Eokochia
| Eokochia | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Spermatophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Subfamily: | Camphorosmoideae |
| Tribe: | Camphorosmeae |
| Genus: | Eokochia Freitag & G.Kadereit |
| Species: | E. saxicola
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| Binomial name | |
| Eokochia saxicola (Guss.) Freitag & G.Kadereit
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Eokochia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the amaranth family. The only species is Eokochia saxicola, a very rare plant only found in Italy.
Description
[edit]Eokochia saxicola is a subshrub with some lignin in its stems and quite succulent leaves that are nearly terete, round in cross section.[3] The structure of the leaf is unusual with a central vascular bundle and two complex side bundles in a single plane.[4] The twisted main stems can reach lengths of 15 to 30 centimeters (5.9–11.8 in) and hang downwards from the rock faces. The stems are gray-green with groves along their length. The leaves generally curve towards branch tips and measure 6–25 millimeters long, though usually not longer than 12 mm, with a diameter of about 1 mm.[5]
The fruits can be single or in clusters of up to three. They are somewhat brownish-olive colored measuring 5–6 mm with smooth edged, curving, fan shaped wings of 2 by 2.5 mm.[5] Each fruit has five of these persistent perianth wings.[6]
Taxonomy
[edit]The species was first scientifically described in 1855 by Giovanni Gussone and named Kochia saxicola.[2] The specimens he described were found on the island of Ischia on a rocky, dry slope near a place called 'S. Anna'.[7] In 1978 the species was moved to the genus Bassia by Andrew John Scott.[2] In 2011 the botanists Helmut E. Freitag and Gudrun Kadereit described and named a new genus called Eokochia containing Eokochia saxicola as its sole species. The genus is classified as part of the Amaranthaceae family.[8] It is most closely related four other species that are widely separated in geographic distribution,[9] Spirobassia hirsuta from Europe and western Asia,[10] Neokochia americana from the western United States,[11] Neokochia californica from eastern California and western Nevada,[12] and Chenolea diffusa from Mozambique, Namibia, and South Africa.[13] Though geographically closer to Spirobassia hirsuta, Eokochia saxicola is most closely related to Neokochia americana and Neokochia californica.[9]
The genus is named for Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch (1771–1849), a German physician and botanist,[14] the authors saying in their description that they chose it "because this species evidently is a relict of a very old lineage."[3]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Eokochia saxicola is endemic to Italy and only known from five locations. One on the island of Ischia, two on Capri, Strombolicchio near Stromboli, and finally the recently discovered location in Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park on the mainland in Campania.[15] All the known populations are near the Tyrrhenian Sea, west of Italy.[6] In 2004 the plant had a known population of approximately 30 mature plants on Strombolicchio and 100 on Capri, but was probably locally extinct on Ischia.[16] The population in Strombolicchio grow on the northern cliffs of the island. A few plants cultivated at the Botanical Garden of Naples were reintroduced to Ischia around 2013 near the site where Gussone first saw the plant.[7]
Most of its habit is exposed rock on the coast of its islands and is adapted to the salt spray it is exposed to there.[17]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Domina & Santangelo 2023.
- ^ a b c POWO 2026c.
- ^ a b Kadereit & Freitag 2011, p. 72.
- ^ Kadereit & Freitag 2011, pp. 68, 72.
- ^ a b Pignatti 1982, p. 171.
- ^ a b Iamonico & Kadereit 2013, p. 418.
- ^ a b Iamonico & Kadereit 2013, p. 420.
- ^ POWO 2026b.
- ^ a b Kadereit & Freitag 2011, p. 66.
- ^ POWO 2026f.
- ^ POWO 2026d.
- ^ POWO 2026e.
- ^ POWO 2026a.
- ^ Burkhardt 2022, K-35.
- ^ Strumia, Croce & Santangelo 2015, p. 559.
- ^ Troia et al. 2004, p. 173.
- ^ Kadereit & Freitag 2011, p. 68.
Sources
[edit]Books
[edit]- Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen: Von Menschen & ihren Pflanzen [An Encyclopedia of Eponymous Plant Names: Of People and Their Plants] (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8.
- Pignatti, Sandro (1982). Flora d'Italia (in Italian). Vol. I (First ed.). Bologna, Italy: Edagricole. OCLC 9335851. Retrieved 19 April 2026.
Journal articles
[edit]- Iamonico, Duilio; Kadereit, Gudrun (18 October 2013). "Typification of the Name Kochia saxicola (Chenopodiaceae)". Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. 22 (4): 418–421. doi:10.3417/2011058. JSTOR 43289109. Retrieved 19 April 2026.
- Kadereit, Gudrun; Freitag, Helmut (February 2011). "Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae (Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for biogeography, evolution of C4‐photosynthesis and taxonomy". Taxon. 60 (1): 51–78. doi:10.1002/tax.601006.
- Strumia, S.; Croce, A.; Santangelo, A. (4 May 2015). "New distributional data of the rare endemic species Eokochia saxicola (Guss.) Freitag and G. Kadereit (Chenopodiaceae): Effects on biogeography and conservation". Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology. 149 (3): 559–564. doi:10.1080/11263504.2013.870246.
- Troia, Angelo; Cardinale, Massimiliano; La Manna, Marco Pio; Lo Cascio, Pietro; Pasta, Salvatore; Puglia, Anna Maria; Quatrini, Paola; Voutsinas, Emanuela (2004). "Preliminary results of EOLIFE99, a project concerning the conservation of four endangered plant species of Aeolian Archipelago (South Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)" (PDF). Quaderni di Botanica Ambientale e Applicata. 15: 173–174. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2025. Retrieved 19 April 2026.
Web sources
[edit]- Domina, G.; Santangelo, A. (2023) [amended version of 2011 assessment]. "Eokochia saxicola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T161940A243574788. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T161940A243574788.en. Retrieved 19 April 2026.
- POWO (2026a). "Chenolea diffusa Thunb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 April 2026.
- POWO (2026b). "Eokochia Freitag & G.Kadereit". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 April 2026.
- POWO (2026c). "Eokochia saxicola (Guss.) Freitag & G.Kadereit". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 April 2026.
- POWO (2026d). "Neokochia americana (S.Watson) G.L.Chu & S.C.Sand". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 April 2026.
- POWO (2026e). "Neokochia californica (S.Watson) G.L.Chu & S.C.Sand". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 April 2026.
- POWO (2026f). "Spirobassia hirsuta (L.) Freitag & G.Kadereit". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 April 2026.