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Indonesian diaspora

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Indonesian diaspora
Orang Indonesia Perantauan
Flag of Indonesia
Map of the Indonesian diaspora around the world
Total population
Total: 6–9 million[a]
2023 estimate[1][2][3]
 Malaysia
Netherlands
  • 349,301 (2022)[5]
    (by migration background / ancestry)
  • 106,128 (2022)[6]
    (Indonesian-born)
  • 14,673 (2024)[7]
    (by citizenship)
Saudi Arabia
 Singaporec. 250,000 (2022)[12] (by citizenship)
Taiwan300,000 (2020)[13]
 Bangladesh60,000(2024)[14](Indonesian emigrants in Bangladesh)
 Hong Kong200,000 (2019)[15]
Japan157,000 (2024)[16]
United States145,031 (2022)[17][18][19]
Australia120,160 (2024)[20]
United Arab Emirates111,987 (2019)[21]
Suriname
Cambodia166,795 (2025)[24]
Brunei80,000 (2018)[25]
(excluding Indonesian ancestry)
Oman75,000 (2020)[14]
Jordan46,586 (2019)[21]
 Philippines43,871[26][27]
South Korea42,000 (2019)[28]
Sri Lanka40,148 (2014) (assimilate into the local Sri Lankan Malays)
China38,000 (2020)[29]
(only Indonesian legal workers)
Qatar37,669 (2019)[21]
Bahrain33,000[14]
Kuwait28,954 (2020)[21]
Germany24,000 (2021)[30]
Canada21,390 (2016)[31]
Papua New Guinea14,000 (2020)[14]
Libya14,000 (2020)[14]
Syria12,904 (2019)[21]
United Kingdom11,000[14]
Vietnam8,000 (2020)[14]
Brazil7,310 (2022)[32]
New Zealand7,000[14]
France25,000–30,000 (2021)[14]
New Caledonia4,300
Sweden3,000–5,000 (See: Overseas Acehnese)[14]
Italy4,000[14]
 Switzerland4,000 (2020)[14]
Belgium4,000 (2020)[14]
Timor Leste4,000 (2020)[14]
French Guiana3,000
Spain3,000 (2020)[14]
Egypt3,000 (2020)[14]
Turkey2,400 (2020)[33]
Norway2,000[14]
Lebanon2,000 (2020)[14]
Austria1,000 (2020)[14]
Hungary1,000 (2020)[14]
Thailand1,000 (2020)[14]
Languages
Indonesian, Regional Languages of Indonesia, English, Dutch, Chinese, Arabic,Indian Language Afrikaans, German, Japanese, Tagalog, Korean, Papiamento, Cantonese, Taiwanese
Religion
Islam · Christianity · Hinduism · Buddhism · Confucianism · Irreligion
Related ethnic groups
Native Indonesians, Dutch Indonesians, Arab Indonesians,Indian Indonesians Chinese Indonesians
  1. ↑ Indonesian citizens, ex-Indonesian citizens, foreign citizens who are children of Indonesian citizens, and children of ex-Indonesian citizens, illegal and undocumented workers. However, it does not include Indonesian descendants. According to the Director of Indonesian Citizen Protection, from that number 2,276,722 people are Indonesian citizens. Although it is estimated that there are still millions of Indonesian citizens who have not been recorded.
  2. ↑ Indonesian citizen registered in KBRI (Embassy of Indonesia in Saudi Arabia)
  3. ↑ including Javanese diaspora

Indonesian diaspora (Indonesian: Orang Indonesia Perantauan) are Indonesians who live outside of Indonesia. These include citizens that have migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Indonesian descent. According to Ministry of Law and Human Rights, more than 6–9 million Indonesians diaspora live abroad in 2023.[Note 1]

History

[edit]
As early as the 1st century CE Indonesian vessels made trade voyages as far as Africa. Picture: a ship carved on Borobudur in Java c. 800 CE

Since ancient times, people from various ethnic groups of Indonesia have been leaving their hometowns to other parts of the world for purposes of trade, education, labor, or travel. Migration of ancient Indonesians began 2,000 years ago, to various places including Madagascar, East Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Australia, and Southeast Asian countries.

