Abstract
The Battle of Blair Mountain is an important episode in American and world history that illuminates central tenets of the current American socioeconomic system. The artifacts from the battle as well as documentary evidence and oral history show that the events of the battle are part of a larger system of exploitation that continues today. Initial analysis of the artifacts from the battle allows insight into fundamental workings of the emergence and maintenance of capitalism. Archaeological work has been central in addressing issues and injustices within this system, as shown in preservation work at Blair Mountain.
References
Ahern, Melissa, and Michael Hendryx 2012 Cancer Mortality Rates in Appalachian Mountaintop Coal Mining Areas. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Science 1(2):63–70.
Ahern, Melissa, Michael Hendryx, Jamison Conley, Evan Fedorko, Alan Ducatman, and Keith Zullig 2011 The Association between Mountaintop Mining and Birth Defects among Live Births in Central Appalachia, 1996–2003. Environmental Research 111(6):838–846.
Albert, Michael, Leslie Cagan, Noam Chomsky, Robinhahnel, Mel King, Lydia Sargent, and Holly Sklar 1986 Liberating Theory. South End Press, Boston, MA.
Bailey, Rebecca J. 2008 Matewan before the Massacre: Politics, Coal, and the Roots of Conflict in a West Virginia Mining Community. West Virginia University Press, Morgantown.
Bakunin, Mikhail 1882 What is Authority? Panarchy <http://www.panarchy.org/bakunin/authority.1871.html/bakunin/authority.1871.html>. Accessed 1 November 2012.
Blizzard, William C. 2010 editor. PM Press, Oakland, CA.
Blizzard, William C., and Wess Harris 2010 A Biographical Sketch of Bill Blizzard. In When Miners March, 2nd edition, Wess Harris, editor, Appendix 2. PM Press, Oakland, CA.
Broder, John 2012 a. New York Times 14 May. Green, New York Times <http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/14/e-p-a-appeals-coal-mine-ruling//2012/05/14/e-p-a-appeals-coal-mine-ruling/>. Accessed 10 November 2012.
Burns, Shirley Stewart 2005 Bringing Down the Mountains: The Impact of Mountaintop Removal Surface Coal Mining on Southern West Virginia Communities, 1970–2004. Doctoral dissertation, Department of History, West Virginia University. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI. WVU Scholar, Institutional Repository <https://eidr.wvu.edu/eidr/documentdata.eIDR?documentid=4047>. Accessed 13 October 2012.
Camus, Albert 1956 The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY.
1960 Neither Victims nor Executioners. Liberation Press, New York, NY.
Collins, Patricia Hill 1991 Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Routledge, New York, NY.
Corbin, David Alan 1981 Life, Work, and Rebellion in the Coal Fields: The Southern West Virginia Miners, 1880–1922. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Corbin, David Alan (editor) 2011 Gun Thugs, Rednecks, and Radicals: A Documentary History of the West Virginia Mine Wars. PM Press, Oakland, CA.
Dix, Keith 1977 Work Relations in the Coal Industry: The Hand- Loading Era, 1880–1930. West Virginia University, Morgantown.
Duke, Philip, and Dean J. Saitta 1998 An Emancipatory Archaeology for the Working Class. Assemblage: University of Sheffield Graduate Student Journal of Archaeology 4. Assemblage: University of Sheffield Graduate Student Journal of Archaeology <http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/assemblage/html/4/4duk_sai.html>. Accessed 4 November 2012.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2011 Final Determination of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pursuant to §404(c) of the Clean Water Act Concerning the Spruce No. 1 Mine, Logan County, West Virginia, 13 January. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Environmental Protection Agency <http://tinyurl.com/b4nh2kx/b4nh2kx>. Accessed 7 November 2012.
Federici, Silvia 2004 Caliban and the Witch. Autonomedia, Brooklyn, NY.
Finley, Joseph E. 1972 The Corrupt Kingdom: The Rise and Fall of the United Mine Workers. Simon & Schuster, New York, NY.
Franklin, Maria 2001 A Black Feminist-Inspired Archaeology? Journal of Social Archaeology 1(1):108–125.
Freire, Paolo 1970 Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Myra Bergman Ramos, translator. Continuum, New York, NY.
Fromm, Erich 1961 Marx’s Concept of Man. Frederick Ungar, New York, NY.
Hahnel, Robin 2002 ABCs of Political Economy: A Modern Approach. Pluto, Sterling, VA.
Hendryx, Michael, Evan Fedorko, and Andrew Anesetti-Rothermel 2010 A Geographical Information System-Based Analysis of Cancer Mortality and Population Exposure to Coal Mining Activities in West Virginia, United States of America. Geospatial Health 4(2):243–256.
Hendryx, Michael, Leah Wolfe, Juhua Luo, and Bo Webb 2012 Self-Reported Cancer Rates in Two Rural Areas of West Virginia with and without Mountaintop Coal Mining. Journal of Community Health 37(2):320–327.
Hodges, Henry 1983 Labor Violence in the Southern West Virginia Coalfields, Mingo and Logan Counties, 1919–1921, Doctoral dissertation, Department of Sociology, Marshall University, Huntington, WV. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.
Kosko, Bart 1993 Fuzzy Thinking: The New Science of Fuzzy Logic. Hyperion, New York, NY.
Lane, Winthrop 2011 Black Avalanche. In Gun Thugs, Rednecks, and Radicals: A Documentary History of the West Virginia Mine Wars, David Alan Corbin, editor, pp. 10–17. PM Press, Oakland, CA.
