds.). Fishes of the Southern Ocean. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. ISBN 978-0-86810-211-5.
- ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 465. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2021-09-19.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 April 2021). "Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
- ^ A. P. Wohrmann (1995). "Antifreeze glycopeptides in the high-Antarctic Silverfish Pleurogramma antarcticum (Notothenioidei)". Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. 111 (1): 121–9. doi:10.1016/0742-8413(95)00007-T. PMID 7656179.
- ^ a b La Mesa, Mario; Riginella, Emilio; Mazzoldi, Carlotta; Ashford, Julian (June 2015). "Reproductive resilience of ice‐dependent A ntarctic silverfish in a rapidly changing system along the W estern A ntarctic P eninsula". Marine Ecology. 36 (2): 235–245. doi:10.1111/maec.12140. ISSN 0173-9565.
- ^ a b c O'Driscoll, Richard L.; Macaulay, Gavin J.; Gauthier, Stéphane; Pinkerton, Matt; Hanchet, Stuart (January 2011). "Distribution, abundance and acoustic properties of Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) in the Ross Sea". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 58 (1–2): 181–195. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.05.018.
- ^ a b Granata, A.; Zagami, G.; Vacchi, M.; Guglielmo, L. (2009). "Summer and spring trophic niche of larval and juvenile Pleuragramma antarcticum in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica". Polar Biology. 32 (3): 369–382. doi:10.1007/s00300-008-0551-8. S2CID 8212285.