Early history

[edit]

Beginning between the 5th and 7th centuries, Austronesian seafarers from the Indonesian archipelago, particularly from Kalimantan and Sulawesi, embarked on a remarkable journey across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar. These early migrants established settlements, bringing with them advanced agricultural techniques, including the cultivation of rice and bananas, as well as their language and cultural practices. The influence of these early Indonesians is evident in the Malagasy language, which retains many Austronesian elements, and in the genetic makeup of the Malagasy people, who exhibit a blend of Southeast Asian and African ancestries.

During the era of the Srivijaya Empire (7th - 13th centuries), centered in Sumatra, Indonesian traders and settlers expanded their influence throughout Southeast Asia. The Srivijaya Empire was a powerful maritime kingdom that controlled key trade routes, facilitating the movement of people and goods. Indonesian traders established communities in the Malay Peninsula, Thailand, and the Philippines, spreading their cultural and religious practices, including Buddhism and Hinduism. This period of maritime dominance laid the groundwork for further cultural and economic exchanges in the region.

The subsequent Majapahit Empire (13th - 16th centuries), based in Java, continued to expand Indonesian influence through its extensive trade networks. The Majapahit Empire was known for its powerful navy and commercial prowess, which allowed it to control trade routes and exert influence over much of Southeast Asia. Indonesian traders and settlers played a crucial role in the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies, further integrating the region and spreading Indonesian cultural and religious practices.

During the colonial era

[edit]

The Dutch colonial period (16th - 20th centuries) marked a significant shift in Indonesian migration patterns. Under the control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which wielded authority over vast swathes of the Indonesian archipelago, Indonesians were forcibly relocated as laborers to other parts of the Dutch Empire. This included destinations such as Suriname, Malaysia, Singapore, and Sri Lanka. Additionally, during the 18th century, political dissidents opposing Dutch colonization were deported from Indonesia to South Africa, where they formed a community known as the Cape Malays.[34]

Merantau culture

[edit]

The practice of going abroad has been motivated by the Merantau culture of the Indonesian people since ancient times. Merantau has been associated deeply with the Minangkabau people as a cultural way of life. A Minangkabau man at the time of young adulthood (20–30 years old) is often encouraged to go abroad as part of the Minangkabau culture; this serves as a sign of manhood to accrue wealth, knowledge, and life experience.[35] This practice can be traced to the 7th century, when Minangkabau merchants played a major role in establishing of the Malay kingdom in Jambi, which was a strategic position for trade via the Silk Road.

Other Indonesian ethnic groups such as the Bugis, Banjar, Madura, Aceh, Batak, and Javanese have also been traveling overseas to gain opportunities, experience, knowledge, and versatility.

Indonesians worldwide

[edit]

Australia

[edit]

Before Dutch and British sailors arrived in Australia, Indonesians from Southern Sulawesi have explored the Australia northern coast. Each year, the Bugis sailors would sail down on the northwestern monsoon in their wooden pinisi. They would stay in Australia for several months to trade and take tripang (or dried sea cucumber) before returning to Makassar on the dry season off shore winds. These trading voyages continued until 1907.[citation needed] Nowadays, many Indonesian residents of Australia are either foreign students or workers, with a large number being of Chinese Indonesian heritage. Furthermore, the Cocos Malays are descendants of native Indonesians brought by the Clunies-Ross family to work in the copra industry in the 19th century.

Cambodia

[edit]

According to the Interior Ministry of Cambodia, more than 100,000 Indonesian citizens lived in Cambodia.[36] Many of them work for illegal online casino companies, sparking concerns about human trafficking.[37]

Hong Kong

[edit]

Indonesians are the second largest foreigner group after Filipinos, mainly working as female domestic helpers from Java Island. There are also several Chinese Indonesian families and students that reside in Hong Kong. Central and Wan Chai are the main districts that most Indonesians live in.

