Jump to content

LGBTQ people in Brazil

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from LGBT people in Brazil)

"LGBTQ in Brazil" redirects here. For other uses, see LGBTQ in Brazil (disambiguation).
Brazilian pride flag[1][2]
Rainbow balloons in São Paulo.

LGBTQ people in Brazil represent an estimated 5.2% of the Brazilian population.[3]

In Brazil, civil unions between same-sex couples were legalized in 2011, and marriage, in 2013. Adoption is also already a right guaranteed to LGBTQ people.[4]

History

[edit]

Pre-Cabraline era

[edit]

There is considerable evidence that homosexuality was socially accepted among Indigenous peoples.[5] According to the researcher Abelardo Romero, homosexuality “had spread for centuries among the native Brazilians as if it were a contagious disease”.[6] Von Martius also reported the astonishment of the Portuguese at the anthropophagy and sodomy practiced by Indigenous peoples,[6] as did the priest Manuel da Nóbrega, who in 1549 remarked that many settlers kept Indigenous men as wives “according to the custom of the land”.[6]

Religious ceremony of Tupinambá people in an engraving by Theodor de Bry

Among the Tupinambá, the Tratado Descritivo do Brasil (1587), written by Gabriel Soares de Souza, refers to both male and female homosexuality.[5] [7] It describes that the “sin against nature” was well accepted, and that the person taking the active role was considered brave, recounting the act as an achievement.[6] There were also individuals who maintained public tents for those who wanted them as public women, indicating possible male prostitution.[6]

The Tupinaés, neighbors of the Tupinambá, were “much more subject to the sin against nature than the Tupinambá”.[6] In 1576 the Portuguese writer Pero de Magalhães de Gândavo also reported that the Indigenous people “give themselves to the vice (of sodomy) as if they had no reason of men”.[6] Among the Guaicurú, there are also accounts of transvestism, such as the cudinas, castrated men who dressed as women and carried out exclusively female tasks such as weaving.[8] In the Bororo tribe, young men gathered in the baito (or men's house), where women could not enter and where youths engaged in sexual relations quite naturally.[8] In Indigenous medicine itself, treatment was sometimes carried out through sexual relations between the shaman and the sick, including anal intercourse, as among the Coeruna.[9] Among shamans, healing knowledge was transmitted from the elder shaman to his apprentices through sexual intercourse, in which the student submitted to the elder.[7]

Colonial period

[edit]

With the arrival of the Portuguese, the Portuguese legal codes began to apply in Brazilian territory, classifying sodomy as the “most vile, filthy and dishonest sin”.[5]

LGBTQ rights

[edit]
Main article: LGBTQ rights in Brazil

Recognition of same-sex unions as a family entity

[edit]
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Brazil

On 5 May 2011, the Supreme Federal Court unanimously recognized the existence of a family entity known as a same-sex union between homosexual couples. As a result, the rights granted to same-sex couples became similar in some respects to those of a stable union, including pensions, retirement benefits and inclusion in health insurance plans. The full effects of this decision were not immediately clear at the time, as it was still uncertain whether same-sex couples would be able to marry. In her vote, Justice Ellen Gracie Northfleet stated that “a decent society is a society that does not humiliate its members”, while Justice Luiz Fux said that “homosexuality characterizes the humanity of a person. It is not a crime. So why cannot a homosexual constitute a family? Because of two issues that are abhorred by our Constitution: intolerance and prejudice”.[10][11]

Civil movements and activity in institutional politics

[edit]
Main article: LGBTQ social movements in Brazil
See also: List of LGBTQ politicians in Brazil
Jean Wyllys, one of the defenders of the LGBTQ community in the Brazilian Congress in recent years.[12]

Among the first organized groups was Somos, from São Paulo, considered the first homosexual association with primarily political goals, founded in 1978. It was dissolved in 1983.[13] At the beginning of the 1980s there were about 22 such groups across the country, especially in the Rio–São Paulo axis.[13]

In politics, the defense of LGBTQ rights has been carried out predominantly by politicians sympathetic to the movement, as openly homosexual elected representatives have historically been rare. Among them was Clodovil Hernandes (died in 2009), the first openly homosexual person elected as a federal deputy, although he adopted a strongly critical stance toward the LGBTQ rights movement and did not consider himself elected by the LGBTQ population. Also notable is José Cláudio de Araújo, mayor of Paraty from 2001 to 2004, referred to as the first openly gay mayor in the country. Jean Wyllys, a federal deputy elected in 2010 who is openly homosexual, has been one of the most prominent defenders of the LGBTQ community in the Brazilian Congress.[12]

