Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in
Menu
Find a journal Publish with us Track your research
Search
Saved research
Cart
  1. Home
  2. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
  3. Article

The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy

  • SPECIAL REPORT
  • Open access
  • Published: 10 July 2011
  • Volume 110, pages 293–304 (2011)
  • Cite this article

You have full access to this open access article

Download PDF
Save article
View saved research
Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy Aims and scope Submit manuscript
The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy
Download PDF
  • Brian Luzum1,
  • Nicole Capitaine2,
  • Agnès Fienga3,
  • William Folkner4,
  • Toshio Fukushima5,
  • James Hilton1,
  • Catherine Hohenkerk6,
  • George Krasinsky7,
  • Gérard Petit8,
  • Elena Pitjeva7,
  • Michael Soffel9 &
  • …
  • Patrick Wallace10 
  • 5341 Accesses

  • 115 Citations

  • 8 Altmetric

  • Explore all metrics

Abstract

In the 2006–2009 triennium, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group on Numerical Standards for Fundamental Astronomy determined a list of Current Best Estimates (CBEs). The IAU 2009 Resolution B2 adopted these CBEs as the IAU (2009) System of Astronomical Constants. Additional work continues to define the process of updating the CBEs and creating a standard electronic document.

Article PDF

Download to read the full article text

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.
  • Exoplanet
  • Inner Planet
  • Metrology and Fundamental Constants
  • Standardization
  • Standards
  • Space Studies
  • Gravitational Wave Detection and Analysis

References

  • Anderson J.D., Colombo G., Esposito P.B., Lau E.L., Trager G.B.: The mass gravity field and ephemeris of Mercury. Icarus 71, 337–349 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourda G., Capitaine N.: Precession, nutation and space geodetic determination of the Earth’s variable gravity field. Astron. Astrophys. 428, 691–702 (2004)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Brown M.E., Schaller E.L.: The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris. Science 316, 1585 (2007). doi:10.1126/science.1139415

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Burša M., Kouba J., Raděj K., True S.A., Vatrt V., Vojtišková M.: Mean earth’s equipotential surface from Topex/Poseidon altimetry. Studia Geoph. Et Geod. 42, 459–466 (1998). doi:10.1023/A:1023356803773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capitaine N., Guinot B., McCarthy D.D.: Definition of the Celestial Ephemeris Origin and of UT1 in the International Celestial Reference Frame. Astron. Astrophys. 355, 398–405 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Capitaine N., Wallace P., Chapront J.: Expressions for IAU 2000 precession quantities. Astron. Astrophys. 412, 567–586 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Capitaine N., Wallace P.T., Chapront J.: Improvement of the IAU 2000 precession model. Astron. Astrophys. 432, 355–367 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapront J., Chapront-Touzé M., Francou G.: A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements. Astron. Astrophys. 387, 700–709 (2002). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020420

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng M., Tapley B.D.: Variations in the Earth’s oblateness during the past 28 years. J. Geophys. Res. 109, B09402 (2004). doi:10.1029/2004JB003028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CODATA, http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html (2006)

  • Fairhead L., Bretagnon P.: An Analytical Formula for the Time Transformation TB–TT. Astron. Astrophys. 229, 240–247 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkner, W.M., Williams, J.G., Boggs, D.H.: The planetary and Lunar Ephemeris DE 421. Memorandum IOM 343R-08-003, (2008)

  • Fukushima, T.: Report on Astronomical Constants. In: Johnston, K.J., McCarthy, D.D., Luzum, B.J., Kaplan, G.H. (eds.) Proceedings of IAU Colloquium 180, pp. 417–427. (2000)

  • Fukushima T.: Report on Astronomical Constants. In: Rickman, H. (eds) Highlights of Astronomy, Vol. 12, pp. 107–112. International Astronomical Union, 2000, Paris (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauss, C.F.: Theory of the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Moving About the Sun in Conic Sections. p. 2 Little, Brown, and Company, Boston (1857)

  • Groten, E.: Geodesists Handbook 2000, part 4, http://www.gfy.ku.dk/~iag/HB2000/part4/groten.htm . See also Parameters of Common Relevance of Astronomy, Geodesy, and Geodynamics. J. Geod. 74, 134–140 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilton J.L., Capitaine N., Chapront J., Ferrandiz J.M., Fienga A., Fukushima T., Getino J., Mathews P., Simon J.-L., Soffel M., Vondrak J., Wallace P., Williams J.: Report of the International Astronomical Union Division I Working Group on Precession and the Ecliptic. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 94, 351–367 (2006). doi:10.1007/s10569-006-0001-2

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • IERS Conventions, McCarthy, D.D., Petit, G.: IERS Technical Note 32, Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt am Main, 127 pp. (2003)

  • International Astronomical Union (IAU). In: Proceedings of the Sixteenth General Assembly. Transactions of the IAU, XVIB, p. 31, pp. 52–66 (1976)

  • International Astronomical Union (IAU): Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth General Assembly. Transactions of the IAU, XXIVB, pp. 34–57 (2000)

  • International Astronomical Union (IAU), Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth General Assembly. Transactions of the IAU, XXVIB (2006)

  • Irwin A., Fukushima T.: A numerical time ephemeris of the Earth. Astron. Astrophys. 348, 642–652 (1999)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson R.A.: The Orbits of the Neptunian Satellites and the Orientation of the Pole of Neptune. Astron. J. 137, 4322–4329 (2009). doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/4322