Japan

[edit]

In 2013, approximately 20,000 Indonesians lived in Japan, including about 3,000 illegal Indonesians. These numbers dropped from the previous years for various reasons, including the high cost of living in Japan and the difficulty of finding jobs in Japan. Most of them are in Japan for a short term and deportation remains high for Indonesian residents. In 2022, approximately 98,865 Indonesians lived in Japan.[38]

Malaysia

[edit]

Malaysia shares a land border with Indonesia and both countries share many aspects of their culture, including mutually intelligible national languages. Populations have long moved between the areas which make up the modern-day states. Since the distinction between the two regions emerged in the early 19th century, many people from Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Sulawesi, which are located in modern-day Indonesia, migrated and settled in the Malay Peninsula and in Malaysian Borneo. These earlier populations have mostly effectively or partially assimilated with the larger Malaysian-Malay community due to religious, social and cultural similarities. Currently, it is also estimated that there are around 2 million Indonesian citizens in Malaysia at any given time, ranging from all types of backgrounds including a significant majority of labour migrants alongside a considerable number of professionals and students.

Netherlands

[edit]
Repatriated Indonesian children in Zandvoort, 1958

Indonesia was a colony of the Netherlands from 1605 until 1949. During and after the Indonesian National Revolution, many Moluccans and Indo people, people of mixed Dutch and Indonesian ancestry migrated to the Netherlands. Most of them were former members of the KNIL army. In this way, around 360,000 Indo people and Totoks (white people) and 12,500 persons from Maluke ancestry were settled in the Netherlands. Giovanni van Bronckhorst, Denny Landzaat, Roy Makaay, Mia Audina, and Daniel Sahuleka are notable people of Indonesian ancestry from the Netherlands. These 372,500 first generation people and their 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation offspring account for some 1.6 million Dutch passport-holders and form as much as 10% of the overall population of the Netherlands.

Tong Tong Fair is the largest cultural festival in the world for Indonesian diaspora. Established in 1959, it is one of the oldest festivals and the fourth largest grand fair in the Netherlands. It is also the annual event with the highest number of paying visitors of the Dutch city of The Hague, having consistently attracted more than 100,000 visitors since 1993.

The Netherlands is also one of the European countries with most Indonesian students. In the early 20th century, many Indonesian students studied in the Netherlands. Most of them lived in Leiden and were active in the Perhimpoenan Indonesia (Indonesian Association). There were 1,402 Indonesian nationals enrolled in Dutch universities in 2018/2019, which makes it the 13th largest student communities in the country.[39]

Philippines

[edit]

The official number of Indonesians in the Philippines range anywhere from 43,871 to 101,720.[26] They reside mostly in the island of Mindanao, in the Muslim parts with a noticeable community in Davao City that has an international school for the overseas community. They tend to be protective of their separate ethnic identity. Most are Muslims, while many others are also Christian, coming from Minahasan-speaking ancestry.

Qatar

[edit]

There are about 39,000 Indonesian citizens in the State of Qatar according to the Indonesian Embassy.[40]

Saudi Arabia

[edit]
Islamic teachers from Indonesia in Mecca, 1955

Indonesian pilgrims have long lived in Hejaz, a region along the west coast of Saudi Arabia. Among them was Shaykh Ahmad Khatib Al-Minangkabawi who was from Minangkabau origin in Sumatra. He served as the Imam and taught at the Shafi'i school at the Grand Mosque in Mecca during the late 19th century.[41]

Many Indonesians in Saudi Arabia are domestic workers, with a minority of other types of labour migrants and students. Most of the santris (Islamic boarding school pupils) from Indonesia also have continued to pursue their education in Saudi, such as in the Islamic University of Madinah and the Umm al-Qura University in Mecca. A number of Indonesian expatriates in Saudi Arabia work in diplomatic sectors and local private and foreign companies, such as in the Saudi Aramco, banking companies, Saudia Airlines, SABIC, Schlumberger, Halliburton, Indomie, etc. Most Indonesians in Saudi Arabia reside in Riyadh, Jeddah, and all around the Dammam area.

