Palikúr language
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|
| Palikúr | |
|---|---|
| Karipuna | |
| Pa'ikwené, Pa'ikwaki | |
| Native to | Brazil, French Guiana |
| Ethnicity | Palikur, formerly Karipuna do Amapá |
Native speakers | (1,500 cited 2000–2010)[1] |
Arawakan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | plu |
| Glottolog | pali1279 |
| ELP | Palikur |
Palikúr (Brazilian Portuguese: Palicur, French: Palikur) is an Arawakan language of Brazil and French Guiana, spoken by the Palikur and formerly the Karipuna do Amapá.[2] Knowledge of French and Portuguese is common among the Palikur, and French Guianese Creole is used as the common language among the tribes in the area and with the local population. Palikúr is considered endangered in French Guiana and vulnerable in Brazil.[3][4]
History
[edit]The name "Palikur" is first mentioned in 1513 as "Paricura" by Vicente Yáñez Pinzón. However, regular mention of the Palikur only began around the mid-17th century, starting with the expedidition of Father Antoine Biet in 1653.[5]: 14
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | h | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Glide | w | j | ||||
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | u ũ | |
| Mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
| Open | a ã |
- /e, o/ are heard as [ɛ, ɔ] within different positions.
- /a/ is heard as a nasalized central vowel sound [ɐ̃] when preceding a nasal consonant.[6]
Pronouns
[edit]Palikúr has dependent and independent personal pronouns.[7] The verb marks the object by using suffixes, but not the subject, which must appear in the form of a nominal group or as an independent pronoun. This affixation of only the object and not of the subject is linguistically very rare: the norm is the affixation for both or for only the subject. The noun complement is marked by a possessive prefix.[4]
| Palikúr | English | Prefixes Noun, Relation, Subject of Verb | Suffixes Object of verb | Independent Pronouns |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | I | n(u)- | -(u)n | náhu |
| 2sg | you (singular) | pi- | -pi | písu |
| 3msg | he | ri- | -ri | irV |
| 3fsg | she | ru- | -ru | erV |
| 1pl.incl | we (inclusive) | u- | -wi | wísu |
| 1pl.excl | we (exclusive) | w(a)- | u-su | |
| 2pl | you (plural) | ji- | -ji | jí-su |
| 3pl | they | ri-...-kisV, ru-...-kisV | -rikisV, rukisV | irV-kisV |
Loanwords
[edit]Palikúr has several loanwords, many of which are wildlife-related, from the Carib language, including:[7]
| English | Palikúr | Carib |
|---|---|---|
| Sloth | waikuli | waikore |
| Anteater | tamanua | tamaanuwa |
| Giant armadillo | malulaima | manuraimo |
| Paca | urana | urana |
| Agouti | kuʃiwai | akusiwai |
| Peccary | pakira | pakiira |
| Coati | kuwaʃ | kuwasi |
| Otter | saruru | sarooro |
| Squirrel monkey | akarma | akarima |
| Pied tamarin | kusiri | kusiri |
| Spider monkey | kuwata | kuwata |
| Hummingbird | tukusi | tukuʔsi |
| Juruti | wilusi | werusi |
| Thrush | kuwaswi | kurasiwai |
| Southern American bushmaster | urukru | urukuku |
| Tortoise | wajamu | wajaamu |
| Giant Amazonian ants | irakrĩ | irako |
References
[edit]- ↑ Palikúr at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ↑ "Change Request Documentation: 2022-013". iso639-3.sil.org.
- ↑ Rosélis Remor de Souza Mazurek (2016). "Mapping in the Oiapoque Indigenous Territories". Revue d'ethnoécologie (9). doi:10.4000/ethnoecologie.2701. Archived from the original on 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
- 1 2 "Le palikur". Sorosoro (in French). Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ↑ Launey, Michel (2003). Awna parikwaki: introduction à la langue palikur de Guyane et de l'Amapá (PDF). Didactiques. Institut de recherche pour le développement. Paris: IRD. ISBN 978-2-7099-1530-4.
- ↑ da Silva, Elissandra Barros (2016). A Língua Parikwaki (Palikur, Arawak): Situação Sociolinguística, Fonética e Fonologia. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
- 1 2 Ramirez, Henri (17 March 2021). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados (in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora CRV. ISBN 9786555788822.
External links
[edit]- Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Palikúr". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
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