Given the small number of openly LGBTQ candidates, the number of elected officials has also been very limited. In the 2008 municipal elections, those elected as city councillors included the travesti Leo Kret (Salvador), Moacyr Sélia, better known as Moa (Nova Venécia, Espírito Santo), and Isaías Martins de Oliveira (Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais), as well as the openly gay politicians José Itaparandi (Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão), and Sander Simaglio (Alfenas, Minas Gerais).[14] Also cited are Vilson José Porcíncula, councillor in Tijucas, Santa Catarina,[15] and Anselmo Fabiano Santos, councillor in Itaúna, Minas Gerais[16] (the ABGLT lists Anselmo as an ally rather than gay).[17] The vice-mayor of João Alfredo, Pernambuco, Dimas Prazeres dos Santos, is also openly homosexual, despite serving as deputy to Severino Cavalcanti, known for his homophobic positions.[18] Another notable figure is Kátia Tapety, the first transgender person to hold political office in Brazil (city councillor in 1992 and vice-mayor in 2004) in Colônia do Piauí, Piauí.[19]

Although LGBTQ rights were not part of her political platform, Pará state deputy Eulina Rabelo gained national attention after being considered ineligible to run for mayor of Viseu in 2004 because she maintained a same-sex relationship, widely known in the city, with the incumbent mayor Astrid Cunha (mayor of Viseu from 1996 to 2004).[20][21] Another politician whose sexual orientation was revealed involuntarily was the former mayor of Poá, Jorge Allen.[22][23]

Milestone in electoral politics Person Election date Office
First bisexual councillor elected Renildo José dos Santos 1992 Councillor of Coqueiro Seco[24]
First transgender person elected Kátia Tapety Councillor of Colônia do Piauí[19]
First transgender vice-mayor Kátia Tapety 2004 Vice-mayor of Colônia do Piauí[25]
First openly homosexual federal deputy Clodovil Hernandes 2006 Federal deputy for São Paulo[26]
First transgender councillor in a state capital Leo Kret 2008 Councillor of Salvador[27]
First LGBTQ activist parliamentarian Jean Wyllys 2010 Federal deputy for Rio de Janeiro[28]
First openly homosexual mayor elected Edgar de Souza 2012 Mayor of Lins[29]
First openly homosexual senator elected Fabiano Contarato 2018 Senator for Espírito Santo[30]
First openly homosexual governors[a] Eduardo Leite and Fátima Bezerra 2018 (RS, RN) Governors of Rio Grande do Sul[31] and Rio Grande do Norte[32], respectively
First transgender federal deputies Erika Hilton and Duda Salabert 2022 (SP, MG) Federal deputies for São Paulo[33] and Minas Gerais[34], respectively[35]

Demographics

[edit]

Demographic research

[edit]

The sex composition of the LGBTQ population is distributed as follows: 64% male and 36% female. The composition of declared sexual orientation of the study population is distributed as follows: 5.76% identifies as asexual , 0.93% said they were lesbian, 1.37% gay, 2.12% bisexual, 0.68 trans, and 1.18% non-binary.[36] The education of the LGBTQ population is distributed as follows: 57% have higher degree (university or college) complete, 40% have high school (school) complete. The composition of housing condition of the LGBTQ population is distributed as follows: 52% live with parents or relatives, 22% live with partners, 20% live alone, 6% live with friends.[37]

In 2010, a survey conducted by Ministry of Health of Brazil revealed that the Brazilian gay population has more money than heterosexual population. The homosexuals were: A and B classes, 26.9%, C class, 49.9%, D and E classes, 23.2%. The heterosexuals were: A and B classes, 18.2%, C class, 47.8%, D and E classes 34%.[38]

LGBTs in Porto Alegre.

In 2007, a survey conducted by Insearch revealed that gays of Brazil spend 40% more on items related to leisure than heterosexuals. 84% traveled to Brazil four times over the past 12 months and 36% went abroad in the last three years. The Brazilian gays also read more, 88% read newspapers, and 94% read magazines. 73% have a habit of go to the movies three times a month on average, 46% go to the theater once a month and 57% buy eight books a year. Surpassing the national average.[39]

Approximately 80% of Brazilian LGBTQs reside in large cities, 20% came from interior.[40] The large cities of Brazil, known as gay-friendly, often contain a number of gay-oriented establishments, such as gay bars and pubs, gay nightclubs, gay bathhouses and gay restaurants. The most famous gay village of São Paulo is the Frei Caneca Street and in Rio is the Farme de Amoedo Street.[41][42][43][44][45][46]

