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Population genetics, diversity and forensic characteristics of Tai–Kadai-speaking Bouyei revealed by insertion/deletions markers

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Abstract

China, inhabited by over 1.3 billion people and known for its genetic, cultural and linguistic diversity, is considered to be indispensable for understanding the association between language families and genetic diversity. In order to get a better understanding of the genetic diversity and forensic characteristics of Tai–Kadai-speaking populations in Southwest China, we genotyped 30 insertion/deletion (InDel) markers and amelogenin in 205 individuals from Tai–Kadai-speaking Bouyei people using the Qiagen Investigator DIPplex amplification kit. We carried out a comprehensive population genetic relationship investigation among 14,303 individuals from 84 worldwide populations based on allele frequency correlation and 4907 genotypes of 30 InDels from 36 populations distributed in all continental or major subregions and seven linguistic phyla in China. Forensic parameters observed show highly polymorphic and informative features for Asians, although the DIPplex kit was developed focusing on Europeans, and indicate that this amplification system is appropriate to forensic personal identification and parentage testing. Patterns of InDel variations revealed by principal components analysis, multidimensional scaling plots, phylogenetic relationship exploration, model-based clustering as well as four pairwise genetic distances (Fst, Nei, Cavalli-Sforza and Reynolds) demonstrate significant genetic differentiation at the continental scale and genetic uniformity in Asia except for Tibeto-Burman and Turkic-speaking populations. Additionally, Tai–Kadai speakers, including Bouyei, Zhuang and Dong, share more genetic ancestry components than with other language speakers, and in general they are genetically very similar to Hmong–Mien-speaking populations. The dataset of Bouyei people generated in the present study is valuable for forensic identification and parentage tests in China.

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Funding

The work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81601650, 31801040), Guizhou Province Engineering Technology Research Center Project (Qian High-Tech of Development and Reform Commission No. [2016]1345), Nanqiang Outstanding Young Talents Program of Xiamen University (X2123302), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (ZK1144).

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Author notes

  1. Guanglin He and Zheng Ren contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China

    Guanglin He & Xing Zou

  2. Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China

    Guanglin He, Jianxin Guo, Ziqian Zhang, Jing Zhang, Yilizhati Nabijiang & Chuan-Chao Wang

  3. Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China

    Zheng Ren, Fan Zhang, Hongling Zhang, Qiyan Wang, Jingyan Ji, Meiqing Yang & Jiang Huang

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  1. Guanglin He
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Contributions

GH wrote the manuscripts. CCW revised the manuscript. HZ, ZR surveyed and collected the samples. HZ, ZR performed extraction of the genomic DNA. GH, JG, FZ, XZ, HZ, QW, JJ, MY, ZZ, JZ and YN performed the analysis of population diversity and genetic structure. CCW, JH initiated and supervised the project.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jiang Huang or Chuan-Chao Wang.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Ethics statement

We followed the recommendations of the “Medical Ethics Committee of Guizhou Medical University, China” in this study. All DNA samples are collected from unrelated donors with written informed consent. The protocol has been approved by the “Medical Ethics Committee of Guizhou Medical University” and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Additional information

Communicated by Stefan Hohmann.

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Electronic supplementary material

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Supplementary Fig. S1. Allele frequency differences among 36 populations based on the Insertion allele (download TIF )

Supplementary Fig. S2. The delta K results under the ‘independent allele frequencies’ and ‘LOCPRIOR’ models (download TIF )

438_2019_1584_MOESM3_ESM.tif (download TIF )

Supplementary Fig. S3. Genetic relationship among 84 reference populations revealed by allele frequency distribution. (A), PCA results of the two-dimensional plots of the second and third components; (B), Patterns of population genetic relationship inferred from the first and third components

Supplementary Fig. S4. A heatmap of the pairwise Nei’s genetic distances among 84 worldwide populations (download TIF )

Supplementary Fig. S5. A heatmap of the pairwise Reynolds’s genetic distances among 84 worldwide populations (download TIF )

438_2019_1584_MOESM6_ESM.tif (download TIF )

Supplementary Fig. S6. Multidimensional scaling plots between Guizhou Bouyei and 83 worldwide reference populations revealed the corresponding genetic affinity and differences on the basis of the pairwise Nei’s genetic distance

438_2019_1584_MOESM7_ESM.tif (download TIF )

Supplementary Fig. S7. Multidimensional scaling plots between Guizhou Bouyei and 83 worldwide reference populations revealed the corresponding genetic relationships based on the pairwise Reynolds genetic distances

Supplementary Fig. S8. Neighbor-joining tree reconstructed on the pairwise Nei’s genetic distances (download TIF )

438_2019_1584_MOESM9_ESM.xlsx (download XLSX )

Supplementary Table S1. The raw genotype data of 30 InDels included in the Investigator DIPplex amplification system in Guizhou Bouyei population

438_2019_1584_MOESM10_ESM.xlsx (download XLSX )

Supplementary Table S2. The p values of Linkage Disequilibrium among 30 InDels included in the Investigator DIPplex amplification system in Guizhou Bouyei ethnic group

438_2019_1584_MOESM11_ESM.xlsx (download XLSX )

Supplementary Table S3. The pairwise Fst genetic distances between the Guizhou Bouyei and 35 worldwide populations on the basis of the raw data of 30 InDels included in the Investigator DIPplex amplification system

438_2019_1584_MOESM12_ESM.xlsx (download XLSX )

Supplementary Table S4. The Nei’s genetic distances between the Guizhou Bouyei and 83 worldwide populations on the basis of genetic variations of 30 InDels included in the Investigator DIPplex amplification system

438_2019_1584_MOESM13_ESM.xlsx (download XLSX )

Supplementary Table S5. The Cavalli-Sforza chord measures between the Guizhou Bouyei and 83 worldwide populations on the basis of genetic variations of 30 InDels included in the Investigator DIPplex amplification system

438_2019_1584_MOESM14_ESM.xlsx (download XLSX )

Supplementary Table S6. The Reynolds’s genetic distances between the Guizhou Bouyei and 83 worldwide populations on the basis of genetic variations of 30 InDels included in the Investigator DIPplex amplification system

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He, G., Ren, Z., Guo, J. et al. Population genetics, diversity and forensic characteristics of Tai–Kadai-speaking Bouyei revealed by insertion/deletions markers. Mol Genet Genomics 294, 1343–1357 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-019-01584-6

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