Saudis of Indonesian descent

[edit]

There are Saudi citizens who reside in Mecca and Jeddah that are of Indonesian descent. Their forefathers came from Indonesia by sea during the late 19th century til the mid 20th century for pilgrimage, trade, and Islamic education purposes. Many of them did not return to their homeland thus they decided to stay in Saudi and their descendants have become Saudi citizens ever since. Many of them also married with local Arab women and stayed permanently in Saudi. Their descendants today are recognizable with their family name originating from their forefathers' origins back in Indonesia, such as "Bugis", "Banjar", "Batawi" (Betawi), "Al-Felemban" (Palembang), "Faden" (Padang), "Al-Bantani" (Banten), "Al-Minangkabawi" (Minangkabau), "Bawayan" (Bawean), and many more. One of them is Muhammad Saleh Benten, a Saudi politician appointed by King Salman as the Minister of Hajj and Umrah.[42]

Singapore

[edit]
Javanese gamelan music group in Singapore, circa 1890
Mandailing women tin miners in Perak, Malaysia, circa 1920s

The Malays in Singapore (Malay: Orang Melayu Singapura) make up about 14% of the country's population. Most of them came from what we know today as Indonesia and southern Malaysia. In the 19th century, Singapore was part of Johor-Riau Sultanate. Many Indonesian people, mainly Bugis and Minangkabau settled in Singapore. From 1886 till 1890, as many as 21,000 Javanese became bonded labourers with the Singapore Chinese Protectorate, an organisation formed by the British in 1877 to monitor the Chinese population. They performed manual labour in the rubber plantations. After their bond ended, they continued to open up the land and stayed on in Johore. Famous Singaporeans of Indonesian descent are the first president of Singapore Yusof bin Ishak, and Zubir Said who composed the national anthem of Singapore Majulah Singapura.

According to the Indonesian Embassy in Singapore, as of 2010 there are 180,000 Indonesian citizens in Singapore. As much as 80,000 work as domestic helpers/TKI, 10,000 as sailors, and the rest are either students or professionals. But the number can be higher as registering one's residence is not compulsory for Indonesians, putting the number to around 200,000 people.

South Africa

[edit]

South Korea

[edit]

Suriname

[edit]
Javanese Surinamese in Suriname, between 1890 and 1900

People of Indonesian descent, mainly Javanese, make up 15% of the population of Suriname. In the 19th century, the Dutch sent the Javanese to Suriname as indentured laborers in plantations. The most famous person of Indonesian descent is Paul Somohardjo as the speaker of the National Assembly of Suriname.[43]

Taiwan

[edit]
Indonesian's javanese masked dance performance during Indonesia National Day Culture and Art Festival in Taipei, Taiwan

United Arab Emirates

[edit]

United Kingdom

[edit]

United States

[edit]

The United States is home to many Indonesian students and professionals. In the Silicon Valley region of Northern California, there are many professional Indonesian-American engineers in the technology industry who are employed in companies like Cisco Systems, KLA Tencor, Google, Yahoo, Sun Microsystems, and IBM. Sehat Sutardja, the CEO of Marvell Technology Group, is a prominent Indonesian professional in the USA.[44]

In April 2011, the Special English service of Voice of America reported on a push for American universities to attract more Indonesians to study in America in order to compete with students' preferred universities in Australia, Singapore, and Malaysia.[45]

List of Indonesian diaspora by ethnicity and culture

[edit]

Politics

[edit]

2024

[edit]
Map of the vote share of every candidates among overseas voters using a continuous colour scheme
Province[46]
Total
valid votes
Anies Baswedan
Independent		 Prabowo Subianto
Gerindra		 Ganjar Pranowo
PDI-P
Votes % Votes % Votes %
Overseas 125,110 18.64 427,871 63.73 118,385 17.63 671,366
Total 40,971,906 24.95 96,214,691 58.59 27,040,878 16.47 164,227,475