Pride Celebrations

In São Paulo there is an annual Gay Pride Parade recording three to five million in attendance since 2019. People all over world travel to attend this event, it broke guinesse world records in 1997 and 2006 for holding the biggest pride parade in the world at 2.5 million people (for that point in time).[47] The gay pride Parade in Brazil also draws more than 400,000 visitors and generates more than $100 million in economic activity.[48]

LGBTQ Legislature

There have been great movements forward in policymaking regarding the protection and support of the LGBTQ+ community in Brazil, as noted in LGBTQ rights in Brazil.[49] Equaldex has recorded the policies and rights created in Acre, Brazil, in support of the LGBTQ+ community. This consists of non-binary gender federal recognition, the ban on conversion therapy, removal of restrictions for gender changing surgeries, hate crime protections, legality in the military, and more.[50]

Same-sex couples

[edit]
Lesbian couple in Brasília.

Same-sex relationships in the same home by Brazilian regions, according to the 2010 IBGE Census:[51]

Rank Region Same-sex
Couples
 Same-sex

Couples

rank
1 Southeast 32,202 1
2 Northeast 12,196 2
3 South 8,000 3
4 Central-West 4,141 4
5 North 3,429 5

GDP per capita

[edit]

Same-sex couples had more GDP per capita (annual) than Opposite-sex couples, according to the 2010 IBGE Census:[52]

GDP per capita (annual) Opposite-sex Couples Same-sex Couples
< R$3,270 (miserable) 9.2% 3.4%
R$3,270 < R$6,540 (poor) 18.72% 15.6%
R$6,540 < R$13,080 (relatively poor) 10.56% 25.14%
R$13,080 < R$32,700 (lower middle class) 10.56% 20.5%
R$32,700 < R$65,400 (middle class) 3.41% 9.55%
R$65,400 < R$130,800 (upper middle class) 1.05% 3.77%
> R$130,800 (rich) 0.34% 1.4%

Homophobia and transphobia

[edit]
Protest in favor of LGBTQ rights in front of the National Congress of Brazil.
The National Congress building illuminated in honor of the International LGBTQ Pride Day
Main article: Homophobia in Brazil

Homophobia in Brazil remains an ongoing and persistent problem, with statistics compiled by the Grupo Gay da Bahia, on the basis of which the group argues that Brazil is the most homophobic country in the world.[53]

In April 2009, the Grupo Gay da Bahia released its survey of cases verified in 2008, reporting that 190 people were murdered in Brazil that year, of whom 64% were gay men, 32% were travestis, and 4% were lesbians, an increase of 55% over the 2007 figures, keeping the country as the one recording the highest number of crimes of a homophobic nature. The survey also concluded that the risk of a travesti being murdered was 259 times higher than that of a gay man, with Pernambuco as the most violent state. Since it began the research in 1980, the group had recorded 2,998 murders.[54] In 2010, young homosexuals were attacked on Avenida Paulista in São Paulo.[55]

Visibility and cultural references

[edit]

From the 1980s onward, with the advance of AIDS, a disease initially identified almost exclusively with the LGBTQ population (often referred to as the "gay plague"), homosexuality gained visibility.[13] The major annual event related to homosexuality in Brazil is the São Paulo Gay Pride Parade, which in recent years has brought together more than 3 million people and is considered the largest in the world. The event is listed in the Guinness Book based on figures released by the Military Police for the 2006 edition: 2.5 million people (from 2007 onward, the publication did not consider newer figures because no estimate was released by an official source).[56]

Reference to homosexual practices by major national heroes meets strong resistance from historians. A list prepared by historian Luiz Mott containing the 100 greatest Brazilian personalities with homosexual behavior, among whom were Tiradentes, Mário de Andrade, Olavo Bilac, Roberto Burle Marx, Dom João VI, Santos Dumont and Zumbi dos Palmares, generated protest and controversy.[57] In the cultural sphere, however, the issue is less controversial, and many artists openly reveal their homosexuality or bisexuality without that affecting recognition of their work, including Cazuza, Cássia Eller, Ney Matogrosso, Renato Russo, Gilberto Braga, Aguinaldo Silva, and the drag queen Pabllo Vittar. In the artistic world, not all openly LGBTQ personalities are well regarded by the homosexual movement, as in the case of the late actor Jorge Lafond, whose career was marked by his portrayal of Vera Verão, considered a negative caricature for representing an effeminate gay man who was overbearing and aggressive toward women.[58][59]