Larkin, Karin, and Randall H. McGuire (editors) 2009 Archaeology of Class War: The Colorado Coalfield Strike of 1913–1914. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.
Loeb, Penny 2007 Moving Mountains: How One Woman and Her Community Won Justice from Big Coal. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington.
McGuire, Randall 2008 Archaeology as Political Action. University of California Press, Berkeley.
McGuire, Randall H, and Paul Reckner 2003 Building a Working-Class Archaeology: The Colorado Coal Field War Project. Industrial Archaeology Review 25(2):83–95.
McGuire, Randall, and Mark Walker 1999 Class Confrontations in Archaeology. Historical Archaeology 33(1):159–183.
McLean, Lois C. 1991 Blood Flows on the Creeks: The Killing of Estep and Woodrum. In The Goldenseal Book of the West Virginia Mine Wars, Ken Sullivan, editor, pp. 25–32. Quarrier Press, Charleston, WV.
Meador, Michael M. 1991a The Redneck War of 1921: The Miners’ March and the Battle of Blair Mountain. In The Goldenseal Book of the West Virginia Mine Wars, Ken Sullivan, editor, pp. 57–63. Quarrier Press, Charleston, WV.
1991b The Siege of Crooked Creek Gap: Interviews by Michael Meador. In The Goldenseal Book of the West Virginia Mine Wars, Ken Sullivan, editor, pp. 66–72. Quarrier Press, Charleston, WV.
Nelson, Sarah Milledge 1997 Gender in Archaeology: Analyzing Power and Prestige. Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.
Nida, Brandon 2010 Liberation Theory and Working Class Archaeology. Master’s field statement, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley. Academia.edu <http://www.academia.edu/227933/Liberation_Theory _and_Working_Class_Archaeology/227933/Liberation_Theory _and_Working_Class_Archaeology>. Accessed 7 November 2012.
Nida, Brandon, and Michael Jessee Adkins 2011 The Social and Environmental Upheaval of Blair Mountain: A Working Class Struggle for Unionization and Historic Preservation. In Heritage, Labour and the Working Classes, Laurajane Smith, Paul Shackel, and Gary Campbell, editors, pp. 52–68. Routledge, New York, NY.
Ollman, Bertell 1976 Alienation: Marx’s Conception of Man in Capitalist Society, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
Palmer, M. S., E. S. Bernhardt, W. H. Schlesinger, K. N. Eshleman, E. Foufoula-Georgiou, M. S. Hendryx, A. D. Lemly, G. E. Likens, O. L. Loucks, M. E. Power, P. S. White, and P. R. Wilcock 2010 Mountaintop Mining Consequences. Science 327:148–149.
Perelman, Michael 2000 The Invention of Capitalism: Classical Political Economy and the Secret History of Primitive Accumulation. Duke University Press, Durham, NC.
Platania, Joseph 1991 Three Sides to the Story: Governor Hatfield and the Mine Wars. In The Goldenseal Book of the West Virginia Mine Wars, Ken Sullivan, editor, pp. 17–24. Quarrier Press, Charleston, WV.
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 1970 What is Property? An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government, Benjamin R. Tucker, translator. Dover, New York, NY.
Savage, Lon 1990 Thunder in the Mountains: The West Virginia Mine War 1920–21. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA.
Senate Committee on Labor and Education (SCLE) 1921 West Virginia Coal Fields: Hearings before the Committee on Education and Labor, U.S. Senate, 67th. Congress, First Session, Pursuant to S. Res. 80. U.S. Congress, Washington, DC.
Thurmond, Walter R. 1964 The Logan Coalfield of West Virginia: A Brief History. West Virginia University Foundation, Morgantown. 68
Walker, Mark, and Dean J. Saitta 2002 a. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 6(3):199–207.
Ward, Ken 2011 Breaking News: EPA Vetoes Spruce Mine Permit. Charleston Gazette 13 January. Charleston, WV. Coal Tattoo <http://blogs.wvgazette.com/coaltattoo/2011/01/13/breaking-news-epa-vetoes-spruce-mine-permit//coaltattoo/2011/01/13/breaking-news-epa-vetoes-spruce-mine-permit/>. Accessed 10 November 2012.
2012 Breaking: Judge Overturns EPA Veto of Spruce Mine. Charleston Gazette 23 March. Charleston, WV. Coal Tattoo <http://blogs.wvgazette.com/coaltattoo/2012/03/23/breaking-judge-overturns-epa-veto-of-spruce-mine-permit//coaltattoo/2012/03/23/breaking-judge-overturns-epa-veto-of-spruce-mine-permit/>. Accessed 10 November 2012.
Williams, John Alexander 2001 West Virginia: A History. West Virginia Press, Morgantown.
2003 West Virginia and the Captains of Industry. West Virginia University Press, Morgantown.
Wood, Margaret C. 2002a Moving Towards Transformative Democratic Action through Archaeology. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 6(3):187–198.
2002b Women’s Work and Class Conflict in a Working-Class Coal-Mining Community. In The Dynamics of Power, Maria O’Donovan, editor, pp. 66–87. Southern Illinois University, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper 30. Carbondale, IL.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nida, B. Demystifying the Hidden Hand: Capital and the State at Blair Mountain. Hist Arch 47, 52–68 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03376908
Published:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03376908