2019

[edit]
Province Total valid votes
Joko Widodo
PDI-P		 Prabowo Subianto
Gerindra
Votes % Votes %
Overseas 570,534 73.31 207,746 26.69 778,280
Total 85,607,362 55.50 68,650,239 44.50 154,257,601
Source: Tempo[47]

2014

[edit]
Votes by countries[48] Total votes
Prabowo Subianto
Gerindra		 Joko Widodo
PDI-P
Votes%Votes%
AfghanistanKabul 1436.842463.1638
AlgeriaAlgiers 35551.8233048.18685
ArgentinaBuenos Aires 4423.5314376.47187
AustraliaCanberra, ACT 11420.1145379.89567
Darwin, NT 10825.4131774.59425
Melbourne, Vic 77812.215,59487.796,372
Perth, WA 54715.063,08484.943,631
Sydney, NSW 1,50513.319,79986.6911,304
At-large 2,65212.1119,24787.8921,899
AustriaVienna 8720.2334379.77430
AzerbaijanBaku 2333.334666.6769
BahrainManama 21352.4619347.54406
BangladeshDhaka 8545.2110354.79188
BelgiumBrussels 15619.5064480.50800
Bosnia and HerzegovinaSarajevo 934.621765.3826
BrazilBrasília 3043.483956.5269
BruneiBandar Seri Begawan 2,82542.993,74657.016,571
BulgariaSofia 1527.783972.2254
CambodiaPhnom Penh 32629.0579670.951,122
CanadaOttawa 7021.5927079.41340
Toronto 18813.491,20686.51122
Vancouver 17112.461,20187.541,372
At-large 42913.812,67786.193,106
ChileSantiago 1311.939688.07109
ChinaBeijing 9010.1080189.90891
Guangzhou 1259.101,24890.901,373
Hong Kong SAR 10,72825.7430,95674.2641,684
Shanghai 9811.0578988.95887
At-large (Mainland China) 3139.932,83890.073,151
At-large (Mainland China+SARs) 11,04124.6333,79475.3744,835
ColombiaBogotá 68.456591.5571
CroatiaZagreb 617.142982.8635
CubaHavana 1035.711864.2928
Czech RepublicPrague 3227.358572.65117
DenmarkCopenhagen 5515.9928984.01344
East TimorDili 1,10825.963,16074.044,268
EcuadorQuito 618.752681.2532
EgyptCairo 1,80971.8171028.192,519
EthiopiaAddis Ababa 2357.501742.5040
FinlandHelsinki 3111.6123688.39267
FijiSuva 7544.919255.09167
FranceMarseille 5720.8821679.12273
Paris 25219.921,01380.081,265
At-large 30920.091,22979.911,538
GermanyBerlin 37229.5088970.501,261
Frankfurt 70917.943,24282.063,951
Hamburg 33121.721,19378.281,524
At-large 1,41220.965,32479.046,736
GreeceAthens 14528.9435671.06501
HungaryBudapest 1818.008282.00100
IndiaMumbai 21095.02114.98221
New Delhi 5733.3311466.67171
At-large 26768.1112531.89392
IranTehran 3417.5316082.47194
IraqBaghdad 16751.5415748.46324
ItalyRome 15320.8258279.18735
JapanOsaka 74642.001,03058.001,776
Tokyo 2,10339.323,24560.685,348
At-large 2,84940.004,27560.007,124
JordanAmman 21570.039229.97307
KazakhstanAstana 1730.363969.6456
KenyaNairobi 8332.6817167.32254
KuwaitKuwait City 83755.9565944.051,496
LaosVientiane 7240.2210759.78179
LebanonBeirut 6250.00 6250.00124
LibyaTripoli 7671.703028.30106
MadagascarAntananarivo 1329.553170.4544
MalaysiaJohor Bahru 42,24861.2926,68138.7168,929
Kota Kinabalu 20,79041.8428,90558.1649,695
Kuala Lumpur 111,79484.2620,89115.74132,685