In Brazilian cinema, according to a survey by film professor Antonio Moreno of films released between 1923 and 1996, the homosexual character is portrayed as politically alienated, aggressive in behavior, frequently with exaggeratedly feminine gestures, incapable of a monogamous relationship, tending toward solitude, and resorting to paid partners. Rarely a protagonist, such characters contributed to reinforcing the negative stereotype of the Brazilian homosexual.[60] Amores Possíveis, released in 2000, already showed a notable advance in the treatment of the subject. In 2009, a Brazilian film with a homosexual theme called Do Começo ao Fim was released, attracting more than 10,000 viewers on its opening weekend. Showing on only nine screens (as against more than 600 for Lua Nova and 550 for 2012), the film showed staying power by debuting in sixth place nationally.[61]

On television

[edit]

The first homosexual kiss

[edit]

In 1963 actresses Vida Alves and Geórgia Gomide performed the first homosexual kiss on Brazilian television on Rede Tupi in one of the episodes of TV de Vanguarda, entitled Calúnia.[62] In the story, Vida and Geórgia played the directors of a boarding school for girls who were slandered by a rebellious student who said the two were lovers, leading parents to withdraw their daughters from the school, which then closed. Bankrupt, the two ended up discovering that they really loved each other and kissed at the end of the story.[62] The productions were broadcast live, since videotape did not yet exist for recording at the time, and only a photographer recorded behind-the-scenes images, although this photograph was lost when the station closed years later.[63] In 2011, Vida, who had also performed the first heterosexual kiss on Brazilian television, said in an interview with Época that there had been no discrimination from the public: "The scene was talked about, but I did not feel any aggressive sentiment from people toward me. I am sure they judged me, but they did not attack me".[62] Only on 24 May 2016, during the program Okay Pessoal!!!, did Vida reveal that she had found a photograph of the occasion, showing it for the first time 53 years after the event.[64]

Impactful characters in telenovelas

[edit]

In 1968, the work As Professorinhas, on RecordTV, featured for the first time a homosexual protagonist in a telenovela, Helena, played by Tamara Restier, one of the five central characters in the plot, who lived with another woman, although the relationship was only mentioned, since the private lives of neither of them were shown, only their professional lives.[65] From the 1980s onward, homosexual characters began to be included frequently in telenovelas, although still in minor and stereotyped roles, including effeminate gestures and voice for men and short hair and masculinized behavior for women.[66][67] The first homosexual character in the 20 years after the first homosexual kiss was Inácio, in Brilhante, a telenovela by Gilberto Braga, in 1981, played by Dênis Carvalho.[68] In 1990 Rede Manchete moved ahead of the other broadcasters and showed for the first time a kiss between two men in the miniseries Mãe de Santo, between the characters Rafael (Daniel Barcellos) and Matheus (Raí Alves).[69] In 1998 Sílvio de Abreu proposed a more humanized approach on Rede Globo by including in Torre de Babel a lesbian couple, played by Leila (Sílvia Pfeifer) and Neuza (Christiane Torloni), for the first time in a non-caricatured manner.[70] The couple, however, had a high rejection rate from the public and the author had to kill them in the collapse of the shopping mall where the plot centered.[71]

In 2003, the couple formed by Clara (Alinne Moraes) and Rafaela (Paula Picarelli) in Mulheres Apaixonadas was the first accepted by the public in the modern history of Brazilian television.[72] Author Manoel Carlos used as a counterpoint the homophobic character Paulinha (Roberta Gualda), who practiced prejudice, causing the public to root for the couple.[73][74] In 2004 Aguinaldo Silva decided to explore further a relationship between two women, including the characters Jenifer (Bárbara Borges) and Eleonora (Mylla Christie) in Senhora do Destino and showing small kisses between them, without major press attention.[75] The scene in which the two appeared naked in bed after sexual relations was well received by the public and brought the telenovela to 48 audience points.[76] For the first time, a same-sex couple was shown adopting a child.[77] After the good reception of female couples, Glória Perez decided to construct the same discussion with a male homosexual character in América, in 2005, creating a story around Junior (Bruno Gagliasso), a young man struggling with whether or not to tell his mother about his sexuality, while also carrying on a romance with Zeca (Erom Cordeiro).[78] The couple even filmed a kissing scene, but management at Rede Globo vetoed its broadcast.[79][80] In 2009 the telenovela Bela, a Feia, on RecordTV, also approached homosexual relations in a more humanized way, making as a central plot the discovery of Diego's (Daniel Erthal) sexuality and his romance with Diogo (Sérgio Menezes), making them one of the principal couples in the story.[81][82]