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson R.A., Campbell J.K., Taylor A.H.: The masses of Uranus and its Major Satellites from Voyager Tracking Data and Earth-based Uranian Satellite Data. Astron. J. 103(6), 2068–2078 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson R.A., Haw R.J., McElrath T.P., Antreasian P.G.: A Comprehensive Orbit Reconstruction for the Galileo Prime Mission in the J2000 System. J. Astronaut. Sci. 48(4), 495–516 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson R.A., Antreasian P.G., Bordi J.J., Criddle K.E., Ionasescu R., Jones J.B., Mackenzie R.A., Pelletier F.J., Owen W.M. Jr, Roth D.C., Stauch J.R.: The Gravity Field of the Saturnian System from Satellite Observations and Spacecraft Tracking Data. Astron. J. 132(6), 2520–2526 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Klioner, S.A., Capitaine, N., Folkner, W., Guinot, B., Huang, T.-Y., Kopeikin, S., Pitjeva, E., Seidelmann, P. K., Soffel, M.: Units of relativistic time scales and associated quantities. In: Klioner, S., Seidelmann, P.K., Soffel M. (eds.) Relativity in Fundamental Astronomy: Dynamics, Reference Frames, and Data Analysis, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Symposium No. 261, 2009, Cambridge University Press, pp. 79–84. (2010) doi:10.1017/S1743921309990184

  • Konopliv A.S., Banerdt W.B., Sjogren W.L.: Venus Gravity: 180th Degree and Order Model. Icarus 139, 3–18 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Konopliv A.S., Yoder C.F., Standish E.M., Yuan D.N., Sjogren W.L.: A global solution for the Mars static and seasonal gravity, Mars Orientation, Phobos and Deimos masses, and Mars ephemeris. Icarus 182(1), 23–50 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohr P.J., Taylor B.N.: CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 1998. Rev. Mod. Phys. 72, 351–495 (2000)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Mohr P.J., Taylor B.N., Newell D.B.: The CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006. Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 633–730 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Petit, G.: Report of the BIPM/IAU joint committee on relativity for space-time reference systems and metrology. In: Johnston, K.J., McCarthy, D.D., Luzum, B.J., Kaplan, G.H. (eds.) Proceedings of IAU Colloquium 180, U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, D.C. pp. 275–282, (2000)

  • Pitjeva E.V., Standish E.M.: Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon-Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 103, 365–372 (2009). doi:10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Ries J.C., Eanes R.J., Shum C.K., Watkins M.M.: Progress in the determination of the gravitational coefficient of the Earth. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19(6), 529–531 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Standish E.M.: Report of the IAU WGAS Sub-group on Numerical Standards. In: Appenzeller, I. (eds) Highlights in Astronomy, Vol. 10, pp. 180–184. International Astronomical Union, 1994, Paris (1995)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tholen D.J., Buie M.W., Grundy W.: Masses of Nix and Hydra. Astron. J. 135(3), 777–784 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewer for the careful reading and the helpful suggestions.

Open Access

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, DC, USA

    Brian Luzum & James Hilton

  2. SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, Paris, France

    Nicole Capitaine

  3. Institut UTINAM, Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS-UMR 6123, Besançon, France

    Agnès Fienga

  4. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA

    William Folkner

  5. National Astronomical Observatory, Tokyo, Japan

    Toshio Fukushima

  6. HM Nautical Almanac Office, Taunton, UK

    Catherine Hohenkerk

  7. Institute of Applied Astronomy, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia

    George Krasinsky & Elena Pitjeva

  8. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres, France

    Gérard Petit

  9. Dresden Technical University, Dresden, Germany

    Michael Soffel

  10. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK

    Patrick Wallace

Authors
  1. Brian Luzum
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nicole Capitaine
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Agnès Fienga
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. William Folkner
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Toshio Fukushima
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  6. James Hilton
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Catherine Hohenkerk
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  8. George Krasinsky
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Gérard Petit
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Elena Pitjeva
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Michael Soffel
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Patrick Wallace
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brian Luzum.

Additional information

George Krasinsky was recently deceased.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Luzum, B., Capitaine, N., Fienga, A. et al. The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy. Celest Mech Dyn Astr 110, 293–304 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4

Download citation

  • Received: 20 December 2010

  • Accepted: 30 April 2011

  • Published: 10 July 2011

  • Issue date: August 2011

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Keywords

  • Numerical standards
  • Fundamental Astronomy
  • Fundamental constants

Associated Content

Part of a collection:

IAU Reports

Advertisement

Search

Navigation

  • Find a journal
  • Publish with us
  • Track your research

Footer Navigation

Discover content

  • Journals A-Z
  • Books A-Z
  • Subjects A-Z

Publish with us

  • Journal finder
  • Publish your research
  • Language editing
  • Open access publishing

Products and services

  • Our products
  • Librarians
  • Societies
  • Partners and advertisers

Our brands

  • Springer
  • Nature Portfolio
  • BMC
  • Palgrave Macmillan
  • Apress
  • Discover

Corporate Navigation

  • Your US state privacy rights
  • Accessibility statement
  • Terms and conditions
  • Privacy policy
  • Help and support
  • Legal notice
  • Cancel contracts here

104.23.243.59

Not affiliated

Springer Nature

© 2026 Springer Nature