Kuching 33,63345.6240,09154.3873,724
Penang 10,77355.028,80644.9819,579
Tawau 11,93330.3327,41269.6739,345
At-large 231,17160.21152,78639.79383,957
MexicoMexico City 3426.369573.64129
MoroccoRabat 9762.185937.82156
MozambiqueMaputo 3532.417367.59108
MyanmarYangon 22952.5320747.47436
NamibiaWindhoek 4628.2211771.78163
NetherlandsThe Hague 77019.453,18980.553,959
New CaledoniaNoumea 7127.2019072.80261
New ZealandWellington 26014.611,51985.391,779
NigeriaAbuja 18434.2035465.80538
North KoreaPyongyang 635.291164.7117
NorwayOslo 8417.5439582.46479
OmanMuscat 44447.8448452.16928
PakistanIslamabad 16869.717330.29241
Karachi 7167.623432.38105
At-large 23969.0810730.92346
PanamaPanama City 1430.433269.5746
Papua New GuineaPort Moresby 16836.9228763.08455
Vanimo 17630.2440669.76582
At-large 34433.1769366.831,037
PeruLima 2025.645874.3678
PhilippinesDavao City 91252.4782647.531,738
Manila 16212.671,11787.331,279
At-large 1,07435.601,94364.403,017
PolandWarsaw 3221.9211478.08146
PortugalLisbon 2226.516173.4983
QatarDoha 2,08756.961,57743.043,664
RomaniaBucharest 2740.304059.7067
RussiaMoscow 7026.4219573.58265
Saudi ArabiaJeddah 5,62651.225,35748.7810,983
Riyadh 4,18449.714,23350.298,417
At-large 9,81050.579,59049.4319,400
SenegalDakar 17428.1644471.84618
SerbiaBelgrade 1217.915582.0967
Singapore 7,63920.1630,25079.8437,889
SlovakiaBratislava 2436.364263.6466
South AfricaCape Town 1115.496084.5171
Pretoria 2621.319678.69122
At-large 3718.7515681.25192
South KoreaSeoul 3,01833.775,92066.238,938
SpainMadrid 14023.4545776.55597
Sri LankaColombo 3718.8815981.12196
SudanKhartoum 26873.839526.17363
SurinameParamaribo 8732.8317867.17265
SwedenStockholm 9220.3536079.65452
SwitzerlandBern 8715.2148584.79572
SyriaDamascus 18591.58178.42202
TaiwanTaipei 17,52526.8747,69273.1365,217
TanzaniaDar es Salaam 1431.113168.8945
ThailandBangkok 38935.4071064.601,099
Songkhla 24734.0747865.93725
At-large 63634.871,18865.131,824
TunisiaTunis 4149.404250.6083
TurkeyAnkara 18976.219923.79248
Istanbul 13553.3611846.64253
At-large 32464.6721735.33501
UkraineKyiv 59.095090.9155
United Arab EmiratesAbu Dhabi 1,02454.1586745.851,891
Dubai 72040.891,04159.111,761
At-large 1,74447.751,90852.253,652
United KingdomLondon 80524.792,44275.213,247
United StatesChicago, IL 12315.3667884.64801
Houston, TX 31313.931,93486.072,247
Los Angeles, CA 42111.973,09588.033,516
New York City, NY 86616.874,26783.135,133
San Francisco, CA 1,28320.894,86079.116,143
Washington, D.C. 27725.3981474.611,091
At-large 3,28317.3415,64782.6618,930
UzbekistanTashkent 1933.933766.0756
Vatican City 677.7479992.26866
VenezuelaCaracas 3117.7114482.29175
VietnamHanoi 2114.5812385.42144
Ho Chi Minh City 11031.6123868.39348
At-large 13126.6836073.32491
YemenSana'a 1,36992.251157.751,484
ZimbabweHarare 16731.3336668.67533
At-large 313,60046.26364,25753.74677,857