After these interactions there was a regression in the humanization and treatment of homosexuals in telenovelas, returning to stereotyped characters with catchphrases, scandalous mannerisms, and no developed romantic or family relationships, usually serving only as friends of wealthy women, including Cássio (Marco Pigossi) in Caras & Bocas (2009), Áureo (André Gonçalves) in Morde & Assopra (2011), and Crô (Marcelo Serrado) in Fina Estampa (2011).[83][84] The Grupo Gay da Bahia (GGB) even declared that these characters were "enemies" for creating in the public mind a negative caricature that every LGBTQ person would be effeminate.[85] In 2011 the SBT aired in Amor e Revolução the network's first homosexual kiss, between the characters Marina (Giselle Tigre) and Marcela (Luciana Vendramini).[86] In 2014, the first kiss was finally shown on Rede Globo, between the characters Félix (Mateus Solano) and Niko (Thiago Fragoso), making it one of the last broadcasters to allow such a depiction.[87]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Eduardo Leite was not openly homosexual at the time of his election in 2018. He publicly came out only in July 2021 in an interview on the television program Conversa com Bial.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Brazilian Gay Flag". www.crwflags.com.
  2. ^ Graves, Logan (October 17, 2018). "2018 Elections in Brazil: Good News & Bad News".
  3. ^ Audi, Amanda (2022-05-26). "Brazil's official statistics agency publishes first survey on sexuality". The Brazilian Report. Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2024-09-06.
  4. ^ Castro, Raquel (2013). "Aprovado o casamento gay no Brasil" [Same-sex marriage approved in Brazil]. Jusbrasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Mott, Luiz. "Etno-história da homossexualidade na América Latina" [Ethno-history of homosexuality in Latin America]. Geocities (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 May 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Trevisan 2007, p. 65.
  7. ^ a b Trevisan 2007, p. 67.
  8. ^ a b Trevisan 2007, p. 66.
  9. ^ Trevisan 2007, pp. 66–67.
  10. ^ Passos, Rafael (5 May 2011). "Maioria dos ministros do STF reconhece união homossexual" [Majority of STF justices recognize same-sex union]. Estado de Minas (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  11. ^ Savarese, Maurício (5 May 2011). "Por unanimidade, Supremo reconhece união estável de homossexuais" [Unanimously, Supreme Court recognizes same-sex stable unions]. UOL (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  12. ^ a b "Paraty paratodos" [Paraty for everyone]. Mix Brasil (in Portuguese). 15 September 2003.
  13. ^ a b c "Movimento homossexual em foco" [Homosexual movement in focus]. CLAM (in Portuguese). 16 May 2005. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  14. ^ "Bahia: Kret, travesti e agora vereador, não abre mão das saias" [Bahia: Kret, travesti and now councillor, does not give up skirts]. Jornal do Brasil (in Portuguese). 18 October 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  15. ^ "Exclusivo: Santa Catarina tem gay assumido eleito vereador" [Exclusive: Santa Catarina has openly gay man elected councillor]. Athos GLS (in Portuguese). 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  16. ^ Hailer, Marcelo (30 December 2008). "Retrospectiva: Os fatos políticos que marcaram o mundo gay em 2008" [Retrospective: The political facts that marked the gay world in 2008]. A Capa (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  17. ^ "Eleições 2008 - Candidatos(as) LGBT e Aliad@s da causa" [2008 elections - LGBT candidates and allies of the cause]. ABGLT (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 28 March 2008.
  18. ^ Lins, Letícia (17 January 2009). "Prefeito Severino Cavalcanti pede voto para Lula, faz caça a 'marajás' e elogia vice gay" [Mayor Severino Cavalcanti asks for votes for Lula, hunts 'maharajahs', and praises gay vice-mayor]. Extra Online (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  19. ^ a b Tavares, Jamila (19 September 2012). "1º travesti eleito no país é tema de documentário no Festival de Brasília" [1st travesti elected in the country is the subject of a documentary at the Brasília Festival]. G1 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  20. ^ Dianezi, Vicente (29 April 2004). "TSE se omite sobre sucessão de parceira homossexual" [TSE abstains on succession by homosexual partner]. Consultor Jurídico (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  21. ^ Kümpel, Vitor Frederico (March 2005). "Breves reflexões sobre o homossexualismo" [Brief reflections on homosexuality]. Revista Jus Navigandi (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  22. ^ "O caso do prefeito Jorge Allen" [The case of mayor Jorge Allen]. Notícias de Poá (in Portuguese). 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  23. ^ "A minoria vai à luta" [The minority goes to the struggle]. Revista Época (in Portuguese). 18 January 1999. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  24. ^ Purpurina na terra do cangaço: Refletindo à Homossexualidade na Escola [Glitter in the land of cangaço: Reflecting on homosexuality at school] (PDF) (in Portuguese). ISBN 9786202195386.
