Hyoid apparatus
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The hyoid apparatus is the collective term used in veterinary anatomy for the bones which suspend the tongue and larynx.[1] In mammals, it typically consists of a single midline element, the basihyal, with a pair of elements, the thyrohyals, posteriorly, and a pair of chains of elements, the anterior cornua, linking the hyoid to the skull: the ceratohyal, epihyal, and stylohyal, as well as the tympanohyal, which is anchored to the petrosal bone.[2] The hyoid apparatus resembles the shape of a trapeze,[3] or a bent letter "H".[4] The basihyoid bone lies within the muscle at the base of the tongue.[1] The typical arrangement of the mammalian hyoid apparatus arose in Mammaliaformes; non-mammaliaform synapsids show only a simple pair of rod-like bones that were presumably connected to a cartilaginous basihyal at their anterior ends.[5]
In anthropoid primates, including humans, the anterior cornu (which comprises the ceratohyal, stylohyal, and stylohyal in other mammals) is reduced and consists only of the ceratohyal.[2] In humans, the hyoid apparatus is treated as a single bone, the hyoid,[6] and the elements are often fused together, though the thyrohyals, which form the greater cornua of the human hyoid, often remain separate even in elderly individuals.[7]
In birds, the hyoid apparatus comprises the basihyal, urohyal, paraglossalia, ceratobranchials, and epibranchials. The ceratobranchials are the only consistently ossified elements; the other elements may be cartilaginous or ossified.[8]
References
[edit]- 1 2 König, Horst Erich; Liebich, Hans-Georg, eds. (2007). "Skeleton of the head". Veterinary anatomy of domestic mammals textbook and colour atlas (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: Schattauer. p. 71. ISBN 978-3-7945-2485-3.
- 1 2 Li, Peishu; Ross, Callum F.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2022). "Morphological disparity and evolutionary transformations in the primate hyoid apparatus". Journal of Human Evolution. 162 103094. Bibcode:2022JHumE.16203094L. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103094. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 34808474.
- ↑ Aspinall, Victoria; Cappello, Melanie (2009). "Chapter 3. Skeletal system". Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology (2nd ed.). Butterworth Heinemann. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7020-2938-7.
- ↑ Colville, Thomas P.; Bassert, Joanna M. (2016). "Chapter 7. The skeletal system". Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians (3rd ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-323-22793-3.
- ↑ Zhou, Chang-Fu; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Neander, April I.; Martin, Thomas; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2019-07-19). "New Jurassic mammaliaform sheds light on early evolution of mammal-like hyoid bones". Science. 365 (6450): 276–279. Bibcode:2019Sci...365..276Z. doi:10.1126/science.aau9345. eISSN 1095-9203. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31320539.
- ↑ "Hyoid apparatus - Definition". mondofacto.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
- ↑ Parsons, F. G. (1909). "The topography and morphology of the human hyoid bone". Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 43 (Pt 4): 279–290. PMC 1289204. PMID 17232809.
- ↑ McInerney, Phoebe L.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Clement, Alice M.; Worthy, Trevor H. (2019). "The phylogenetic significance of the morphology of the syrinx, hyoid and larynx, of the southern cassowary, Casuarius casuarius (Aves, Palaeognathae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 19 (1): 233. Bibcode:2019BMCEE..19..233M. doi:10.1186/s12862-019-1544-7. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 6935130. PMID 31881941.
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