2009

[edit]
Province Yudhoyono Megawati Kalla
Votes % Votes % Votes %
Overseas 235,146 69.08 47,521 13.96 57,743 16.96
Total 73,874,562 60.80 32,548,105 26.79 15,081,814 12.41
Source: General Elections Commission

2004

[edit]
Province Yudhoyono Megawati
Votes % Votes %
Overseas 166,634 67.98 78,500 32.02
Total 69,266,350 60.62 44,990,704 39.38
Source: Ananda, Arifin & Suryadinata;[49] Statistics Indonesia[50]
Province Yudhoyono Megawati Wiranto Amien Hamzah
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Overseas 95,644 37.80 62,381 24.65 43,995 17.39 36,745 14.52 14,266 5.64
Total 39,838,184 33.57 31,569,104 26.61 26,286,788 22.15 17,392,931 14.66 3,569,861 3.01
Source: Statistics Indonesia;[51] Ananda, Arifin & Suryadinata[52]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ this include ex-Indonesian citizens, foreign citizens who are children of Indonesian citizens, and children of ex-Indonesian citizens, illegal and undocumented workers. However, it does not include Indonesian descendants.[1] According to the Director of Indonesian Citizen Protection, from that number 2,276,722 people are Indonesian citizens. Although it is estimated that there are still millions of Indonesian citizens who have not been recorded.[3]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 "Jokowi Minta Menkumham Kaji Status Kewarganegaraan". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). 7 March 2024.
  2. ↑ "Imigrasi Terbitkan Visa Diaspora Untuk Dukung Ekonomi" (in Indonesian).
  3. 1 2 "Kemlu: 2,2 Juta WNI Tinggal di Luar Negeri" (in Indonesian). 19 December 2023.
  4. ↑ "Visualisasi Data WNI di Luar Negeri" (in Indonesian). Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
  5. ↑ "Migratie uit Indonesië en Indonesische inwoners in Nederland" (in Dutch). 27 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  6. ↑ "CBS StatLine" (in Dutch). 31 May 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  7. ↑ "Visualisasi Data WNI di Luar Negeri" (in Indonesian). Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
  8. ↑ "Mantan Dubes RI: 50 Persen Penduduk Makkah Keturunan Indonesia". 28 March 2016.
  9. ↑ "4 Tokoh Arab Saudi Keturunan Indonesia, Terakhir Jadi Saksi Kemerdekaan RI".
  10. ↑ "Negara yang Banyak Orang Jawa, Nomor 1 Jumlahnya Lebih dari 1,5 Juta Jiwa".
  11. ↑ "Data Agregat WNI yang Tercatat di Perwakilan RI" (PDF). 25 July 2024.
  12. ↑ "Pemerintah Dorong Diaspora Indonesia Turut Aktif Membangun Negeri". setneg.go.id (in Indonesian).
  13. ↑ "KDEI Taipei - Kantor Dagang dan Ekonomi Indonesia". www.kdei-taipei.org. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". 10 February 2014.
  15. ↑ Media Indonesia Online 2006-11-30
  16. ↑ 令和6年6月末現在における在留外国人数について
  17. ↑ "ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES, AND WITH ONE OR MORE ASIAN CATEGORIES FOR SELECTED GROUPS". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  18. ↑ "Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010", 2010 Census Summary File 1, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 21 February 2012{{citation}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  19. ↑ Barnes, Jessica S.; Bennett, Claudette E. (February 2002), The Asian Population: 2000 (PDF), U.S. Census 2000, U.S. Department of Commerce, p. 9, retrieved 30 September 2009
  20. ↑ "Table 5.1 Estimated resident population, by country of birth(a), Australia, as at 30 June, 1996 to 2024(b)(c)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 30 April 2025.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 "Data Agregat WNI yang Tercatat di Perwakilan RI" (PDF) (in Indonesian). General Elections Commission. 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  22. ↑ "Suriname". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  23. ↑ "Profil Negara Suriname". Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  24. ↑ "92 WNI Meninggal di Kamboja Sepanjang 2024, Angka Lima Tahun Terakhir Melonjak".
  25. ↑ "Bertemu Sultan Brunei, Jokowi Akan Bahas Perlindungan WNI". kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  26. 1 2 Population by country of citizenship, sex, and urban/rural residence; each census, 1985–2004, United Nations Statistics Division, 2005, retrieved 15 June 2011