  25. ^ "Conheça Kátia Tapety, a primeira travesti vice-prefeita do Brasil" [Meet Kátia Tapety, Brazil's first travesti vice-mayor]. Mix Brasil. 11 October 2004. Archived from the original on 4 June 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2026.
  26. ^ "Com quase 500 mil votos, Clodovil é o primeiro gay eleito para o cargo de Deputado Federal" [With nearly 500 thousand votes, Clodovil is the first gay man elected to the office of federal deputy]. A Capa (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2023-11-20. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  27. ^ "Leo Kret: "Quero ser presidenta do Brasil"" [Leo Kret: "I want to be president of Brazil"]. Terra. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  28. ^ "Direitos dos homossexuais são defendidos por 154 deputados" [Rights of homosexuals are defended by 154 deputies]. Estadão (in Portuguese).
  29. ^ "Prefeito de Lins oficializa união gay: 'Nos tornamos cidadãos plenos'" [Mayor of Lins formalizes gay union: 'We became full citizens']. Bauru e Marília (in Portuguese). 6 March 2017.
  30. ^ "Espírito Santo elege primeiro senador gay e tira aliado de Bolsonaro" [Espírito Santo elects first gay senator and removes Bolsonaro ally]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 October 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  31. ^ "Eduardo Leite, governador do RS, fala sobre homossexualidade em entrevista a Bial" [Eduardo Leite, governor of RS, speaks about homosexuality in an interview with Bial]. G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  32. ^ "Fátima Bezerra: 'Na minha vida pública ou privada nunca existiram armários'" [Fátima Bezerra: 'In my public or private life there have never been closets']. UOL (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  33. ^ "Erika Hilton celebra eleição ao Congresso como mulher trans" [Erika Hilton celebrates election to Congress as a trans woman]. Band (in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 October 2022. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  34. ^ Rocha, Anderson; Malheiro, Franco (2 October 2022). "Duda Salabert é eleita a primeira deputada federal trans por MG" [Duda Salabert is elected the first trans federal deputy for MG]. O Tempo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  35. ^ Yoneshigue, Bernardo (2 October 2022). "Erika Hilton e Duda Salabert: primeiras deputadas federais trans são eleitas no Brasil" [Erika Hilton and Duda Salabert: first trans federal deputies are elected in Brazil]. Extra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  36. ^ Spizzirri, Giancarlo; Eufrásio, Raí Álvares; Abdo, Carmita Helena Najjar; Lima, Maria Cristina Pereira (2022-07-01). "Proportion of ALGBT adult Brazilians, sociodemographic characteristics, and self-reported violence". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 11176. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1211176S. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15103-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9249838. PMID 35778514.
  37. ^ LGBT Census - Brazil (in Portuguese) Archived 2010-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ "Brazilian homosexuals have more money than heterosexuals" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
  39. ^ "Gays gastam 40% mais com lazer" [Gays spend 40% more on leisure]. Bem Paraná (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2026.
  40. ^ Regis (5 April 2010). "O homem gay do interior" [The gay man from the interior]. Grisalhos (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 18 April 2026.
  41. ^ LGBT areas in Brazil (in Portuguese) Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ Silva, Anabella Pavão da; Lehfeld, Neide Aparecida de Souza (2019-10-06). "Breves compreensões sobre as "cores" da diversidade sexual e de gênero: situando o serviço social" [Brief understandings of the "colors" of sexual and gender diversity: situating social work]. Temporalis. 19 (37): 102–117. doi:10.22422/temporalis.2019v19n37p102-117. ISSN 2238-1856. Archived from the original on 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2025-11-14.
  43. ^ Ambra, Pedro Eduardo Silva (2017-10-26). Das fórmulas ao nome: bases para uma teoria da sexuação em Lacan [From formulas to the name: bases for a theory of sexuation in Lacan] (tese thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo.
