Nonexplosive stop
In phonetics and phonology, nonexplosive stops are a broad conception of consonants that resemble (and may include) implosives but that do not necessarily involve implosion or negative oral air pressure.[1] These stop consonants lack the pressure buildup and burst release of pulmonic plosives, and include implosives, glottalized and laryngealized stops, as well as 'certain varieties of "lenis" and labial–velar stops'.[2] According to Clements & Osu (2002) (quoting Ian Maddieson), such consonants occur in around 20% of the world's languages.[3]
Ikwerre has two nonexplosive stops that acoustically resemble implosives, but lack the characteristic glottalic airstream mechanism and lowering of the larynx.[4] They are transcribed as voiced ⟨ḅ⟩ and pre-glottalized ⟨ʼḅ⟩, and written in the language's orthography as ⟨gb⟩ and ⟨kp⟩, respectively.[5] Thus, they correspond to labial–velars /ɡ͡b/ and /k͡p/ in most other Igboid languages, and to implosives /ɓ/ and /ɓ̥/ in some varieties of Igbo; additionally, in some varieties of Ikwerre, they may still have labial–velar realizations.[5] In Ikwerre, they pattern with sonorants as a natural class, both in the sense of being non-obstruent, and in the sense that they have allophonic realizations as nasal consonants when preceding nasal vowels.[6] However, while they pattern with sonorants, they are featurally described as being both non-obstruent and non-sonorant, as they lack both air pressure buildup and sonority.[7]
Murrinh-Patha has two series of stops described as "fortis" and "lenis"; the lenis series are non-explosive:[1]
Visual observation of the Murrinh-Patha speaker [...] confirmed that the larynx is lowered quite substantially during the lenis articulations [...]. This is clearly the reason for the low, fluctuating, and sometimes negative intra-oral pressure[s of] these fully voiced stops (in the case of this speaker's initial lenis stops, more than half the tokens were fully implosive).[8]
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Miller (2012), p. 269 ff.
- ^ Clements & Osu (2002), p. 300.
- ^ Clements & Osu (2002), p. 299.
- ^ Clements & Osu (2002), pp. 314, 321–322.
- ^ a b Clements & Osu (2002), p. 314.
- ^ Clements & Osu (2002), p. 334.
- ^ Clements & Osu (2002), p. 340.
- ^ Butcher (2004), p. 552.
References
[edit]- Clements, George N.; Osu, Sylvester (2002). "Explosives, implosives, and nonexplosives: Some linguistic effects of air pressure differences in stops". In Carlos Gussenhoven and Natasha Warner (ed.). Laboratory Phonology 7. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 299–350. doi:10.1515/9783110197105.2.299. ISBN 9783110170863.
- Clements, George N.; Osu, Sylvester (2005). "Nasal harmony in Ikwere, a language with no phonemic nasal consonants". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics. 26 (2): 165–200. doi:10.1515/jall.2005.26.2.165. S2CID 144317723.
- Miller, Brett (2012). "Sonority and the Larynx". In Parker, Steve (ed.). The Sonority Controversy. Phonology and Phonetics. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 257–288. ISBN 9783110261516.
- Butcher, Andrew (2004). "'Fortis/lenis' revisited one more time: the aerodynamics of some oral stop contrasts in three continents". Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics. 18 (6–8): 547–557. doi:10.1080/02699200410001703565.
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