  27. ↑ "Exploring Transnational Communities in the Philippines" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2008.
  28. ↑ "42 Ribu Orang WNI di Korea Selatan | Databoks". databoks.katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). 28 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  29. ↑ Habibah, Astrid Faidlatul (3 February 2020). Yuliastuti, Nusarina (ed.). "Menaker pastikan belum ada TKI di China terjangkit virus corona". Antara News (in Indonesian). Jakarta: antaranews.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  30. ↑ "Uang Kuliah Gratis Ayo Kuliah Di Jerman Saja - | KEMENTERIAN LUAR NEGERI REPUBLIK INDONESIA". Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  31. ↑ "Ethnic origin population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  32. ↑ Immigrants in Brazil (2022)
  33. ↑ "Relations between Turkey and Indonesia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  34. ↑ "Bo Kaap: The History Behind the Cape Malays of Cape Town". pilotguides. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  35. ↑ "The Wanderers of Nusantara". roadsandkingdoms.com. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  36. ↑ "Indonesian and Cambodia to Strengthen Cooperation in Combating Transnational Crimes and Protecting Indonesian Citizens". Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia. 14 May 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  37. ↑ Sikol, Kuch (11 October 2024). "Cambodia's Illegal Online Gambling Sector Employs Thousands of Indonesians". Kiripost. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
  38. ↑ 令和4年末現在における在留外国人数について
  39. ↑ "Home | Student Helpr". studenthelpr.com. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  40. ↑ Snoj, Jure (18 December 2013). "Population of Qatar". Bqdoha.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013.
  41. ↑ Ricklefs, M. C. (1994). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300. Stanford University Press.
  42. ↑ Mohammed Saleh Benten, Menteri Arab Saudi Keturunan Banten. Ini Profilnya (Mohammed Saleh Benten, A Saudi Minister of Banten Descent. This is his Profile) (in Indonesian), Nusantarakini.com, March 2017, retrieved 23 September 2019
  43. ↑ "English Not On Menu For Wednesday's Press Briefing". Malaysian National News Agency. 22 September 2005. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  44. ↑ "Meet Marvell" (PDF). Forbes Magazine. 14 August 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2006.
  45. ↑ Ember, Steve; Schonhardt, Sara (13 April 2011). "A Push to Get More Indonesians to Study in US". VoA. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  46. ↑ "Berita Acara dan Sertifikat Rekapitulasi Hasil Penghitungan Perolehan Suara" (PDF). General Elections Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  47. ↑ Hantoro, Juli (21 May 2019). "Jokowi Menang di 21 Provinsi, Ini Daftar Lengkap Rekapitulasi KPU". Tempo (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  48. ↑ Achmad Zulfikar Fazli (20 July 2014). "Ini Hasil Rekpitulasi Pilpres di Luar Negeri". MetroTVNews.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 10 August 2014.
  49. ↑ Ananta, Aris; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Suryadinata, Leo (2005). Emerging Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 107. ISBN 981-230-323-5.
  50. ↑ "Hasil Perhitungan Suara Sah Pemilu Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Menurut Provinsi Tahun 2004, 2009, 2014, 2019". Statistics Indonesia. 9 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  51. ↑ "Number of Presidential and Vice Presidential Election Votes in The First Round, 2004 and 2009 (Indonesia)". Neliti. 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  52. ↑ Ananta, Aris; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Suryadinata, Leo (2005). Emerging Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 80–83. ISBN 981-230-323-5.
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