  44. ^ Neder, Cristiane Pimentel; Dias, Teresa Norton (2021-12-17). "Análise do seriado "The L Word". Um outro olhar sobre sexualidade e gênero em cena" [Analysis of the series "The L Word": Another look at sexuality and gender on the scene]. Cinema & Território (in Portuguese). 1 (6): 88–108. doi:10.34640/universidademadeira2021nederdias. ISSN 2183-7902.
  45. ^ Dos Reis Miranda, Joseval; Costa Feijó Da Silva, Alysson (2019-04-30). "RELAÇÃO DE GÊNERO E SEXUALIDADES NAS LETRAS DE MÚSICA: O QUE NOS DIZEM OS/AS DISCENTES?" [Gender relations and sexualities in song lyrics: What do students tell us?]. Linguagens, Educação e Sociedade (41): 576–603. doi:10.26694/les.v0i41.8488. ISSN 2447-6293.
  46. ^ Faleiro, Wender; Assis, Maria Paulina de (2017-05-30). Ciências da Natureza e Formação de Professores [Natural Sciences and Teacher Training] (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Paco Editorial. ISBN 978-85-462-0863-0.
  47. ^ Guys, The Globetrotter (2021-06-08). "12 Biggest Pride Parades in the World!". The Globetrotter Guys. Retrieved 2026-03-03.
  48. ^ "SÃO PAULO LGBTQIA+ PRIDE ATTRACTS MORE THAN 3 MILLION PEOPLE AND MOVES OVER US$100 MILLION - Soul Brasil Magazine". 2026-02-16. Retrieved 2026-03-03.
  49. ^ "Brazil". Outright International. Retrieved 18 April 2026.
  50. ^ "LGBT Rights in Acre, Brazil". Equaldex. Retrieved 2026-03-05.
  51. ^ Lauriano, Carolina; Duarte, Nathália (29 April 2011). "Censo 2010 contabiliza mais de 60 mil casais homossexuais" [2010 Census counts more than 60 thousand same-sex couples]. G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 18 April 2026.
  52. ^ Santos, Débora; Nalon, Tai (16 November 2011). "Casais gays ganham mais que casais heterossexuais, mostra IBGE" [Gay couples earn more than heterosexual couples, IBGE shows]. G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 18 April 2026.
  53. ^ "Homicídio de homossexuais no país sobe 55% em 2008, diz associação" [Homicide of homosexuals in the country rises 55% in 2008, says association]. Diário Catarinense (in Portuguese). 15 April 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  54. ^ "Um homossexual é assassinado a cada dois dias no Brasil, mostra pesquisa" [A homosexual is murdered every two days in Brazil, study shows]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). 15 April 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  55. ^ Apolinário, Marcio (14 November 2010). "Grupo usou lâmpada fluorescente para agredir jovens em São Paulo" [Group used fluorescent lamp to attack youths in São Paulo]. Último Segundo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  56. ^ Ripardo, Sérgio (28 May 2008). "Guinness exclui recorde da Parada Gay" [Guinness excludes the Gay Parade record]. Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  57. ^ Sampaio, Flavio. "Eram eles gays?" [Were they gay?]. IstoÉ Online (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  58. ^ "Militância homossexual repudia campanha com Vera Verão" [Homosexual militancy repudiates campaign with Vera Verão]. e-jovem (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 July 2002. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  59. ^ "Reação" [Reaction]. Rapadura News (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  60. ^ Góis, João Bôsco Hora (1 January 2002). "MORENO, Antônio. A personagem homossexual no cinema brasileiro" [MORENO, Antônio. The homosexual character in Brazilian cinema]. Estudos Feministas (in Portuguese). 10 (2): 515. ISSN 1806-9584. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  61. ^ "'Lua nova' ultrapassa 3 milhões de espectadores e já é o sétimo filme mais visto do ano no Brasil" ['New Moon' surpasses 3 million viewers and is already the seventh most watched film of the year in Brazil]. O Globo (in Portuguese). 1 December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  62. ^ a b c Casaletti, Danilo (22 January 2001). "Vida Alves: ela deu o verdadeiro primeiro beijo gay da televisão brasileira" [Vida Alves: she gave the true first gay kiss on Brazilian television]. Revista Época (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2026.
  63. ^ Ortega, Rodrigo (1 February 2014). "'Tenho orgulho', diz atriz de primeiros beijos hétero e gay da TV no Brasil" ['I am proud,' says actress of the first straight and gay kisses on TV in Brazil]. Globo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  64. ^ "Okay Pessoal!!! (24/05/16)". SBT (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 January 2001. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2026.
  65. ^ "As Professorinhas (1968)". Teledramaturgia (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  66. ^ "Gays ganham espaço na TV, mas continuam estereotipados, diz estudo" [Gays gain space on TV, but remain stereotyped, study says]. Notícias da TV (in Portuguese). UOL. 27 October 2015.
  67. ^ Melo, Murilo (28 August 2014). "Crítica de TV: 'Império' escorrega em gays estereotipados, mas acerta em núcleo com filho homofóbico" [TV review: 'Império' slips into stereotyped gays, but gets it right with storyline featuring a homophobic son]. iBahia (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2026.
  68. ^ "Relembre os personagens gays que marcaram a história da TV e do cinema" [Remember the gay characters who marked the history of TV and cinema]. IG (in Portuguese). 22 May 2013. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2026.
  69. ^ "Esperamos o segundo beijo gay da tevê Brasileira" [We await the second gay kiss on Brazilian TV]. Grupo Gay da Bahia (in Portuguese). 23 May 2009. Archived from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2026.
  70. ^ "10 casais gays nas novelas" [10 gay couples in soap operas]. Guia dos Curiosos (in Portuguese). 1 December 2009. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  71. ^ "Sílvia Pfeifer e Christiane Torloni falam sobre aceitação aos gays nas novelas" [Sílvia Pfeifer and Christiane Torloni speak about acceptance of gays in soap operas]. Glamurama (in Portuguese). UOL. 20 October 2014.
  72. ^ Honor, Rosângela (12 May 2003). "Um amor de meninas: As atrizes Aline Moraes e Paula Picarelli ganham a aprovação do público interpretando um casal homossexual na novela Mulheres Apaixonadas" [A girls' love: Actresses Aline Moraes and Paula Picarelli win public approval by portraying a homosexual couple in the soap opera Mulheres Apaixonadas]. ISTOÉ Gente (in Portuguese). UOL. Archived from the original on 9 April 2005. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  73. ^ "Clara assume o romance com Rafaela" [Clara assumes her romance with Rafaela]. Terra (in Portuguese). 10 July 2003. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  74. ^ Yuri, Débora (19 October 2003). "TV para a família não ver" [TV for the family not to watch]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  75. ^ "Mylla Christie beija Bárbara Borges em Senhora" [Mylla Christie kisses Bárbara Borges in Senhora]. Terra (in Portuguese). 27 July 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  76. ^ "Novela "Senhora do Destino" mostra casal de lésbicas na cama" [Soap opera "Senhora do Destino" shows lesbian couple in bed]. Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). 26 November 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  77. ^ "Eleonora consegue adotar Renato" [Eleonora manages to adopt Renato]. O Cities (in Portuguese). 1 March 2005. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  78. ^ Rocha, Ará (4 November 2005). "OFuxico adianta algumas cenas do último capítulo de América" [OFuxico previews some scenes from the last chapter of América]. O Fuxico (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  79. ^ Mendes, Leo (November 2005). "Rede Globo censura beijo Gay" [Rede Globo censors gay kiss]. Piratininga (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  80. ^ "Rede Globo vetou beijo gay de Júnior e Zeca na novela 'América'" [Rede Globo vetoed the gay kiss between Júnior and Zeca in the soap opera 'América']. O Tempo (in Portuguese). 5 November 2005. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  81. ^ Ferreira em, Leonardo (13 July 2009). "'Bela, a feia' terá casal gay" ['Bela, a Feia' will have a gay couple]. Extra (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  82. ^ Escansette, Roberta (29 May 2010). "Daniel Erthal diz que conquistou público gay com seu personagem em Bela, a Feia" [Daniel Erthal says he won over the gay public with his character in Bela, a Feia]. R7 (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2010-06-04.
  83. ^ "É dia deles! Relembre 16 gays que sambaram nas novelas" [It's their day! Remember 16 gays who shone in soap operas]. Terra (in Portuguese). 7 June 2015.
  84. ^ "Polêmica: Aguinaldo Silva é xingado na rua por causa do personagem Crô" [Controversy: Aguinaldo Silva is insulted on the street because of the character Crô]. Clicrbs (in Portuguese). 1 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2026.
  85. ^ Tácito Costa (7 March 2012). "Gays criticam Dilma, Crô e Minotauro e entregam "Oscar" a "inimigos"" [Gays criticize Dilma, Crô and Minotauro and give "Oscar" to "enemies"]. Substantivo Plural (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 June 2012.
  86. ^ "SBT exibe o primeiro beijo gay da TV brasileira" [SBT airs the first gay kiss on Brazilian TV]. Midia News (in Portuguese). 13 May 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  87. ^ "Final de 'Amor à vida' tem primeiro beijo gay em novela da Globo" [Final of 'Amor à Vida' has the first gay kiss in a Globo soap opera]. G1 (in Portuguese). 31 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Trevisan, João Silvério (2007). Devassos no paraíso: a homossexualidade no Brasil, da colônia à atualidade [Debauchees in paradise: homosexuality in Brazil, from the colony to the present] (7 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_people_in_Brazil&oldid=1350525989"